/*
 *  R : A Computer Language for Statistical Data Analysis
 *  Copyright (C) 2000-10   The R Development Core Team.
 *
 *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with this program; if not, a copy is available at
 *  http://www.r-project.org/Licenses/
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
# include <config.h>
#endif

#include <Defn.h>
#include <Fileio.h>
#include <Rconnections.h>
#include <R_ext/Complex.h>
#include <R_ext/R-ftp-http.h>
#include <R_ext/RS.h>		/* R_chk_calloc and Free */
#include <R_ext/Riconv.h>
#undef ERROR			/* for compilation on Windows */

int attribute_hidden R_OutputCon; /* used in printutils.c */

static void con_destroy(int i);

#include <errno.h>

#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
# include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
# include <fcntl.h>
/* Solaris and AIX define open as open64 under some circumstances */
# undef open
#endif

/* This should work on Win64, as long is 4 bytes but long long is 8 bytes. */
#if defined __GNUC__ && __GNUC__ >= 2
__extension__ typedef long long int _lli_t;
#else
typedef long long int _lli_t;
#endif

/* Win32 does have popen, but it does not work in GUI applications,
   so test that later */
#ifdef Win32
# include <R_ext/RStartup.h>
  extern UImode  CharacterMode;
#endif

#define NCONNECTIONS 128 /* snow needs one per slave node */
#define NSINKS 21

static Rconnection Connections[NCONNECTIONS];
static SEXP OutTextData;

static int R_SinkNumber;
static int SinkCons[NSINKS], SinkConsClose[NSINKS], R_SinkSplit[NSINKS];

/* We need a unique id for a connection to ensure that the finalizer
   does not try to close it after it is already closed.  And that id
   will be passed as a pointer, so it seemed easiest to use void *.
*/
static void * current_id = NULL;

#include <zlib.h>
typedef struct gzconn {
    Rconnection con;
    int cp; /* compression level */
    z_stream s;
    int z_err, z_eof;
    uLong crc;
    Byte *inbuf, *outbuf;
    int nsaved;
    char saved[2];
    Rboolean allow;
} *Rgzconn;


/* ------------- admin functions (see also at end) ----------------- */

static int NextConnection(void)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 3; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	if(!Connections[i]) break;
    if(i >= NCONNECTIONS) {
	R_gc(); /* Try to reclaim unused ones */
	for(i = 3; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	    if(!Connections[i]) break;
	if(i >= NCONNECTIONS)
	    error(_("all connections are in use"));
    }
    return i;
}

static int ConnIndex(Rconnection con)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 0; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	if(Connections[i] == con) break;
    if(i >= NCONNECTIONS)
	error(_("connection not found"));
    return i;
}

/* internal, not the same as R function getConnection */
attribute_hidden
Rconnection getConnection(int n)
{
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    if(n < 0 || n >= NCONNECTIONS || n == NA_INTEGER ||
       !(con = Connections[n]))
	error(_("invalid connection"));
    return con;

}

attribute_hidden
int getActiveSink(int n)
{
    if (n >= R_SinkNumber || n < 0)
	return 0;
    if (R_SinkSplit[R_SinkNumber - n])
	return SinkCons[R_SinkNumber - n - 1];
    else
	return 0;
}

static void conFinalizer(SEXP ptr)
{
    int i, ncon;
    void *cptr = R_ExternalPtrAddr(ptr);

    if(!cptr) return;

    for(i = 3; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	if(Connections[i] && Connections[i]->id == cptr) {
	    ncon = i;
	    break;
	}
    if(i >= NCONNECTIONS) return;
    /* printf("closing unused connection %d (%s)\n", ncon,
       getConnection(ncon)->description); */
    warning(_("closing unused connection %d (%s)\n"), ncon,
	    getConnection(ncon)->description);

    con_destroy(ncon);
    R_ClearExternalPtr(ptr); /* not really needed */
}


/* for use in REvprintf */
attribute_hidden
Rconnection getConnection_no_err(int n)
{
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    if(n < 0 || n >= NCONNECTIONS || n == NA_INTEGER ||
       !(con = Connections[n]))
	return NULL;
    return con;

}

static void set_iconv_error(Rconnection con, char* from, char* to)
{
    char buf[100];
    snprintf(buf, 100, _("unsupported conversion from '%s' to '%s'"), from, to);
    con_destroy(ConnIndex(con));
    error(buf);
}

void set_iconv(Rconnection con)
{
    void *tmp;

    /* need to test if this is text, open for reading to writing or both,
       and set inconv and/or outconv */
    if(!con->text || !strlen(con->encname) ||
       strcmp(con->encname, "native.enc") == 0) {
	con->UTF8out = FALSE;
	return;
    }
    if(con->canread) {
	size_t onb = 50;
	char *ob = con->oconvbuff;
	/* UTF8out is set in readLines() and scan()
	   Was Windows-only until 2.12.0, but we now require iconv.
	 */
	Rboolean useUTF8 = !utf8locale && con->UTF8out;
	tmp = Riconv_open(useUTF8 ? "UTF-8" : "", con->encname);
	if(tmp != (void *)-1) con->inconv = tmp;
	else set_iconv_error(con, con->encname, useUTF8 ? "UTF-8" : "");
	con->EOF_signalled = FALSE;
	/* initialize state, and prepare any initial bytes */
	Riconv(tmp, NULL, NULL, &ob, &onb);
	con->navail = 50-onb; con->inavail = 0;
	/* libiconv can handle BOM marks on Windows Unicode files, but
	   glibc's iconv cannot. Aargh ... */
	if(streql(con->encname, "UCS-2LE") || 
	   streql(con->encname, "UTF-16LE")) con->inavail = -2;
    }
    if(con->canwrite) {
	size_t onb = 25;
	char *ob = con->init_out;
	tmp = Riconv_open(con->encname, "");
	if(tmp != (void *)-1) con->outconv = tmp;
	else set_iconv_error(con, con->encname, "");
	/* initialize state, and prepare any initial bytes */
	Riconv(tmp, NULL, NULL, &ob, &onb);
	ob[25-onb] = '\0';
    }
}


/* ------------------- null connection functions --------------------- */

static Rboolean null_open(Rconnection con)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "open");
    return FALSE;		/* -Wall */
}

static void null_close(Rconnection con)
{
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static void null_destroy(Rconnection con)
{
    if(con->private) free(con->private);
}

static int null_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "printing");
    return 0;			/* -Wall */
}

/* va_copy is C99, but a draft standard had __va_copy.  Glibc has
   __va_copy declared uncondiitonally */


#if defined(HAVE_VASPRINTF) && !HAVE_DECL_VASPRINTF
int vasprintf(char **strp, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
#endif

#if !HAVE_VA_COPY && HAVE___VA_COPY
# define va_copy __va_copy
# undef HAVE_VA_COPY
# define HAVE_VA_COPY 1
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_VA_COPY
# define BUFSIZE 10000
#else
# define BUFSIZE 100000
#endif
int dummy_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    char buf[BUFSIZE], *b = buf;
    int res;
#ifdef HAVE_VA_COPY
    const void *vmax = vmaxget();
    int usedRalloc = FALSE, usedVasprintf = FALSE;
    va_list aq;

    va_copy(aq, ap);
    res = vsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE, format, aq);
    va_end(aq);
#ifdef HAVE_VASPRINTF
    if(res >= BUFSIZE || res < 0) {
	res = vasprintf(&b, format, ap);
	if (res < 0) {
	    b = buf;
	    buf[BUFSIZE-1] = '\0';
	    warning(_("printing of extremely long output is truncated"));
	} else usedVasprintf = TRUE;
    }
#else
    if(res >= BUFSIZE) { /* res is the desired output length */
	usedRalloc = TRUE;
	/* apparently some implementations count short,
	   <http://unixpapa.com/incnote/stdio.html>
	   so add some margin here */
	b = R_alloc(res + 101, sizeof(char));
	vsnprintf(b, res+100, format, ap);
    } else if(res < 0) { /* just a failure indication */
	usedRalloc = TRUE;
	b = R_alloc(10*BUFSIZE, sizeof(char));
	res = vsnprintf(b, 10*BUFSIZE, format, ap);
	if (res < 0) {
	    b[10*BUFSIZE - 1] = '\0';
	    warning(_("printing of extremely long output is truncated"));
	    res = 10*BUFSIZE;
	}
    }
#endif /* HAVE_VASPRINTF */
#else  /* no VA_COPY */
    res = vsnprintf(buf, BUFSIZE, format, ap);
    if(res >= BUFSIZE || res < 0) {
	/* res is the desired output length or just a failure indication */
	    buf[BUFSIZE - 1] = '\0';
	    warning(_("printing of extremely long output is truncated"));
	    res = BUFSIZE;
    }
#endif /* HAVE_VA_COPY */
    if(con->outconv) { /* translate the buffer */
	char outbuf[BUFSIZE+1], *ob;
	const char *ib = b;
	size_t inb = res, onb, ires;
	Rboolean again = FALSE;
	int ninit = strlen(con->init_out);
	do {
	    onb = BUFSIZE; /* leave space for nul */
	    ob = outbuf;
	    if(ninit) {
		strcpy(ob, con->init_out);
		ob += ninit; onb -= ninit; ninit = 0;
	    }
	    ires = Riconv(con->outconv, &ib, &inb, &ob, &onb);
	    if(ires == (size_t)(-1) && errno == E2BIG) again = TRUE;
	    if(ires == (size_t)(-1) && errno != E2BIG)
		/* is this safe? */
		warning(_("invalid char string in output conversion"));
	    *ob = '\0';
	    con->write(outbuf, 1, strlen(outbuf), con);
	} while(again && inb > 0);  /* it seems some iconv signal -1 on
				       zero-length input */
    } else
	con->write(b, 1, res, con);
#ifdef HAVE_VA_COPY
    if(usedRalloc) vmaxset(vmax);
    if(usedVasprintf) free(b);
#endif
    return res;
}

int dummy_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    int c;
    Rboolean checkBOM = FALSE;

    if(con->inconv) {
	if(con->navail <= 0) {
	    unsigned int i, inew = 0;
	    char *p, *ob;
	    const char *ib;
	    size_t inb, onb, res;

	    if(con->EOF_signalled) return R_EOF;
	    if(con->inavail == -2) {
		con->inavail = 0;
		checkBOM = TRUE;
	    }
	    p = con->iconvbuff + con->inavail;
	    for(i = con->inavail; i < 25; i++) {
		c = con->fgetc_internal(con);
		if(c == R_EOF){ con->EOF_signalled = TRUE; break; }
		*p++ = c;
		con->inavail++;
		inew++;
	    }
	    if(inew == 0) return R_EOF;
	    if(checkBOM && con->inavail >= 2 &&
	       ((int)con->iconvbuff[0] & 0xff) == 255 &&
	       ((int)con->iconvbuff[1] & 0xff) == 254) {
		con->inavail -= 2;
		memmove(con->iconvbuff, con->iconvbuff+2, con->inavail);
	    }
	    ib = con->iconvbuff; inb = con->inavail;
	    ob = con->oconvbuff; onb = 50;
	    res = Riconv(con->inconv, &ib, &inb, &ob, &onb);
	    con->inavail = inb;
	    if(res == (size_t)-1) { /* an error condition */
		if(errno == EINVAL || errno == E2BIG) {
		    /* incomplete input char or no space in output buffer */
		    memmove(con->iconvbuff, ib, inb);
		} else {/*  EILSEQ invalid input */
		    warning(_("invalid input found on input connection '%s'"),
			    con->description);
		    con->inavail = 0;
		    con->EOF_signalled = TRUE;
		}
	    }
	    con->next = con->oconvbuff;
	    con->navail = 50 - onb;
	}
	con->navail--;
	return *con->next++;
    } else
	return con->fgetc_internal(con);
}

static int null_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "'getc'");
    return 0;			/* -Wall */
}

static double null_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "'seek'");
    return 0.;			/* -Wall */
}

static void null_truncate(Rconnection con)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "truncation");
}

static int null_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    return 0;
}

static size_t null_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "'read'");
    return 0;			/* -Wall */
}

static size_t null_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			 Rconnection con)
{
    error(_("%s not enabled for this connection"), "'write'");
    return 0;			/* -Wall */
}

void init_con(Rconnection new, const char *description, int enc,
	      const char * const mode)
{
    strcpy(new->description, description);
    new->enc = enc;
    strncpy(new->mode, mode, 4); new->mode[4] = '\0';
    new->isopen = new->incomplete = new->blocking = new->isGzcon = FALSE;
    new->canread = new->canwrite = TRUE; /* in principle */
    new->canseek = FALSE;
    new->text = TRUE;
    new->open = &null_open;
    new->close = &null_close;
    new->destroy = &null_destroy;
    new->vfprintf = &null_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc = new->fgetc_internal = &null_fgetc;
    new->seek = &null_seek;
    new->truncate = &null_truncate;
    new->fflush = &null_fflush;
    new->read = &null_read;
    new->write = &null_write;
    new->nPushBack = 0;
    new->save = new->save2 = -1000;
    new->private = NULL;
    new->inconv = new->outconv = NULL;
    new->UTF8out = FALSE;
    /* increment id, avoid NULL */
    current_id = (void *)((size_t) current_id+1);
    if(!current_id) current_id = (void *) 1;
    new->id = current_id;
    new->ex_ptr = NULL;
}

/* ------------------- file connections --------------------- */

#if defined(HAVE_OFF_T) && defined(HAVE_FSEEKO)
#define f_seek fseeko
#define f_tell ftello
#else
#ifdef Win32
#define f_seek fseeko64
#define f_tell ftello64
#else
#define f_seek fseek
#define f_tell ftell
#endif
#endif

#ifdef Win32
size_t Rf_utf8towcs(wchar_t *wc, const char *s, size_t n);
#endif

typedef struct fileconn {
    FILE *fp;
#if defined(HAVE_OFF_T) && defined(HAVE_FSEEKO)
    off_t rpos, wpos;
#else
#ifdef Win32
    off64_t rpos, wpos;
#else
    long rpos, wpos;
#endif
#endif
    Rboolean last_was_write;
    Rboolean raw;
#ifdef Win32
    Rboolean anon_file;
    char name[PATH_MAX+1];
#endif
} *Rfileconn;

static Rboolean file_open(Rconnection con)
{
    const char *name;
    FILE *fp = NULL;
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    Rboolean temp = FALSE;
#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL
    int fd, flags;
#endif
    int mlen = strlen(con->mode);

    if(strlen(con->description) == 0) {
	temp = TRUE;
	name = R_tmpnam("Rf", R_TempDir);
    } else name = R_ExpandFileName(con->description);
    errno = 0; /* some systems require this */
    if(strcmp(name, "stdin")) {
#ifdef Win32
	if(con->enc == CE_UTF8) {
	    int n = strlen(name);
	    wchar_t wname[2 * (n+1)], wmode[10];
	    R_CheckStack();
	    Rf_utf8towcs(wname, name, n+1);
	    mbstowcs(wmode, con->mode, 10);
	    fp = _wfopen(wname, wmode);
	} else
#endif
	    fp = R_fopen(name, con->mode);
    } else {  /* use file("stdin") to refer to the file and not the console */
#ifdef HAVE_FDOPEN
	fp = fdopen(0, con->mode);
#else
	warning(_("cannot open file '%s': %s"), name,
		"fdopen is not supported on this platform");
#endif
    }
    if(!fp) {
	warning(_("cannot open file '%s': %s"), name, strerror(errno));
	return FALSE;
    }
    if(temp) {
	/* This will fail on Windows, so arrange to remove in
	 * file_close.  An alternative strategy would be to manipulate
	 * the underlying file handle to add FILE_SHARE_DELETE (so the
	 * unlink is valid) or FILE_FLAG_DELETE_ON_CLOSE.  E.g. create
	 * via CreateFile, get an fd by _open_osfhandle and a file
	 * stream by fdopen.  See
	 * e.g. http://www.codeproject.com/KB/files/handles.aspx
	 */
	unlink(name);
#ifdef Win32
	strncpy(this->name, name, PATH_MAX);
#endif
	free((char *) name); /* only free if allocated by R_tmpnam */
    }
#ifdef Win32
    this->anon_file = temp;
#endif
    this->fp = fp;
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    if(mlen >= 2 && con->mode[1] == '+')
	con->canread = con->canwrite = TRUE;
    this->last_was_write = !con->canread;
    this->rpos = 0;
    if(con->canwrite) this->wpos = f_tell(fp);
    if(mlen >= 2 && con->mode[mlen-1] == 'b') con->text = FALSE;
    else con->text = TRUE;
    con->save = -1000;
    set_iconv(con);

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL
    if(!con->blocking) {
	fd = fileno(fp);
	flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
	flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
	fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags);
    }
#endif
    return TRUE;
}

static void file_close(Rconnection con)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    if(con->isopen && strcmp(con->description, "stdin")) fclose(this->fp);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
#ifdef Win32
    if(this->anon_file) unlink(this->name);
#endif
}

static int file_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;

    if(!this->last_was_write) {
	this->rpos = f_tell(this->fp);
	this->last_was_write = TRUE;
	f_seek(this->fp, this->wpos, SEEK_SET);
    }
    if(con->outconv) return dummy_vfprintf(con, format, ap);
    else return vfprintf(this->fp, format, ap);
}

static int file_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    FILE *fp = this->fp;
    int c;

    if(this->last_was_write) {
	this->wpos = f_tell(this->fp);
	this->last_was_write = FALSE;
	f_seek(this->fp, this->rpos, SEEK_SET);
    }
    c =fgetc(fp);
    return feof(fp) ? R_EOF : c;
}

static double file_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    FILE *fp = this->fp;
#if defined(HAVE_OFF_T) && defined(HAVE_FSEEKO)
    off_t pos;
#else
#ifdef Win32
    off64_t pos;
#else
    long pos;
#endif
#endif
    int whence = SEEK_SET;

    /* make sure both positions are set */
    pos = f_tell(fp);
    if(this->last_was_write) this->wpos = pos; else this->rpos = pos;
    if(rw == 1) {
	if(!con->canread) error(_("connection is not open for reading"));
	pos = this->rpos;
	this->last_was_write = FALSE;
    }
    if(rw == 2) {
	if(!con->canwrite) error(_("connection is not open for writing"));
	pos = this->wpos;
	this->last_was_write = TRUE;
    }
    if(ISNA(where)) return pos;

    switch(origin) {
    case 2: whence = SEEK_CUR; break;
    case 3: whence = SEEK_END;
#ifdef Win32
	    /* work around a bug in MinGW runtime 3.8 fseeko64, PR#7896 */
	    if(con->canwrite) fflush(fp);
#endif
	    break;
    default: whence = SEEK_SET;
    }
    f_seek(fp, where, whence);
    if(this->last_was_write) this->wpos = f_tell(this->fp);
    else this->rpos = f_tell(this->fp);
    return pos;
}

static void file_truncate(Rconnection con)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
    FILE *fp = this->fp;
    int fd = fileno(fp);
#ifdef HAVE_OFF_T
    off_t size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
#else
#ifdef Win32
    __int64 size = lseek64(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
#else
    int size = lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
#endif
#endif
#endif

    if(!con->isopen || !con->canwrite)
	error(_("can only truncate connections open for writing"));

    if(!this->last_was_write) this->rpos = f_tell(this->fp);
#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
    if(ftruncate(fd, size))
	error(_("file truncation failed"));
#else
    error(_("file truncation unavailable on this platform"));
#endif
    this->last_was_write = TRUE;
    this->wpos = f_tell(this->fp);
}

static int file_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    FILE *fp = ((Rfileconn)(con->private))->fp;

    return fflush(fp);
}

static size_t file_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    FILE *fp = this->fp;

    if(this->last_was_write) {
	this->wpos = f_tell(this->fp);
	this->last_was_write = FALSE;
	f_seek(this->fp, this->rpos, SEEK_SET);
    }
    return fread(ptr, size, nitems, fp);
}

static size_t file_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			 Rconnection con)
{
    Rfileconn this = con->private;
    FILE *fp = this->fp;

    if(!this->last_was_write) {
	this->rpos = f_tell(this->fp);
	this->last_was_write = TRUE;
	f_seek(this->fp, this->wpos, SEEK_SET);
    }
    return fwrite(ptr, size, nitems, fp);
}

static Rconnection newfile(const char *description, int enc, const char *mode,
			   int raw)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of file connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("file") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of file connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "file");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of file connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, enc, mode);
    new->open = &file_open;
    new->close = &file_close;
    new->vfprintf = &file_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &file_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &file_seek;
    new->truncate = &file_truncate;
    new->fflush = &file_fflush;
    new->read = &file_read;
    new->write = &file_write;
    new->canseek = (raw == 0);
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct fileconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of file connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rfileconn)(new->private))->raw = raw;
    return new;
}

/* file() is now implemented as an op of do_url */

/* ------------------- fifo connections --------------------- */

#if defined(HAVE_MKFIFO) && defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H)

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
# include <sys/types.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
# include <sys/stat.h>
#endif

# include <errno.h>

typedef struct fifoconn {
    int fd;
} *Rfifoconn;


static Rboolean fifo_open(Rconnection con)
{
    const char *name;
    Rfifoconn this = con->private;
    int fd, flags, res;
    int mlen = strlen(con->mode);
    struct stat sb;
    Rboolean temp = FALSE;

    if(strlen(con->description) == 0) {
	temp = TRUE;
	name = R_tmpnam("Rf", R_TempDir);
    } else name = R_ExpandFileName(con->description);
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    if(mlen >= 2 && con->mode[1] == '+') con->canread = TRUE;

    /* if we are to write, create the fifo if needed */
    if(con->canwrite) {
	res = stat(name, &sb);
	if(res) { /* error, does not exist? */
	    errno = 0;
	    res = mkfifo(name, 00644);
	    if(res) {
		warning(_("cannot create fifo '%s', reason '%s'"), name,
			strerror(errno));
	    }
	    if(res) return FALSE;
	} else {
	    if(!(sb.st_mode & S_IFIFO)) {
		warning(_("'%s' exists but is not a fifo"), name);
		return FALSE;
	    }
	}
    }

    if(con->canread && con->canwrite) flags = O_RDWR;
    else if(con->canread) flags = O_RDONLY;
    else flags = O_WRONLY;
    if(!con->blocking) flags |= O_NONBLOCK;
    if(con->mode[0] == 'a') flags |= O_APPEND;
    fd = open(name, flags);
    if(fd < 0) {
	if(errno == ENXIO) warning(_("fifo '%s' is not ready"), name);
	else warning(_("cannot open fifo '%s'"), name);
	return FALSE;
    }
    if(temp) {
	unlink(name);
	free((char *) name); /* allocated by R_tmpnam */
    }

    this->fd = fd;
    con->isopen = TRUE;

    if(mlen >= 2 && con->mode[mlen-1] == 'b') con->text = FALSE;
    else con->text = TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void fifo_close(Rconnection con)
{
    close(((Rfifoconn)(con->private))->fd);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static int fifo_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    Rfifoconn this = con->private;
    unsigned char c;
    int n;

    n = read(this->fd, (char *)&c, 1);
    return (n == 1) ? c : R_EOF;
}

static size_t fifo_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    Rfifoconn this = con->private;

    /* uses 'size_t' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > SSIZE_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    return read(this->fd, ptr, size * nitems)/size;
}

static size_t fifo_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			 Rconnection con)
{
    Rfifoconn this = con->private;

    /* uses 'size_t' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > SSIZE_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    return write(this->fd, ptr, size * nitems)/size;
}


static Rconnection newfifo(const char *description, const char *mode)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of fifo connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("fifo") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of fifo connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "fifo");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of fifo connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->open = &fifo_open;
    new->close = &fifo_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &fifo_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &null_seek;
    new->truncate = &null_truncate;
    new->fflush = &null_fflush;
    new->read = &fifo_read;
    new->write = &fifo_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct fifoconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of fifo connection failed"));
    }
    return new;
}
#endif

SEXP attribute_hidden do_fifo(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
#if defined(HAVE_MKFIFO) && defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H)
    SEXP sfile, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    const char *file, *open;
    int ncon, block;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    sfile = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sfile) || length(sfile) < 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    if(length(sfile) > 1)
	warning(_("only first element of 'description' argument used"));
    file = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sfile, 0)); /* for now, like fopen */
    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    block = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(block == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "block");
    enc = CADDDR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    if(strlen(file) == 0) {
	if(!strlen(open)) open ="w+";
	if(strcmp(open, "w+") != 0 && strcmp(open, "w+b") != 0) {
	    open ="w+";
	    warning(_("fifo(\"\") only supports open = \"w+\" and open = \"w+b\": using the former"));
	}
    }
    ncon = NextConnection();
    con = Connections[ncon] = newfifo(file, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
    con->blocking = block;
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("fifo"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
#else
    error(_("fifo connections are not available on this system"));
    return R_NilValue;		/* -Wall */
#endif
}

/* ------------------- pipe connections --------------------- */

static Rboolean pipe_open(Rconnection con)
{
    FILE *fp;
    char mode[3];

#ifdef Win32
    strncpy(mode, con->mode, 2);
    mode[2] = '\0';
#else
    mode[0] = con->mode[0];
    mode[1] = '\0';
#endif
    errno = 0;
#ifdef Win32
    if(con->enc == CE_UTF8) {
	int n = strlen(con->description);
	wchar_t wname[2 * (n+1)], wmode[10];
	R_CheckStack();
	Rf_utf8towcs(wname, con->description, n+1);
	mbstowcs(wmode, con->mode, 10);
	fp = _wpopen(wname, wmode);
    } else
#endif
	fp = R_popen(con->description, mode);
    if(!fp) {
	warning(_("cannot open pipe() cmd '%s': %s"), con->description,
			strerror(errno));
	return FALSE;
    }
    ((Rfileconn)(con->private))->fp = fp;
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    if(strlen(con->mode) >= 2 && con->mode[1] == 'b') con->text = FALSE;
    else con->text = TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void pipe_close(Rconnection con)
{
    pclose(((Rfileconn)(con->private))->fp);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static Rconnection
newpipe(const char *description, int ienc, const char *mode)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of pipe connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("pipe") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of pipe connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "pipe");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of pipe connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, ienc, mode);
    new->open = &pipe_open;
    new->close = &pipe_close;
    new->vfprintf = &file_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &file_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->fflush = &file_fflush;
    new->read = &file_read;
    new->write = &file_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct fileconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of pipe connection failed"));
    }
    return new;
}

#ifdef Win32
extern Rconnection
newWpipe(const char *description, int enc, const char *mode);
#endif

SEXP attribute_hidden do_pipe(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP scmd, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    const char *file, *open;
    int ncon;
    cetype_t ienc = CE_NATIVE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    scmd = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(scmd) || length(scmd) < 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    if(length(scmd) > 1)
	warning(_("only first element of 'description' argument used"));
#ifdef Win32
    if( !strIsASCII(CHAR(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0))) ) {
	ienc = CE_UTF8;
	file = translateCharUTF8(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
    } else {
	ienc = CE_NATIVE;
	file = translateChar(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
    }
#else
    file = translateChar(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
#endif
    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    enc = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");

    ncon = NextConnection();
#ifdef Win32
    if(CharacterMode != RTerm)
	con = newWpipe(file, ienc, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
    else
#endif
	con = newpipe(file, ienc, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
    Connections[ncon] = con;
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("pipe"));
#ifdef Win32
    if(CharacterMode != RTerm)
	SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("pipeWin32"));
#endif
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
}

/* ------------------- [bgx]zipped file connections --------------------- */

typedef struct gzfileconn {
    void *fp;
    int compress;
} *Rgzfileconn;

static Rboolean gzfile_open(Rconnection con)
{
    gzFile fp;
    char mode[6];
    Rgzfileconn gzcon = con->private;

    strcpy(mode, con->mode);
    /* Must open as binary */
    if(strchr(con->mode, 'w')) sprintf(mode, "wb%1d", gzcon->compress);
    else if (con->mode[0] == 'a') sprintf(mode, "ab%1d", gzcon->compress);
    else strcpy(mode, "rb");
    fp = gzopen(R_ExpandFileName(con->description), mode);
    if(!fp) {
	warning(_("cannot open compressed file '%s', probable reason '%s'"),
		R_ExpandFileName(con->description), strerror(errno));
	return FALSE;
    }
    ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp = fp;
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    con->text = strchr(con->mode, 'b') ? FALSE : TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void gzfile_close(Rconnection con)
{
    gzclose(((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static int gzfile_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    gzFile fp = ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp;
    int c;

    /* Looks like eof is signalled one char early
     -- sometimes! gzgetc may still return EOF 
    if(gzeof(fp)) return R_EOF;
    
    Removed for zlib 1.2.4
    */
    c = gzgetc(fp);
    return (c == EOF) ? R_EOF : c;
}

static double gzfile_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    gzFile  fp = ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp;
    z_off_t pos = gztell(fp);
    int res, whence = SEEK_SET;

    switch(origin) {
    case 2: whence = SEEK_CUR;
    case 3: error(_("whence = \"end\" is not implemented for gzfile connections"));
    default: whence = SEEK_SET;
    }
    if(where >= 0) {
	res = gzseek(fp, (z_off_t) where, whence);
	if(res == -1)
	    warning(_("seek on a gzfile connection returned an internal error"));
    }
    return (double) pos;
}

static int gzfile_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    /* Degrades compression too much, as Rvprintf calls fflush.

       gzFile fp = ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp;

       return gzflush(fp, Z_SYNC_FLUSH); */

    return 0;
}

static size_t gzfile_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    gzFile fp = ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp;
    /* uses 'unsigned' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > UINT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    return gzread(fp, ptr, size*nitems)/size;
}

static size_t gzfile_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			   Rconnection con)
{
    gzFile fp = ((Rgzfileconn)(con->private))->fp;
    /* uses 'unsigned' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > UINT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    return gzwrite(fp, (voidp)ptr, size*nitems)/size;
}

static Rconnection newgzfile(const char *description, const char *mode,
			     int compress)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of gzfile connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("gzfile") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of gzfile connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "gzfile");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of gzfile connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);

    new->canseek = TRUE;
    new->open = &gzfile_open;
    new->close = &gzfile_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &gzfile_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &gzfile_seek;
    new->fflush = &gzfile_fflush;
    new->read = &gzfile_read;
    new->write = &gzfile_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct gzfileconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of gzfile connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rgzfileconn)new->private)->compress = compress;
    return new;
}

#include <bzlib.h>
typedef struct bzfileconn {
    FILE *fp;
    BZFILE *bfp;
    int compress;
} *Rbzfileconn;

static Rboolean bzfile_open(Rconnection con)
{
    Rbzfileconn bz = (Rbzfileconn) con->private;
    FILE* fp;
    BZFILE* bfp;
    int bzerror;
    char mode[] = "rb";

    if (con->mode[0] == 'a')
	warning(_("append mode may not do what you expect"));
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    /* regardless of the R view of the file, the file must be opened in
       binary mode where it matters */
    mode[0] = con->mode[0];
    fp = R_fopen(R_ExpandFileName(con->description), mode);
    if(!fp) {
	warning(_("cannot open bzip2-ed file '%s', probable reason '%s'"),
		R_ExpandFileName(con->description), strerror(errno));
	return FALSE;
    }
    if(con->canread) {
	bfp = BZ2_bzReadOpen(&bzerror, fp, 0, 0, NULL, 0);
	if(bzerror != BZ_OK) {
	    BZ2_bzReadClose(&bzerror, bfp);
	    fclose(fp);
	    warning(_("file '%s' appears not to be compressed by bzip2"),
		    R_ExpandFileName(con->description));
	    return FALSE;
	}
    } else {
	bfp = BZ2_bzWriteOpen(&bzerror, fp, bz->compress, 0, 0);
	if(bzerror != BZ_OK) {
	    BZ2_bzWriteClose(&bzerror, bfp, 0, NULL, NULL);
	    fclose(fp);
	    warning(_("initializing bzip2 compression for file '%s' failed"),
		    R_ExpandFileName(con->description));
	    return FALSE;
	}
    }
    bz->fp = fp;
    bz->bfp = bfp;
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->text = strchr(con->mode, 'b') ? FALSE : TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void bzfile_close(Rconnection con)
{
    int bzerror;
    Rbzfileconn bz = con->private;

    if(con->canread)
	BZ2_bzReadClose(&bzerror, bz->bfp);
    else
	BZ2_bzWriteClose(&bzerror, bz->bfp, 0, NULL, NULL);
    fclose(bz->fp);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static int bzfile_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    Rbzfileconn bz = con->private;
    char buf[1];
    int bzerror, size;

    size = BZ2_bzRead(&bzerror, bz->bfp, buf, 1);
    return (size < 1) ? R_EOF : (buf[0] % 256);
}

static size_t bzfile_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			  Rconnection con)
{
    Rbzfileconn bz = con->private;
    int bzerror;

    /* uses 'int' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    return BZ2_bzRead(&bzerror, bz->bfp, ptr, size*nitems)/size;
}

static size_t bzfile_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			   Rconnection con)
{
    Rbzfileconn bz = con->private;
    int bzerror;

    /* uses 'int' for len */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    BZ2_bzWrite(&bzerror, bz->bfp, (voidp) ptr, size*nitems);
    if(bzerror != BZ_OK) return 0;
    else return nitems;
}

static Rconnection newbzfile(const char *description, const char *mode,
			     int compress)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of bzfile connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("bzfile") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of bzfile connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "bzfile");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of bzfile connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);

    new->canseek = FALSE;
    new->open = &bzfile_open;
    new->close = &bzfile_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &bzfile_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &null_seek;
    new->fflush = &null_fflush;
    new->read = &bzfile_read;
    new->write = &bzfile_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct bzfileconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of bzfile connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rbzfileconn)new->private)->compress = compress;
    return new;
}

#include <lzma.h>

typedef struct xzfileconn {
    FILE *fp;
    lzma_stream stream;
    lzma_action action;
    int compress;
    int type;
    lzma_filter filters[2];
    lzma_options_lzma opt_lzma;
    unsigned char buf[BUFSIZE];
} *Rxzfileconn;

static Rboolean xzfile_open(Rconnection con)
{
    Rxzfileconn xz = con->private;
    lzma_ret ret;
    char mode[] = "rb";

    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    /* regardless of the R view of the file, the file must be opened in
       binary mode where it matters */
    mode[0] = con->mode[0];
    xz->fp = R_fopen(R_ExpandFileName(con->description), mode);
    if(!xz->fp) {
	warning(_("cannot open compressed file '%s', probable reason '%s'"),
		R_ExpandFileName(con->description), strerror(errno));
	return FALSE;
    }
    if(con->canread) {
	xz->action = LZMA_RUN;
	/* probably about 80Mb is required, but 512Mb seems OK as a limit */
	if (xz->type == 1)
	    ret = lzma_alone_decoder(&xz->stream, 536870912);
	else
	    ret = lzma_stream_decoder(&xz->stream, 536870912,
				      LZMA_CONCATENATED);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK) {
	    warning(_("cannot initialize lzma decoder, error %d"), ret);
	    return FALSE;
	}
	xz->stream.avail_in = 0;
    } else {
	lzma_stream *strm = &xz->stream;
	size_t preset_number = abs(xz->compress);
	if(xz->compress < 0) preset_number |= LZMA_PRESET_EXTREME;
	if(lzma_lzma_preset(&xz->opt_lzma, preset_number))
	    error("problem setting presets");
	xz->filters[0].id = LZMA_FILTER_LZMA2;
	xz->filters[0].options = &(xz->opt_lzma);
	xz->filters[1].id = LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN;

	ret = lzma_stream_encoder(strm, xz->filters, LZMA_CHECK_CRC32);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK) {
	    warning(_("cannot initialize lzma encoder, error %d"), ret);
	    return FALSE;
	}
    }
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->text = strchr(con->mode, 'b') ? FALSE : TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void xzfile_close(Rconnection con)
{
    Rxzfileconn xz = con->private;

    if(con->canwrite) {
	lzma_ret ret;
	lzma_stream *strm = &(xz->stream);
	size_t nout, res;
	unsigned char buf[BUFSIZE];
	while(1) {
	    strm->avail_out = BUFSIZE; strm->next_out = buf;
	    ret = lzma_code(strm, LZMA_FINISH);
	    nout = BUFSIZE - strm->avail_out;
	    res = fwrite(buf, 1, nout, xz->fp);
	    if (res != nout) error("fwrite error");
	    if (ret != LZMA_OK) break;
	}
    }
    lzma_end(&(xz->stream));
    fclose(xz->fp);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static size_t xzfile_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			  Rconnection con)
{
    Rxzfileconn xz = con->private;
    lzma_stream *strm = &(xz->stream);
    lzma_ret ret;
    size_t s = size*nitems, have, given = 0;
    unsigned char *p = ptr;

    if (!s) return 0;

    while(1) {
	if (strm->avail_in == 0 && xz->action != LZMA_FINISH) {
	    strm->next_in = xz->buf;
	    strm->avail_in = fread(xz->buf, 1, BUFSIZ, xz->fp);
	    if (feof(xz->fp)) xz->action = LZMA_FINISH;
	}
	strm->avail_out = s; strm->next_out = p;
	ret = lzma_code(strm, xz->action);
	have = s - strm->avail_out;  given += have;
	//printf("available: %d, ready: %d/%d\n", strm->avail_in, given, s);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK) {
	    if (ret != LZMA_STREAM_END) {
		switch(ret) {
		case LZMA_MEM_ERROR:
		case LZMA_MEMLIMIT_ERROR:
		    warning("lzma decoder needed more memory");
		    break;
		case LZMA_FORMAT_ERROR:
		    warning("lzma decoder format error");
		    break;
		case LZMA_DATA_ERROR:
		    warning("lzma decoder corrupt data");
		    break;
		default:
		    warning("lzma decoding result %d", ret);
		}
	    }
	    return given/size;
	}
	s -= have;
	if (!s) return nitems;
	p += have;
    }
}

static int xzfile_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    char buf[1];
    size_t size = xzfile_read(buf, 1, 1, con);

    return (size < 1) ? R_EOF : (buf[0] % 256);
}


static size_t xzfile_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			   Rconnection con)
{
    Rxzfileconn xz = con->private;
    lzma_stream *strm = &(xz->stream);
    lzma_ret ret;
    size_t s = size*nitems, nout, res;
    const unsigned char *p = ptr;
    unsigned char buf[BUFSIZE];

    if (!s) return 0;

    strm->avail_in = s;
    strm->next_in = p;
    while(1) {
	strm->avail_out = BUFSIZE; strm->next_out = buf;
	ret = lzma_code(strm, LZMA_RUN);
	if (ret > 1) {
	    switch(ret) {
	    case LZMA_MEM_ERROR:
		warning("lzma encoder needed more memory");
		break;
	    default:
		warning("lzma encoding result %d", ret);
	    }
	    return 0;
	}
	nout = BUFSIZE - strm->avail_out;
	res = fwrite(buf, 1, nout, xz->fp);
	if (res != nout) error("fwrite error");
	if (strm->avail_in == 0) return nitems;
    }
}

static Rconnection
newxzfile(const char *description, const char *mode, int type, int compress)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of xzfile connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("xzfile") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of xzfile connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "xzfile");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of xzfile connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);

    new->canseek = FALSE;
    new->open = &xzfile_open;
    new->close = &xzfile_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &xzfile_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &null_seek;
    new->fflush = &null_fflush;
    new->read = &xzfile_read;
    new->write = &xzfile_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct xzfileconn));
    memset(new->private, 0, sizeof(struct xzfileconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of xzfile connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rxzfileconn) new->private)->type = type;
    ((Rxzfileconn) new->private)->compress = compress;
    return new;
}

/* op 0 is gzfile, 1 is bzfile, 2 is xv/lzma */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_gzfile(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP sfile, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    const char *file, *open;
    int ncon, compress = 9;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    int type = PRIMVAL(op);
    int subtype = 0;

    checkArity(op, args);
    sfile = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sfile) || length(sfile) < 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    if(length(sfile) > 1)
	warning(_("only first element of 'description' argument used"));
    file = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sfile, 0));
    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    enc = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");
    if(type < 2) {
	compress = asInteger(CADDDR(args));
	if(compress == NA_LOGICAL || compress < 0 || compress > 9)
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "compress");
    }
    if(type == 2) {
	compress = asInteger(CADDDR(args));
	if(compress == NA_LOGICAL || abs(compress) > 9)
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "compress");
    }
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    if (type == 0 && (!open[0] || open[0] == 'r')) {
	/* check magic no */
	FILE *fp = fopen(R_ExpandFileName(file), "rb");
	char buf[7];
	if (fp) {
	    int res;
	    memset(buf, 0, 7); res = fread(buf, 5, 1, fp); fclose(fp);
	    if(res == 1) {
		if(!strncmp(buf, "BZh", 3)) type = 1;
		if((buf[0] == '\xFD') && !strncmp(buf+1, "7zXZ", 4)) type = 2;
		if((buf[0] == '\xFF') && !strncmp(buf+1, "LZMA", 4)) {
		    type = 2; subtype = 1;
		}
		if(!memcmp(buf, "]\0\0\200\0", 5)) {
		    type = 2; subtype = 1;
		}
		if((buf[0] == '\x89') && !strncmp(buf+1, "LZO", 3))
		    error(_("this is a %s-compressed file which this build of R does not support"), "lzop");
	    }
	}
    }
    switch(type) {
    case 0:
	con = newgzfile(file, strlen(open) ? open : "rb", compress);
	break;
    case 1:
	con = newbzfile(file, strlen(open) ? open : "rb", compress);
	break;
    case 2:
	con = newxzfile(file, strlen(open) ? open : "rb", subtype, compress);
	break;
    }
    ncon = NextConnection();
    Connections[ncon] = con;
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    switch(type) {
    case 0:
	SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("gzfile"));
	break;
    case 1:
	SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("bzfile"));
	break;
    case 2:
	SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("xzfile"));
	break;
    }
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"), R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
}

/* ------------------- clipboard connections --------------------- */

#ifdef Win32
# define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
#include <windows.h>
extern int GA_clipboardhastext(void); /* from ga.h */
#endif

#ifdef Unix
Rboolean R_ReadClipboard(Rclpconn clpcon, char *type);
#endif

static Rboolean clp_open(Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;

    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->canwrite = (con->mode[0] == 'w' || con->mode[0] == 'a');
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    this->pos = 0;
    if(con->canread) {
	/* copy the clipboard contents now */
#ifdef Win32
	HGLOBAL hglb;
	char *pc;
	if(GA_clipboardhastext() &&
	   OpenClipboard(NULL) &&
	   (hglb = GetClipboardData(CF_TEXT)) &&
	   (pc = (char *)GlobalLock(hglb))) {
	    int len = strlen(pc);
	    this->buff = (char *)malloc(len + 1);
	    this->last = this->len = len;
	    if(this->buff) {
		strcpy(this->buff, pc);
		GlobalUnlock(hglb);
		CloseClipboard();
	    } else {
		GlobalUnlock(hglb);
		CloseClipboard();
		this->buff = NULL; this->last = this->len = 0;
		warning(_("memory allocation to copy clipboard failed"));
		return FALSE;
	    }
	} else {
	    this->buff = NULL; this->last = this->len = 0;
	    warning(_("clipboard cannot be opened or contains no text"));
	    return FALSE;
	}
#else
	Rboolean res = R_ReadClipboard(this, con->description);
	if(!res) return FALSE;
#endif
    } else {
	int len = (this->sizeKB)*1024;
	this->buff = (char *) malloc(len + 1);
	if(!this->buff) {
	    warning(_("memory allocation to open clipboard failed"));
	    return FALSE;
	}
	this->len = len;
	this->last = 0;
    }
    con->text = TRUE;
    set_iconv(con);
    con->save = -1000;
    this->warned = FALSE;

    return TRUE;
}

static void clp_writeout(Rconnection con)
{
#ifdef Win32
    Rclpconn this = con->private;

    HGLOBAL hglb;
    char *s, *p;
    if ( (hglb = GlobalAlloc(GHND, this->len)) &&
	 (s = (char *)GlobalLock(hglb)) ) {
	p = this->buff;
	while(p < this->buff + this->pos) *s++ = *p++;
	*s = '\0';
	GlobalUnlock(hglb);
	if (!OpenClipboard(NULL) || !EmptyClipboard()) {
	    warning(_("Unable to open the clipboard"));
	    GlobalFree(hglb);
	} else {
	    if(!SetClipboardData(CF_TEXT, hglb)) {
		warning(_("Unable to write to the clipboard"));
		GlobalFree(hglb);
	    }
	    CloseClipboard();
	}
    }
#endif
}

static void clp_close(Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;

    con->isopen = FALSE;
    if(con->canwrite)
	clp_writeout(con);
    if(this-> buff) free(this->buff);
}

static int clp_fgetc_internal(Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;

    if (this->pos >= this->len) return R_EOF;
    return this->buff[this->pos++];
}

static double clp_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;
    int newpos, oldpos = this->pos;

    if(ISNA(where)) return oldpos;

    switch(origin) {
    case 2: newpos = this->pos + (int)where; break;
    case 3: newpos = this->last + (int)where; break;
    default: newpos = where;
    }
    if(newpos < 0 || newpos >= this->last)
	error(_("attempt to seek outside the range of the clipboard"));
    else this->pos = newpos;

    return (double) oldpos;
}

static void clp_truncate(Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;

    if(!con->isopen || !con->canwrite)
	error(_("can only truncate connections open for writing"));
    this->last = this->pos;
}

static int clp_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    if(!con->isopen || !con->canwrite) return 1;
    clp_writeout(con);
    return 0;
}

static size_t clp_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;
    int available = this->len - this->pos, request = size*nitems, used;
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    used = (request < available) ? request : available;
    strncpy(ptr, this->buff, used);
    return (size_t) used/size;
}

static size_t clp_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			 Rconnection con)
{
    Rclpconn this = con->private;
    int i, len = size * nitems, used = 0;
    char c, *p = (char *)ptr, *q = this->buff + this->pos;

    if(!con->canwrite)
	error(_("clipboard connection is open for reading only"));
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));

    for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
	if(this->pos >= this->len) break;
	c = *p++;
#ifdef Win32
    /* clipboard requires CRLF termination */
	if(c == '\n') {
	    *q++ = '\r';
	    this->pos++;
	    if(this->pos >= this->len) break;
	}
#endif
	*q++ = c;
	this->pos++;
	used++;
    }
    if (used < len && !this->warned) {
	warning(_("clipboard buffer is full and output lost"));
	this->warned = TRUE;
    }
    if(this->last < this->pos) this->last = this->pos;
    return (size_t) used/size;
}

static Rconnection newclp(const char *url, const char *inmode)
{
    Rconnection new;
    const char *description;
    int sizeKB = 32;
    char mode[4];

    mode[3] = '\0';
    strncpy(mode, inmode, 3);

    if(strlen(mode) == 2 && mode[1] == 't') mode[1] = '\0';

    if(strlen(mode) != 1 ||
       (mode[0] != 'r' && mode[0] != 'w'))
	error(_("'mode' for the clipboard must be 'r' or 'w'"));
#ifdef Unix
    if(mode[0] != 'r')
	error(_("'mode' for the clipboard must be 'r' on Unix"));
#endif
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of clipboard connection failed"));
    if(strncmp(url, "clipboard", 9) == 0) description = "clipboard";
    else description = url;
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of clipboard connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, description);
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of clipboard connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->open = &clp_open;
    new->close = &clp_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc_internal = &clp_fgetc_internal;
    new->fgetc = &dummy_fgetc;
    new->seek = &clp_seek;
    new->truncate = &clp_truncate;
    new->fflush = &clp_fflush;
    new->read = &clp_read;
    new->write = &clp_write;
    new->canseek = TRUE;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct clpconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of clipboard connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rclpconn)new->private)->buff = NULL;
    if (strncmp(url, "clipboard-", 10) == 0) {
	sizeKB = atoi(url+10);
	if(sizeKB < 32) sizeKB = 32;
	/* Rprintf("setting clipboard size to %dKB\n", sizeKB); */
    }
    ((Rclpconn)new->private)->sizeKB = sizeKB;
    return new;
}

/* ------------------- terminal connections --------------------- */

static unsigned char  ConsoleBuf[CONSOLE_BUFFER_SIZE+1];
static unsigned char *ConsoleBufp;
static int  ConsoleBufCnt;

static int ConsoleGetchar(void)
{
    if (--ConsoleBufCnt < 0) {
	ConsoleBuf[CONSOLE_BUFFER_SIZE] = '\0';
	if (R_ReadConsole("", ConsoleBuf, CONSOLE_BUFFER_SIZE, 0) == 0) {
	    R_ClearerrConsole();
	    return R_EOF;
	}
	ConsoleBufp = ConsoleBuf;
	ConsoleBufCnt = strlen((char *)ConsoleBuf);
	ConsoleBufCnt--;
    }
    return *ConsoleBufp++;
}

static int stdin_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    return ConsoleGetchar();
}

static int stdout_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    if(R_Outputfile) vfprintf(R_Outputfile, format, ap);
    else Rcons_vprintf(format, ap);
    return 0;
}

static int stdout_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    if(R_Outputfile) return fflush(R_Outputfile);
    return 0;
}

static int stderr_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    REvprintf(format, ap);
    return 0;
}

static int stderr_fflush(Rconnection con)
{
    /* normally stderr and hence unbuffered, but it needs not be,
       e.g. it is stdout on Win9x */
    if(R_Consolefile) return fflush(R_Consolefile);
    return 0;
}

static Rconnection newterminal(const char *description, const char *mode)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of terminal connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("terminal") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of terminal connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "terminal");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of terminal connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->isopen = TRUE;
    new->canread = (strcmp(mode, "r") == 0);
    new->canwrite = (strcmp(mode, "w") == 0);
    new->destroy = &null_close;
    new->private = NULL;
    return new;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_stdin(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, class;
    Rconnection con = getConnection(0);

    checkArity(op, args);
    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(0));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar(con->class));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_stdout(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, class;
    Rconnection con = getConnection(R_OutputCon);

    checkArity(op, args);
    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(R_OutputCon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar(con->class));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_stderr(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, class;
    Rconnection con = getConnection(2);

    checkArity(op, args);
    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(2));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar(con->class));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}

/* isatty is in unistd.h, or io.h on Windows */
#ifdef Win32
# include <io.h>
#endif
SEXP attribute_hidden do_isatty(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int con;
    /* FIXME: is this correct for consoles? */
    checkArity(op, args);
    con = asInteger(CAR(args));
    return ScalarLogical(con == NA_LOGICAL ? FALSE : isatty(con) );
}

/* ------------------- raw connections --------------------- */

/* Possible future redesign: store nbytes as TRUELENGTH */

typedef struct rawconn {
    SEXP data; /* all the data, stored as a raw vector */
    /* replace nbytes by TRUELENGTH in due course? */
    size_t pos, nbytes; /* current pos and number of bytes
			   (same pos for read and write) */
} *Rrawconn;


/* copy a raw vector into a buffer */
static void raw_init(Rconnection con, SEXP raw)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;

    this->data = NAMED(raw) ? duplicate(raw) : raw;
    R_PreserveObject(this->data);
    this->nbytes = LENGTH(this->data);
    this->pos = 0;
}

static Rboolean raw_open(Rconnection con)
{
    return TRUE;
}

static void raw_close(Rconnection con)
{
}

static void raw_destroy(Rconnection con)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;

    R_ReleaseObject(this->data);
    free(this);
}

static void raw_resize(Rrawconn this, size_t needed)
{
    size_t nalloc = 64;
    SEXP tmp;

    if (needed > 8192) nalloc = 1.2*needed; /* 20% over-allocation */
    else while(nalloc < needed) nalloc *= 2;  /* use powers of 2 if small */
    PROTECT(tmp = allocVector(RAWSXP, nalloc));
    memcpy(RAW(tmp), RAW(this->data), this->nbytes);
    R_ReleaseObject(this->data);
    this->data = tmp;
    R_PreserveObject(this->data);
    UNPROTECT(1);
}

static size_t raw_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			Rconnection con)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;
    size_t freespace = LENGTH(this->data) - this->pos, bytes = size*nitems;

    if ((double) size * (double) nitems + (double) this->pos > R_LEN_T_MAX)
	error(_("attempting to add too many elements to raw vector"));
    /* resize may fail, when this will give an error */
    if(bytes >= freespace) raw_resize(this, bytes + this->pos);
    /* the source just might be this raw vector */
    memmove(RAW(this->data) + this->pos, ptr, bytes);
    this->pos += bytes;
    if(this->nbytes < this->pos) this->nbytes = this->pos;
    return nitems;
}

static void raw_truncate(Rconnection con)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;
    this->nbytes = this->pos;
}

static size_t raw_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
		       Rconnection con)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;
    size_t available = this->nbytes - this->pos, request = size*nitems, used;

    if ((double) size * (double) nitems + (double) this->pos > R_LEN_T_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    used = (request < available) ? request : available;
    memmove(ptr, RAW(this->data) + this->pos, used);
    return used/size;
}

static int raw_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;
    if(this->pos >= this->nbytes) return R_EOF;
    else return (int) RAW(this->data)[this->pos++];
}

static double raw_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    Rrawconn this = con->private;
    double newpos;
    size_t oldpos = this->pos;

    if(ISNA(where)) return (double) oldpos;

    /* Do the calculations here as double to avoid integer overflow */
    switch(origin) {
    case 2: newpos = this->pos + where; break;
    case 3: newpos = this->nbytes + where; break;
    default: newpos = where;
    }
    if(newpos < 0 || newpos > this->nbytes)
	error(_("attempt to seek outside the range of the raw connection"));
    else this->pos = (size_t) newpos;

    return (double) oldpos;
}

static Rconnection newraw(const char *description, SEXP raw, const char *mode)
{
    Rconnection new;

    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of raw connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("rawConnection") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of raw connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "rawConnection");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of raw connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->isopen = TRUE;
    new->text = FALSE;
    new->blocking = TRUE;
    new->canseek = TRUE;
    new->canwrite = (mode[0] == 'w' || mode[0] == 'a');
    new->canread = mode[0] == 'r';
    if(strlen(mode) >= 2 && mode[1] == '+') new->canread = new->canwrite = TRUE;
    new->open = &raw_open;
    new->close = &raw_close;
    new->destroy = &raw_destroy;
    if(new->canwrite) {
	new->write = &raw_write;
	new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
	new->truncate = &raw_truncate;
    }
    if(new->canread) {
	new->read = &raw_read;
	new->fgetc = &raw_fgetc;
    }
    new->seek = &raw_seek;
    new->private = (void*) malloc(sizeof(struct rawconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of raw connection failed"));
    }
    raw_init(new, raw);
    if(mode[0] == 'a') raw_seek(new, 0, 3, 0);
    return new;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_rawconnection(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP sfile, sraw, sopen, ans, class;
    const char *desc, *open;
    int ncon;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    sfile = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sfile) || length(sfile) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    desc = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sfile, 0));
    sraw = CADR(args);
    sopen = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    if(strchr(open, 't'))
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    ncon = NextConnection();
    if(TYPEOF(sraw) != RAWSXP)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "raw");
    con = Connections[ncon] = newraw(desc, sraw, open);

    /* already opened */

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("rawConnection"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_rawconvalue(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con=NULL;
    Rrawconn this;
    SEXP ans;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "rawConnection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a rawConnection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    if(!con->canwrite)
	error(_("'con' is not an output rawConnection"));
    this = con->private;
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, this->nbytes); /* later, use TRUELENGTH? */
    memcpy(RAW(ans), RAW(this->data), this->nbytes);
    return ans;
}

/* ------------------- text connections --------------------- */

typedef struct textconn {
    char *data;  /* all the data */
    int cur, nchars; /* current pos and number of chars */
    char save; /* pushback */
} *Rtextconn;

typedef struct outtextconn {
    int len;  /* number of lines */
    SEXP namesymbol;
    SEXP data;
    char *lastline;
    int lastlinelength; /* buffer size */
} *Routtextconn;

/* read a R character vector into a buffer */
static void text_init(Rconnection con, SEXP text, int type)
{
    int i, nlines = length(text), nchars = 0;
    Rtextconn this = con->private;

    for(i = 0; i < nlines; i++)
	nchars += strlen(type == 1 ? translateChar(STRING_ELT(text, i))
			 : ((type == 3) ?translateCharUTF8(STRING_ELT(text, i))
			    : CHAR(STRING_ELT(text, i))) ) + 1;    
    this->data = (char *) malloc(nchars+1);
    if(!this->data) {
	free(this); free(con->description); free(con->class); free(con);
	error(_("cannot allocate memory for text connection"));
    }
    *(this->data) = '\0';
    for(i = 0; i < nlines; i++) {
	strcat(this->data,
	       type == 1 ? translateChar(STRING_ELT(text, i))
	       : ((type == 3) ?translateCharUTF8(STRING_ELT(text, i))
		  : CHAR(STRING_ELT(text, i))) );
	strcat(this->data, "\n");
    }
    this->nchars = nchars;
    this->cur = this->save = 0;
}

static Rboolean text_open(Rconnection con)
{
    con->save = -1000;
    return TRUE;
}

static void text_close(Rconnection con)
{
}

static void text_destroy(Rconnection con)
{
    Rtextconn this = con->private;

    free(this->data);
    /* this->cur = this->nchars = 0; */
    free(this);
}

static int text_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    Rtextconn this = con->private;
    if(this->save) {
	int c;
	c = this->save;
	this->save = 0;
	return c;
    }
    if(this->cur >= this->nchars) return R_EOF;
    else return (int) (this->data[this->cur++]);
}

static double text_seek(Rconnection con, double where, int origin, int rw)
{
    if(where >= 0) error(_("seek is not relevant for text connection"));
    return 0; /* if just asking, always at the beginning */
}

static Rconnection newtext(const char *description, SEXP text, int type)
{
    Rconnection new;
    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("textConnection") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "textConnection");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, "r");
    new->isopen = TRUE;
    new->canwrite = FALSE;
    new->open = &text_open;
    new->close = &text_close;
    new->destroy = &text_destroy;
    new->fgetc = &text_fgetc;
    new->seek = &text_seek;
    new->private = (void*) malloc(sizeof(struct textconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    text_init(new, text, type);
    return new;
}


static SEXP mkCharLocal(const char *s)
{
    int ienc = CE_NATIVE;
    if(known_to_be_latin1) ienc = CE_LATIN1;
    if(known_to_be_utf8) ienc = CE_UTF8;
    return mkCharCE(s, ienc);
}

static void outtext_close(Rconnection con)
{
    Routtextconn this = con->private;
    int idx = ConnIndex(con);
    SEXP tmp, env = VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx);

    if(this->namesymbol &&
       findVarInFrame3(env, this->namesymbol, FALSE) != R_UnboundValue)
	R_unLockBinding(this->namesymbol, env);
    if(strlen(this->lastline) > 0) {
	PROTECT(tmp = lengthgets(this->data, ++this->len));
	SET_STRING_ELT(tmp, this->len - 1, mkCharLocal(this->lastline));
	if(this->namesymbol) defineVar(this->namesymbol, tmp, env);
	SET_NAMED(tmp, 2);
	this->data = tmp;
	UNPROTECT(1);
    }
}

static void outtext_destroy(Rconnection con)
{
    Routtextconn this = con->private;
    int idx = ConnIndex(con);
    /* OutTextData is preserved, and that implies that the environment
       we are writing it and hence the character vector is protected.
       However, this could be quite expensive.
    */
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx, R_NilValue);
    if(!this->namesymbol) R_ReleaseObject(this->data);
    free(this->lastline); free(this);
}

#define LAST_LINE_LEN 256

static int text_vfprintf(Rconnection con, const char *format, va_list ap)
{
    Routtextconn this = con->private;
    char buf[BUFSIZE], *b = buf, *p, *q;
    const void *vmax = vmaxget();
    int res = 0, usedRalloc = FALSE, buffree,
	already = strlen(this->lastline);
    SEXP tmp;

#ifdef HAVE_VA_COPY
    va_list aq;
    va_copy(aq, ap);
    if(already >= BUFSIZE) {
	/* This will fail so just call vsnprintf to get the length of
	   the new piece */
	res = vsnprintf(buf, 0, format, aq);
	if(res > 0) res += already;
	buffree = 0;
    } else {
	strcpy(b, this->lastline);
	p = b + already;
	buffree = BUFSIZE - already;
	res = vsnprintf(p, buffree, format, aq);
    }
    va_end(aq);
    if(res >= buffree) { /* res is the desired output length */
	usedRalloc = TRUE;
	b = R_alloc(res + already + 1, sizeof(char));
	strcpy(b, this->lastline);
	p = b + already;
	vsprintf(p, format, ap);
    } else if(res < 0) { /* just a failure indication */
#define NBUFSIZE (already + 100*BUFSIZE)
	usedRalloc = TRUE;
	b = R_alloc(NBUFSIZE, sizeof(char));
	strncpy(b, this->lastline, NBUFSIZE);
	*(b + NBUFSIZE - 1) = '\0';
	p = b + already;
	res = vsnprintf(p, NBUFSIZE - already, format, ap);
	if (res < 0) {
	    *(b + NBUFSIZE - 1) = '\0';
	    warning(_("printing of extremely long output is truncated"));
	}
    }
#else /* no va_copy: very rare so don't try too hard */
    if(already >= BUFSIZE) {
	res = -1;
    } else {
	strcpy(b, this->lastline);
	p = b + already;
	buffree = BUFSIZE - already;
	res = vsnprintf(p, buffree, format, ap);
	b[BUFSIZE-1] = '\0';
    }
    if (res >= buffree || res < 0)
	warning(_("printing of extremely long output is truncated"));
#endif

    /* copy buf line-by-line to object */
    for(p = b; ; p = q+1) {
	q = Rf_strchr(p, '\n');
	if(q) {
	    int idx = ConnIndex(con);
	    SEXP env = VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx);
	    *q = '\0';
	    PROTECT(tmp = lengthgets(this->data, ++this->len));
	    SET_STRING_ELT(tmp, this->len - 1, mkCharLocal(p));
	    if(this->namesymbol) {
		if(findVarInFrame3(env, this->namesymbol, FALSE)
		   != R_UnboundValue) R_unLockBinding(this->namesymbol, env);
		defineVar(this->namesymbol, tmp, env);
		R_LockBinding(this->namesymbol, env);
	    } else {
		R_ReleaseObject(this->data);
		R_PreserveObject(tmp);
	    }
	    this->data = tmp;
	    SET_NAMED(tmp, 2);
	    UNPROTECT(1);
	} else {
	    /* retain the last line */
	    if(strlen(p) >= this->lastlinelength) {
		int newlen = strlen(p) + 1;
		this->lastline = realloc(this->lastline, newlen);
		this->lastlinelength = newlen;
	    }
	    strcpy(this->lastline, p);
	    con->incomplete = strlen(this->lastline) > 0;
	    break;
	}
    }
    if(usedRalloc) vmaxset(vmax);
    return res;
}

static void outtext_init(Rconnection con, SEXP stext, const char *mode, int idx)
{
    Routtextconn this = con->private;
    SEXP val;

    if(stext == R_NilValue) {
	this->namesymbol = NULL;
	    /* create variable pointed to by con->description */
	val = allocVector(STRSXP, 0);
	R_PreserveObject(val);
    } else {
	this->namesymbol = install(con->description);
	if(strcmp(mode, "w") == 0) {
	    /* create variable pointed to by con->description */
	    PROTECT(val = allocVector(STRSXP, 0));
	    defineVar(this->namesymbol, val, VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx));
	    /* Not clear if this is needed, but be conservative */
	    SET_NAMED(val, 2);
	    UNPROTECT(1);
	} else {
	    /* take over existing variable */
	    val = findVar1(this->namesymbol, VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx),
			   STRSXP, FALSE);
	    if(val == R_UnboundValue) {
		warning(_("text connection: appending to a non-existent char vector"));
		PROTECT(val = allocVector(STRSXP, 0));
		defineVar(this->namesymbol, val, VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx));
		SET_NAMED(val, 2);
		UNPROTECT(1);
	    }
	    R_LockBinding(this->namesymbol, VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, idx));
	}
    }
    this->len = LENGTH(val);
    this->data = val;
    this->lastline[0] = '\0';
    this->lastlinelength = LAST_LINE_LEN;
}


static Rconnection newouttext(const char *description, SEXP stext,
			      const char *mode, int idx)
{
    Rconnection new;
    void *tmp;

    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("textConnection") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "textConnection");
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->isopen = TRUE;
    new->canread = FALSE;
    new->open = &text_open;
    new->close = &outtext_close;
    new->destroy = &outtext_destroy;
    new->vfprintf = &text_vfprintf;
    new->seek = &text_seek;
    new->private = (void*) malloc(sizeof(struct outtextconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    ((Routtextconn)new->private)->lastline = tmp = malloc(LAST_LINE_LEN);
    if(!tmp) {
	free(new->private);
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of text connection failed"));
    }
    outtext_init(new, stext, mode, idx);
    return new;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_textconnection(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP sfile, stext, sopen, ans, class, venv;
    const char *desc, *open;
    int ncon, type;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    sfile = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sfile) || length(sfile) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    desc = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sfile, 0));
    stext = CADR(args);
    sopen = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    venv = CADDDR(args);
    if (isNull(venv))
	error(_("use of NULL environment is defunct"));
    if (!isEnvironment(venv))
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "environment");
    type = asInteger(CAD4R(args));
    if (type == NA_INTEGER)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");
    ncon = NextConnection();
    if(!strlen(open) || strncmp(open, "r", 1) == 0) {
	if(!isString(stext))
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "text");
	con = Connections[ncon] = newtext(desc, stext, type);
    } else if (strncmp(open, "w", 1) == 0 || strncmp(open, "a", 1) == 0) {
	if (OutTextData == NULL) {
	    OutTextData = allocVector(VECSXP, NCONNECTIONS);
	    R_PreserveObject(OutTextData);
	}
	SET_VECTOR_ELT(OutTextData, ncon, venv);
	if(stext == R_NilValue)
	    con = Connections[ncon] = newouttext("NULL", stext, open, ncon);
	else if(isString(stext) && length(stext) == 1)
	    con = Connections[ncon] =
		newouttext(translateChar(STRING_ELT(stext, 0)), stext,
			   open, ncon);
	else
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "text");
    }
    else
	error(_("unsupported mode"));
    /* already opened */

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("textConnection"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_textconvalue(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con=NULL;
    Routtextconn this;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "textConnection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a textConnection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    if(!con->canwrite)
	error(_("'con' is not an output textConnection"));
    this = con->private;
    return this->data;
}



/* ------------------- socket connections  --------------------- */


/* socketConnection(host, port, server, blocking, open, encoding) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_sockconn(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP scmd, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    const char *host, *open;
    int ncon, port, server, blocking;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
#ifdef HAVE_SOCKETS
    scmd = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(scmd) || length(scmd) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "host");
    host = translateChar(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
    args = CDR(args);
    port = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if(port == NA_INTEGER || port < 0)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "port");
    args = CDR(args);
    server = asLogical(CAR(args));
    if(server == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "server");
    args = CDR(args);
    blocking = asLogical(CAR(args));
    if(blocking == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "blocking");
    args = CDR(args);
    sopen = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    args = CDR(args);
    enc = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");

    ncon = NextConnection();
    con = R_newsock(host, port, server, open);
    Connections[ncon] = con;
    con->blocking = blocking;
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("sockconn"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);
#else
    error(_("sockets are not available on this system"));
#endif
    return ans;
}

/* ------------------- unz connections  --------------------- */

/* see dounzip.c for the details */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_unz(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP sfile, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    const char *file, *open;
    int ncon;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    sfile = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(sfile) || length(sfile) < 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    if(length(sfile) > 1)
	warning(_("only first element of 'description' argument used"));
    file = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sfile, 0));
    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    enc = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    ncon = NextConnection();
    con = Connections[ncon] = R_newunz(file, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("unz"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
}

/* -------------- open, close, seek, truncate, flush ------------------ */

SEXP attribute_hidden do_open(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int i, block;
    Rconnection con=NULL;
    SEXP sopen;
    const char *open;
    Rboolean success;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    i = asInteger(CAR(args));
    con = getConnection(i);
    if(i < 3) error(_("cannot open standard connections"));
    if(con->isopen) {
	warning(_("connection is already open"));
	return R_NilValue;
    }
    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    block = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(block == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "blocking");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    if(strlen(open) > 0) strcpy(con->mode, open);
    con->blocking = block;
    success = con->open(con);
    if(!success) {
	/* con_destroy(i); user might have a reference */
	error(_("cannot open the connection"));
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_isopen(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con;
    int rw, res;

    checkArity(op, args);
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    rw = asInteger(CADR(args));
    res = con->isopen != FALSE;
    switch(rw) {
    case 0: break;
    case 1: res = res & con->canread; break;
    case 2: res = res & con->canwrite; break;
    default: error(_("unknown 'rw' value"));
    }
    return ScalarLogical(res);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_isincomplete(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    return ScalarLogical(con->incomplete != FALSE);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_isseekable(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    return ScalarLogical(con->canseek != FALSE);
}

static void con_close1(Rconnection con)
{
    if(con->isopen) con->close(con);
    if(con->isGzcon) {
	Rgzconn priv = con->private;
	con_close1(priv->con);
	R_ReleaseObject(priv->con->ex_ptr);
    }
    /* close inconv and outconv if open */
    if(con->inconv) Riconv_close(con->inconv);
    if(con->outconv) Riconv_close(con->outconv);
    con->destroy(con);
    free(con->class);
    free(con->description);
    /* clear the pushBack */
    if(con->nPushBack > 0) {
	int j;

	for(j = 0; j < con->nPushBack; j++)
	    free(con->PushBack[j]);
	free(con->PushBack);
    }
}


static void con_destroy(int i)
{
    Rconnection con=NULL;

    con = getConnection(i);
    con_close1(con);
    free(Connections[i]);
    Connections[i] = NULL;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_close(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int i, j;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    i = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if(i < 3) error(_("cannot close standard connections"));
    for(j = 0; j < R_SinkNumber; j++)
	if(i == SinkCons[j])
	    error(_("cannot close output sink connection"));
    if(i == R_ErrorCon)
	error(_("cannot close messages sink connection"));
    con_destroy(i);
    return R_NilValue;
}

/* seek(con, where = numeric(), origin = "start", rw = "") */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_seek(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int origin, rw;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    double where;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    if(!con->isopen) error(_("connection is not open"));
    where = asReal(CADR(args));
    origin = asInteger(CADDR(args));
    rw = asInteger(CADDDR(args));
    if(!ISNAN(where) && con->nPushBack > 0) {
	/* clear pushback */
	int j;
	for(j = 0; j < con->nPushBack; j++) free(con->PushBack[j]);
	free(con->PushBack);
	con->nPushBack = 0;
    }
    return ScalarReal(con->seek(con, where, origin, rw));
}

/* truncate(con) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_truncate(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    con->truncate(con);
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_flush(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    if(con->canwrite) con->fflush(con);
    return R_NilValue;
}

/* ------------------- read, write  text --------------------- */

int Rconn_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    char *curLine;
    int c;

    if (con->save2 != -1000) {
	c = con->save2;
	con->save2 = -1000;
	return c;
    }
    if(con->nPushBack <= 0) {
	/* map CR or CRLF to LF */
	if (con->save != -1000) {
	    c = con->save;
	    con->save = -1000;
	    return c;
	}
	c = con->fgetc(con);
	if (c == '\r') {
	    c = con->fgetc(con);
	    if (c != '\n') {
		con->save = (c != '\r') ? c : '\n';
		return('\n');
	    }
	}
	return c;
    }
    curLine = con->PushBack[con->nPushBack-1];
    c = (unsigned char) curLine[con->posPushBack++];
    if(con->posPushBack >= strlen(curLine)) {
	/* last character on a line, so pop the line */
	free(curLine);
	con->nPushBack--;
	con->posPushBack = 0;
	if(con->nPushBack == 0) free(con->PushBack);
    }
    return c;
}

int Rconn_ungetc(int c, Rconnection con)
{
    con->save2 = c;
    return c;
}

/* read one line (without trailing newline) from con and store it in buf */
/* return number of characters read, -1 on EOF */
int Rconn_getline(Rconnection con, char *buf, int bufsize)
{
    int c, nbuf = -1;

    while((c = Rconn_fgetc(con)) != R_EOF) {
	if(nbuf+1 >= bufsize) error(_("Line longer than buffer size"));
	if(c != '\n'){
	    buf[++nbuf] = c;
	} else {
	    buf[++nbuf] = '\0';
	    break;
	}
    }
    /* Make sure it is null-terminated and count is correct, even if
     *  file did not end with newline.
     */
    if(nbuf >= 0 && buf[nbuf]) {
	if(nbuf+1 >= bufsize) error(_("Line longer than buffer size"));
	buf[++nbuf] = '\0';
    }
    return(nbuf);
}


int Rconn_printf(Rconnection con, const char *format, ...)
{
    int res;
    va_list(ap);

    va_start(ap, format);
    /* Parentheses added for FC4 with gcc4 and -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 */
    res = (con->vfprintf)(con, format, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    return res;
}


/* readLines(con = stdin(), n = 1, ok = TRUE, warn = TRUE) */
#define BUF_SIZE 1000
SEXP attribute_hidden do_readLines(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans = R_NilValue, ans2;
    int i, n, nn, nnn, ok, warn, nread, c, nbuf, buf_size = BUF_SIZE;
    int oenc = CE_NATIVE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    Rboolean wasopen;
    char *buf;
    const char *encoding;

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    n = asInteger(CADR(args));
    if(n == NA_INTEGER)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "n");
    ok = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(ok == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "ok");
    warn = asLogical(CADDDR(args));
    if(warn == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "warn");
    if(!con->canread)
	error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
    if(!isString(CAD4R(args)) || LENGTH(CAD4R(args)) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' value"), "encoding");
    encoding = CHAR(STRING_ELT(CAD4R(args), 0)); /* ASCII */
    wasopen = con->isopen;
    if(!wasopen) {
	char mode[5];
	con->UTF8out = TRUE;  /* a request */
	strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	strcpy(con->mode, "rt");
	if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	if(!con->canread) { /* recheck */
	    con->close(con);
	    error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
	}
    } else { /* for a non-blocking connection, more input may
		have become available, so re-position */
	if(con->canseek && !con->blocking)
	    con->seek(con, con->seek(con, -1, 1, 1), 1, 1);
    }
    con->incomplete = FALSE;
    if(con->UTF8out || streql(encoding, "UTF-8")) oenc = CE_UTF8;
    else if(streql(encoding, "latin1")) oenc = CE_LATIN1;

    buf = (char *) malloc(buf_size);
    if(!buf)
	error(_("cannot allocate buffer in readLines"));
    nn = (n < 0) ? 1000 : n; /* initially allocate space for 1000 lines */
    nnn = (n < 0) ? INT_MAX : n;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, nn));
    for(nread = 0; nread < nnn; nread++) {
	if(nread >= nn) {
	    ans2 = allocVector(STRSXP, 2*nn);
	    for(i = 0; i < nn; i++)
		SET_STRING_ELT(ans2, i, STRING_ELT(ans, i));
	    nn *= 2;
	    UNPROTECT(1); /* old ans */
	    PROTECT(ans = ans2);
	}
	nbuf = 0;
	while((c = Rconn_fgetc(con)) != R_EOF) {
	    if(nbuf == buf_size) {
		buf_size *= 2;
		buf = (char *) realloc(buf, buf_size);
		if(!buf)
		    error(_("cannot allocate buffer in readLines"));
	    }
	    if(c != '\n') buf[nbuf++] = c; else break;
	}
	buf[nbuf] = '\0';
	SET_STRING_ELT(ans, nread, mkCharCE(buf, oenc));
	if(c == R_EOF) goto no_more_lines;
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    free(buf);
    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    return ans;
no_more_lines:
    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    if(nbuf > 0) { /* incomplete last line */
	if(con->text && !con->blocking) {
	    /* push back the rest */
	    con_pushback(con, 0, buf);
	    con->incomplete = TRUE;
	} else {
	    nread++;
	    if(warn)
		warning(_("incomplete final line found on '%s'"),
			con->description);
	}
    }
    free(buf);
    if(nread < nnn && !ok)
	error(_("too few lines read in readLines"));
    PROTECT(ans2 = allocVector(STRSXP, nread));
    for(i = 0; i < nread; i++)
	SET_STRING_ELT(ans2, i, STRING_ELT(ans, i));
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans2;
}

/* writeLines(text, con = stdout(), sep = "\n", useBytes) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_writelines(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int i, con_num, useBytes;
    Rboolean wasopen;
    Rconnection con=NULL;
    const char *ssep;
    SEXP text, sep;

    checkArity(op, args);
    text = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(text)) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "text");
    if(!inherits(CADR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    con_num = asInteger(CADR(args));
    con = getConnection(con_num);
    sep = CADDR(args);
    if(!isString(sep)) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "sep");
    useBytes = asLogical(CADDDR(args));
    if(useBytes == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "useBytes");

    if(!con->canwrite)
	error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
    wasopen = con->isopen;
    if(!wasopen) {
	char mode[5];
	/* Documented behaviour */
	strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	strcpy(con->mode, "wt");
	if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	if(!con->canwrite) { /* unlikely, but be safe */
	    con->close(con);
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	}
    }
    if(useBytes)
	ssep = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sep, 0));
    else
	ssep = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sep, 0));

    /* New for 2.7.0: split the output if sink was split.
       It would be slightly simpler just to cal Rvprintf if the
       connection was stdout(), but this way is more efficent */
    if(con_num == R_OutputCon) {
	int j = 0;
	Rconnection con0;
	do {
	    con0 = getConnection(con_num);
	    for(i = 0; i < length(text); i++)
		Rconn_printf(con0, "%s%s",
			     useBytes ? CHAR(STRING_ELT(text, i)) :
			     translateChar(STRING_ELT(text, i)), ssep);
	    con0->fflush(con0);
	    con_num = getActiveSink(j++);
	} while (con_num > 0);
    } else {
	for(i = 0; i < length(text); i++)
	    Rconn_printf(con, "%s%s",
			 useBytes ? CHAR(STRING_ELT(text, i)) :
			 translateChar(STRING_ELT(text, i)), ssep);
    }

    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    return R_NilValue;
}

/* ------------------- read, write  binary --------------------- */

static void swapb(void *result, int size)
{
    int i;
    char *p = result, tmp;

    if (size == 1) return;
    for (i = 0; i < size/2; i++) {
	tmp = p[i];
	p[i] = p[size - i - 1];
	p[size - i - 1] = tmp;
    }
}

static SEXP readOneString(Rconnection con)
{
    char buf[10001], *p;
    int pos, m;

    for(pos = 0; pos < 10000; pos++) {
	p = buf + pos;
	m = con->read(p, sizeof(char), 1, con);
	if(!m) {
	    if(pos > 0)
		warning(_("incomplete string at end of file has been discarded"));
	    return R_NilValue;
	}
	if(*p == '\0') break;
    }
    if(pos == 10000)
	warning(_("null terminator not found: breaking string at 10000 bytes"));
    return mkChar(buf);
}

static int
rawRead(char *p, int size, int n, Rbyte *bytes, int nbytes, int *np)
{
    int avail, m;

    avail = (nbytes - *np)/size;
    m = n;
    if (m > avail) m = avail;
    if (m > 0) {
	memcpy(p, bytes + *(np), m*size);
	*np += m*size;
    }
    return m;
}

static SEXP rawOneString(Rbyte *bytes, int nbytes, int *np)
{
    Rbyte *p;
    int i;
    char *buf;
    SEXP res;

    /* just look for null terminator */
    for(i = *np, p = bytes+(*np); i < nbytes; p++, i++)
	if(*p == '\0') break;
    if(i < nbytes) { /* has terminator */
	p = bytes+(*np);
	*np = i+1;
	return mkChar((char *)p);
    }
    /* so no terminator */
    buf = R_chk_calloc(nbytes - (*np) + 1, 1);
    memcpy(buf, bytes+(*np), nbytes-(*np));
    res = mkChar(buf);
    Free(buf);
    *np = nbytes;
    return res;
}

/* readBin(con, what, n, swap) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_readbin(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans = R_NilValue, swhat;
    int i, size, signd, swap, n, m = 0, sizedef= 4, mode = 1,
	nbytes = 0, np = 0;
    const char *what;
    void *p = NULL;
    Rboolean wasopen = TRUE, isRaw = FALSE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    Rbyte *bytes = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);

    if(TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == RAWSXP) {
	isRaw = TRUE;
	bytes = RAW(CAR(args));
	nbytes = LENGTH(CAR(args));
    } else {
	con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
	if(con->text) error(_("can only read from a binary connection"));
    }

    args = CDR(args);
    swhat = CAR(args); args = CDR(args);
    if(!isString(swhat) || length(swhat) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "what");
    what = CHAR(STRING_ELT(swhat, 0)); /* ASCII */
    n = asInteger(CAR(args)); args = CDR(args);
    if(n == NA_INTEGER || n < 0) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "n");
    size = asInteger(CAR(args)); args = CDR(args);
    signd = asLogical(CAR(args)); args = CDR(args);
    if(signd == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "signed");
    swap = asLogical(CAR(args));
    if(swap == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "swap");
    if(!isRaw) {
	if(!con->canread)
	    error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
	wasopen = con->isopen;
	if(!wasopen) {
	    /* Documented behaviour */
	    char mode[5];
	    strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	    strcpy(con->mode, "rb");
	    if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	    strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	    if(!con->canread) {
		con->close(con);
		error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
	    }
	}
    }

    if(!strcmp(what, "character")) {
	SEXP onechar;
	PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, n));
	for(i = 0, m = 0; i < n; i++) {
	    onechar = isRaw ? rawOneString(bytes, nbytes, &np)
		: readOneString(con);
	    if(onechar != R_NilValue) {
		SET_STRING_ELT(ans, i, onechar);
		m++;
	    } else break;
	}
    } else if(!strcmp(what, "complex")) {
	if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizeof(Rcomplex);
	if(size != sizeof(Rcomplex))
	    error(_("size changing is not supported for complex vectors"));
	PROTECT(ans = allocVector(CPLXSXP, n));
	p = (void *) COMPLEX(ans);
	m = isRaw ? rawRead(p, size, n, bytes, nbytes, &np)
	    : con->read(p, size, n, con);
	if(swap)
	    for(i = 0; i < m; i++) {
		swapb(&(COMPLEX(ans)[i].r), sizeof(double));
		swapb(&(COMPLEX(ans)[i].i), sizeof(double));
	    }
    } else {
	if (!strcmp(what, "integer") || !strcmp(what, "int")) {
	    sizedef = sizeof(int); mode = 1;
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizedef;
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(signed char):
	    case sizeof(short):
	    case sizeof(int):
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(long):
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(_lli_t):
#endif
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(INTSXP, n));
	    p = (void *) INTEGER(ans);
	} else if (!strcmp(what, "logical")) {
	    sizedef = sizeof(int); mode = 1;
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizedef;
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(signed char):
	    case sizeof(short):
	    case sizeof(int):
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(long):
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(_lli_t):
#endif
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(LGLSXP, n));
	    p = (void *) LOGICAL(ans);
	} else if (!strcmp(what, "raw")) {
	    sizedef = 1; mode = 1;
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizedef;
	    switch (size) {
	    case 1:
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("raw is always of size 1"));
	    }
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, n));
	    p = (void *) RAW(ans);
	} else if (!strcmp(what, "numeric") || !strcmp(what, "double")) {
	    sizedef = sizeof(double); mode = 2;
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizedef;
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(double):
	    case sizeof(float):
#if SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE > SIZEOF_DOUBLE
	    case sizeof(long double):
#endif
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(REALSXP, n));
	    p = (void *) REAL(ans);
	} else
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "what");

	if(size == sizedef) {
	    m = isRaw ? rawRead(p, size, n, bytes, nbytes, &np)
		: con->read(p, size, n, con);
	    if(swap && size > 1)
		for(i = 0; i < m; i++) swapb((char *)p+i*size, size);
	} else {
	    char buf[size];
	    int s;
	    if(mode == 1) {
		for(i = 0, m = 0; i < n; i++) {
		    s = isRaw ? rawRead(buf, size, 1, bytes, nbytes, &np)
			: con->read(buf, size, 1, con);
		    if(s) m++; else break;
		    if(swap && size > 1) swapb(buf, size);
		    switch(size) {
		    case sizeof(signed char):
			if(signd)
			    INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((signed char *)buf);
			else
			    INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((unsigned char *)buf);
			break;
		    case sizeof(short):
			if(signd)
			    INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((short *)buf);
			else
			    INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((unsigned short *)buf);
			break;
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
		    case sizeof(long):
			INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((long *)buf);
			break;
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
		    case sizeof(_lli_t):
			INTEGER(ans)[i] = (int)*((_lli_t *)buf);
			break;
#endif
		    default:
			error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
		    }
		}
	    } else if (mode == 2) {
		for(i = 0, m = 0; i < n; i++) {
		    s = isRaw ? rawRead(buf, size, 1, bytes, nbytes, &np)
			: con->read(buf, size, 1, con);
		    if(s) m++; else break;
		    if(swap && size > 1) swapb(buf, size);
		    switch(size) {
		    case sizeof(float):
			REAL(ans)[i] = (double)*((float *)buf);
			break;
#if SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE > SIZEOF_DOUBLE
		    case sizeof(long double):
			REAL(ans)[i] = (double)*((long double *)buf);
			break;
#endif
		    default:
			error(
				  _("size %d is unknown on this machine"),
				  size);
		    }
		}
	    }
	}
    }
    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    if(m < n) {
	PROTECT(ans = lengthgets(ans, m));
	UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

/* writeBin(object, con, size, swap, useBytes) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_writebin(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP object, ans = R_NilValue;
    int i, j, size, swap, len, n = 0, useBytes;
    const char *s;
    char *buf;
    Rboolean wasopen = TRUE, isRaw = FALSE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);
    object = CAR(args);
    if(!isVectorAtomic(object))
	error(_("'x' is not an atomic vector type"));

    if(TYPEOF(CADR(args)) == RAWSXP) {
	isRaw = TRUE;
    } else {
	con = getConnection(asInteger(CADR(args)));
	if(con->text) error(_("can only write to a binary connection"));
	wasopen = con->isopen;
	if(!con->canwrite)
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
    }

    size = asInteger(CADDR(args));
    swap = asLogical(CADDDR(args));
    if(swap == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "swap");
    useBytes = asLogical(CAD4R(args));
    if(useBytes == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "useBytes");
    len = LENGTH(object);
    if(len == 0) {
	if(isRaw) return allocVector(RAWSXP, 0); else return R_NilValue;
    }
    /* RAW vectors are limited to 2^31 - 1 bytes */
    if((double)len *size > INT_MAX) {
	if(isRaw)
	    error(_("only 2^31-1 bytes can be written to a raw vector"));
	else
	    error(_("only 2^31-1 bytes can be written in a single readBin() call"));
    }

    if(!wasopen) {
	/* Documented behaviour */
	char mode[5];
	strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	strcpy(con->mode, "wb");
	if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	if(!con->canwrite) {
	    con->close(con);
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	}
    }


    if(TYPEOF(object) == STRSXP) {
	if(isRaw) {
	    Rbyte *bytes;
	    int np, outlen;
	    if(useBytes)
		for(i = 0, outlen = 0; i < len; i++)
		    outlen += strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(object, i))) + 1;
	    else
		for(i = 0, outlen = 0; i < len; i++)
		    outlen += strlen(translateChar(STRING_ELT(object, i))) + 1;
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen));
	    bytes = RAW(ans);
	    for(i = 0, np = 0; i < len; i++) {
		if(useBytes)
		    s = CHAR(STRING_ELT(object, i));
		else
		    s = translateChar(STRING_ELT(object, i));
		memcpy(bytes+np, s, strlen(s) + 1);
		np +=  strlen(s) + 1;
	    }
	} else {
	    for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		if(useBytes)
		    s = CHAR(STRING_ELT(object, i));
		else
		    s = translateChar(STRING_ELT(object, i));
		n = con->write(s, sizeof(char), strlen(s) + 1, con);
		if(!n) {
		    warning(_("problem writing to connection"));
		    break;
		}
	    }
	}
    } else {
	switch(TYPEOF(object)) {
	case LGLSXP:
	case INTSXP:
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizeof(int);
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(signed char):
	    case sizeof(short):
	    case sizeof(int):
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(long):
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(_lli_t):
#endif
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    break;
	case REALSXP:
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizeof(double);
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(double):
	    case sizeof(float):
#if SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE > SIZEOF_DOUBLE
	    case sizeof(long double):
#endif
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    break;
	case CPLXSXP:
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = sizeof(Rcomplex);
	    if(size != sizeof(Rcomplex))
		error(_("size changing is not supported for complex vectors"));
	    break;
	case RAWSXP:
	    if(size == NA_INTEGER) size = 1;
	    if(size != 1)
		error(_("size changing is not supported for raw vectors"));
	    break;
	default:
	    UNIMPLEMENTED_TYPE("writeBin", object);
	}
	buf = R_chk_calloc(len, size);
	switch(TYPEOF(object)) {
	case LGLSXP:
	case INTSXP:
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(int):
		memcpy(buf, INTEGER(object), size * len);
		break;
#if SIZEOF_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(long):
	    {
		long l1;
		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += size) {
		    l1 = (long) INTEGER(object)[i];
		    memcpy(buf + j, &l1, size);
		}
		break;
	    }
#elif SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == 8
	    case sizeof(_lli_t):
	    {
		_lli_t ll1;
		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += size) {
		    ll1 = (_lli_t) INTEGER(object)[i];
		    memcpy(buf + j, &ll1, size);
		}
		break;
	    }
#endif
	    case 2:
	    {
		short s1;
		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += size) {
		    s1 = (short) INTEGER(object)[i];
		    memcpy(buf + j, &s1, size);
		}
		break;
	    }
	    case 1:
		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
		    buf[i] = (signed char) INTEGER(object)[i];
		break;
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    break;
	case REALSXP:
	    switch (size) {
	    case sizeof(double):
		memcpy(buf, REAL(object), size * len);
		break;
	    case sizeof(float):
	    {
		float f1;
		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += size) {
		    f1 = (float) REAL(object)[i];
		    memcpy(buf+j, &f1, size);
		}
		break;
	    }
#if SIZEOF_LONG_DOUBLE > SIZEOF_DOUBLE
	    case sizeof(long double):
	    {
		/* some systems have problems with memcpy from
		   the address of an automatic long double,
		   e.g. ix86/x86_64 Linux with gcc4 */
		static long double ld1;
		for (i = 0, j = 0; i < len; i++, j += size) {
		    ld1 = (long double) REAL(object)[i];
		    memcpy(buf+j, &ld1, size);
		}
		break;
	    }
#endif
	    default:
		error(_("size %d is unknown on this machine"), size);
	    }
	    break;
	case CPLXSXP:
	    memcpy(buf, COMPLEX(object), size * len);
	    break;
	case RAWSXP:
	    memcpy(buf, RAW(object), len); /* size = 1 */
	    break;
	}

	if(swap && size > 1) {
	    if (TYPEOF(object) == CPLXSXP)
		for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
		    int sz = size/2;
		    swapb(buf+sz*2*i, sz);
		    swapb(buf+sz*(2*i+1), sz);
		}
	    else
		for(i = 0; i < len; i++) swapb(buf+size*i, size);
	}

	/* write it now */
	if(isRaw) { /* We checked size*len < 2^31-1 above */
	    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, size*len));
	    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, size*len);
	} else {
	    n = con->write(buf, size, len, con);
	    if(n < len) warning(_("problem writing to connection"));
	}
	Free(buf);
    }

    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    if(isRaw) {
	R_Visible = TRUE;
	UNPROTECT(1);
    } else R_Visible = FALSE;
    return ans;
}

/* FIXME: could do any MBCS locale, but would need pushback */
static SEXP
readFixedString(Rconnection con, int len, int useBytes)
{
    SEXP ans;
    char *buf;
    int  pos, m;
    const void *vmax = vmaxget();

    if(utf8locale && !useBytes) {
	int i, clen;
	char *p, *q;

	p = buf = (char *) R_alloc(MB_CUR_MAX*len+1, sizeof(char));
	memset(buf, 0, MB_CUR_MAX*len+1);
	for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
	    q = p;
	    m = con->read(p, sizeof(char), 1, con);
	    if(!m) { if(i == 0) return R_NilValue; else break;}
	    clen = utf8clen(*p++);
	    if(clen > 1) {
		m = con->read(p, sizeof(char), clen - 1, con);
		if(m < clen - 1) error(_("invalid UTF-8 input in readChar()"));
		p += clen - 1;
		/* NB: this only checks validity of multi-byte characters */
		if((int)mbrtowc(NULL, q, clen, NULL) < 0)
		    error(_("invalid UTF-8 input in readChar()"));
	    }
	}
	pos = p - buf;
    } else {
	buf = (char *) R_alloc(len+1, sizeof(char));
	memset(buf, 0, len+1);
	m = con->read(buf, sizeof(char), len, con);
	if(len && !m) return R_NilValue;
	pos = m;
    }
    /* String may contain nuls which we now (R >= 2.8.0) assume to be
       padding and ignore silently */
    ans = mkChar(buf);
    vmaxset(vmax);
    return ans;
}

static SEXP
rawFixedString(Rbyte *bytes, int len, int nbytes, int *np, int useBytes)
{
    char *buf;
    SEXP res;
    const void *vmax = vmaxget();

    if(*np + len > nbytes) {
	len = nbytes - *np;
	if (!len) return(R_NilValue);
    }

    if(utf8locale && !useBytes) {
	int i, clen, iread = *np;
	char *p;
	Rbyte *q;

	p = buf = (char *) R_alloc(MB_CUR_MAX*len+1, sizeof(char));
	for(i = 0; i < len; i++, p+=clen, iread += clen) {
	    if (iread >= nbytes) break;
	    q = bytes + iread;
	    clen = utf8clen(*q);
	    if (iread + clen > nbytes)
		error(_("invalid UTF-8 input in readChar()"));
	    memcpy(p, q, clen);
	}
	clen = iread - (*np);
	*np = iread;
	*p = '\0';
	res = mkCharLenCE(buf, clen, CE_NATIVE);
    } else {
	/* no terminator */
	buf = R_chk_calloc(len + 1, 1);
	memcpy(buf, bytes + (*np), len);
	*np += len;
	res = mkCharLenCE(buf, len, CE_NATIVE);
	Free(buf);
    }
    vmaxset(vmax);
    return res;
}


/* readChar(con, nchars) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_readchar(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans = R_NilValue, onechar, nchars;
    int i, len, n, m = 0, nbytes = 0, np = 0, useBytes;
    Rboolean wasopen = TRUE, isRaw = FALSE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    Rbyte *bytes = NULL;

    checkArity(op, args);

    if(TYPEOF(CAR(args)) == RAWSXP) {
	isRaw = TRUE;
	bytes = RAW(CAR(args));
	nbytes = LENGTH(CAR(args));
    } else {
	con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
	if(!con->canread)
	    error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
    }
    nchars = CADR(args);
    n = LENGTH(nchars);
    if(n == 0) return allocVector(STRSXP, 0);
    useBytes = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(useBytes == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "useBytes");

    if (!isRaw) {
	wasopen = con->isopen;
	if(!wasopen) {
	    /* Documented behaviour */
	    char mode[5];
	    strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	    strcpy(con->mode, "rb");
	    if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	    strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	    if(!con->canread) {
		con->close(con);
		error(_("cannot read from this connection"));
	    }
	}
    }
    if (mbcslocale && !utf8locale && !useBytes)
	warning(_("can only read in bytes in a non-UTF-8 MBCS locale" ));
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(STRSXP, n));
    for(i = 0, m = 0; i < n; i++) {
	len = INTEGER(nchars)[i];
	if(len == NA_INTEGER || len < 0)
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "nchar");
	onechar = isRaw ? rawFixedString(bytes, len, nbytes, &np, useBytes)
	    : readFixedString(con, len, useBytes);
	if(onechar != R_NilValue) {
	    SET_STRING_ELT(ans, i, onechar);
	    m++;
	} else break;
    }
    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    if(m < n) {
	PROTECT(ans = lengthgets(ans, m));
	UNPROTECT(1);
    }
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

/* writeChar(object, con, nchars, sep, useBytes) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_writechar(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP object, nchars, sep, ans = R_NilValue, si;
    int i, len, lenb, lenc, n, nwrite=0, slen, tlen, useBytes;
    char *buf;
    const char *s, *ssep = "";
    Rboolean wasopen = TRUE, usesep, isRaw = FALSE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    mbstate_t mb_st;

    checkArity(op, args);
    object = CAR(args);
    if(TYPEOF(object) != STRSXP)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "object");
    if(TYPEOF(CADR(args)) == RAWSXP) {
	isRaw = TRUE;
    } else {
	con = getConnection(asInteger(CADR(args)));
	if(!con->canwrite)
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	wasopen = con->isopen;
    }

    nchars = CADDR(args);
    sep = CADDDR(args);
    useBytes = asLogical(CAD4R(args));
    if(useBytes == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "useBytes");

    if(isNull(sep)) {
	usesep = FALSE;
	slen = 0;
    } else {
	usesep = TRUE;
	if (!isString(sep) || length(sep) != 1)
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "sep");
	if(useBytes)
	    ssep = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sep, 0));
	else
	    ssep = translateChar(STRING_ELT(sep, 0));
	slen = strlen(ssep) + 1;
    }
    n = LENGTH(nchars);
    if(LENGTH(object) < n)
	error(_("'object' is too short"));
    if(n == 0) {
	if(isRaw) return allocVector(RAWSXP, 0); else return R_NilValue;
    }

    len = 0;
    if (!isRaw) {
	for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
	    /* This is not currently needed, just future-proofing in case
	       the logic gets changed */
	    if(useBytes)
		tlen = strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(object, i)));
	    else
		tlen = strlen(translateChar(STRING_ELT(object, i)));
	    if (tlen > len) len = tlen;
	    tlen = INTEGER(nchars)[i];
	    if(tlen == NA_INTEGER || tlen < 0)
		error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "nchar");
	    if (tlen > len) len = tlen;
	}
	buf = (char *) R_alloc(len + slen, sizeof(char));
    } else {
	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
	    len += INTEGER(nchars)[i] + slen;
	PROTECT(ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, len));
	buf = (char*)RAW(ans);
    }

    if(!wasopen) {
	/* Documented behaviour */
	char mode[5];
	strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	strcpy(con->mode, "wb");
	if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	if(!con->canwrite) {
	    con->close(con);
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	}
    }


    for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
	len = INTEGER(nchars)[i];
	si = STRING_ELT(object, i);
	if(strlen(CHAR(si)) < LENGTH(si)) {
	    if(len > LENGTH(si)) {
		warning(_("writeChar: more bytes requested than are in the string - will zero-pad"));
	    }
	    memset(buf, '\0', len + slen);
	    memcpy(buf, CHAR(si), len);
	    if (usesep) {
		strcat(buf, ssep);
		len += slen;
	    }
	    if (!isRaw) {
		nwrite = con->write(buf, sizeof(char), len, con);
		if(!nwrite) {
		    warning(_("problem writing to connection"));
		    break;
		}
	    } else
		buf += len;
	} else {
	    if(useBytes)
		s = CHAR(si);
	    else
		s = translateChar(si);
	    lenb = lenc = strlen(s);
	    if(mbcslocale) lenc = mbstowcs(NULL, s, 0);
	    /* As from 1.8.1, zero-pad if too many chars are requested. */
	    if(len > lenc) {
		warning(_("writeChar: more characters requested than are in the string - will zero-pad"));
		lenb += (len - lenc);
	    }
	    if(len < lenc) {
		if(mbcslocale) {
		    /* find out how many bytes we need to write */
		    int i, used;
		    const char *p = s;
		    mbs_init(&mb_st);
		    for(i = 0, lenb = 0; i < len; i++) {
			used = Mbrtowc(NULL, p, MB_CUR_MAX, &mb_st);
			p += used;
			lenb += used;
		    }
		} else
		    lenb = len;
	    }
	    memset(buf, '\0', lenb + slen);
	    strncpy(buf, s, lenb);
	    if (usesep) {
		strcat(buf, ssep);
		lenb += slen;
	    }
	    if (!isRaw) {
		nwrite = con->write(buf, sizeof(char), lenb, con);
		if(!nwrite) {
		    warning(_("problem writing to connection"));
		break;
		}
	    } else
		buf += lenb;
	}
    }
    if(!wasopen) con->close(con);
    if(isRaw) {
	R_Visible = TRUE;
	UNPROTECT(1);
    } else {
	ans = R_NilValue;
	R_Visible = FALSE;
    }
    return ans;
}

/* ------------------- push back text  --------------------- */


/* used in readLines and scan */
attribute_hidden
void con_pushback(Rconnection con, Rboolean newLine, char *line)
{
    int nexists = con->nPushBack;
    char **q;

    if(nexists > 0) {
	q = con->PushBack =
	    (char **) realloc(con->PushBack, (nexists+1)*sizeof(char *));
    } else {
	q = con->PushBack = (char **) malloc(sizeof(char *));
    }
    if(!q) error(_("could not allocate space for pushBack"));
    q += nexists;
    *q = (char *) malloc(strlen(line) + 1 + newLine);
    if(!(*q)) error(_("could not allocate space for pushBack"));
    strcpy(*q, line);
    if(newLine) strcat(*q, "\n");
    q++;
    con->posPushBack = 0;
    con->nPushBack++;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_pushback(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int i, n, nexists, newLine;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
    SEXP stext;
    const char *p;
    char **q;

    checkArity(op, args);

    stext = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(stext))
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "data");
    con = getConnection(asInteger(CADR(args)));
    newLine = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(newLine == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "newLine");
    if(!con->canread && !con->isopen)
	error(_("can only push back on open readable connections"));
    if(!con->text)
	error(_("can only push back on text-mode connections"));
    nexists = con->nPushBack;
    if((n = length(stext)) > 0) {
	if(nexists > 0) {
	    q = con->PushBack =
		(char **) realloc(con->PushBack, (n+nexists)*sizeof(char *));
	} else {
	    q = con->PushBack = (char **) malloc(n*sizeof(char *));
	}
	if(!q) error(_("could not allocate space for pushBack"));
	q += nexists;
	for(i = 0; i < n; i++) {
	    p = translateChar(STRING_ELT(stext, n - i - 1));
	    *q = (char *) malloc(strlen(p) + 1 + newLine);
	    if(!(*q)) error(_("could not allocate space for pushBack"));
	    strcpy(*q, p);
	    if(newLine) strcat(*q, "\n");
	    q++;
	}
	con->posPushBack = 0;
	con->nPushBack += n;
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_pushbacklength(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    return ScalarInteger(con->nPushBack);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_clearpushback(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int j;
    Rconnection con = NULL;

    con = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));

    if(con->nPushBack > 0) {
	for(j = 0; j < con->nPushBack; j++) free(con->PushBack[j]);
	free(con->PushBack);
	con->nPushBack = 0;
    }
    return R_NilValue;
}

/* ------------------- sink functions  --------------------- */

/* Switch output to connection number icon, or pop stack if icon < 0
 */

static Rboolean
switch_or_tee_stdout(int icon, int closeOnExit, int tee)
{
    int toclose;

    if(icon == R_OutputCon) return FALSE;

    if(icon >= 0 && R_SinkNumber >= NSINKS - 1)
	error(_("sink stack is full"));

    if(icon == 0)
	error(_("cannot switch output to stdin"));
    else if(icon == 1 || icon == 2) {
	R_OutputCon = SinkCons[++R_SinkNumber] = icon;
	R_SinkSplit[R_SinkNumber] = tee;
	SinkConsClose[R_SinkNumber] = 0;
    } else if(icon >= 3) {
	Rconnection con = getConnection(icon); /* checks validity */
	toclose = 2*closeOnExit;
	if(!con->isopen) {
	    char mode[5];
	    strcpy(mode, con->mode);
	    strcpy(con->mode, "wt");
	    if(!con->open(con)) error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	    strcpy(con->mode, mode);
	    if(!con->canwrite) {
		con->close(con);
		error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	    }
	    toclose = 1;
	} else if(!con->canwrite)
	    error(_("cannot write to this connection"));
	R_OutputCon = SinkCons[++R_SinkNumber] = icon;
	SinkConsClose[R_SinkNumber] = toclose;
	R_SinkSplit[R_SinkNumber] = tee;
	R_PreserveObject(con->ex_ptr);
   } else { /* removing a sink */
	if (R_SinkNumber <= 0) {
	    warning(_("no sink to remove"));
	    return FALSE;
	} else {
	    R_OutputCon = SinkCons[--R_SinkNumber];
	    if((icon = SinkCons[R_SinkNumber + 1]) >= 3) {
		Rconnection con = getConnection(icon);
		R_ReleaseObject(con->ex_ptr);
		if(SinkConsClose[R_SinkNumber + 1] == 1) /* close it */
		    con->close(con);
		else if (SinkConsClose[R_SinkNumber + 1] == 2) /* destroy it */
		    con_destroy(icon);
	    }
	}
    }
    return TRUE;
}

/* This is only used by cat() */
Rboolean attribute_hidden switch_stdout(int icon, int closeOnExit)
{
  return switch_or_tee_stdout(icon, closeOnExit, 0);
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_sink(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
  int icon, closeOnExit, errcon, tee;

    checkArity(op, args);
    icon = asInteger(CAR(args));
    closeOnExit = asLogical(CADR(args));
    if(closeOnExit == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "closeOnExit");
    errcon = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(errcon == NA_LOGICAL) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "type");
    tee = asLogical(CADDDR(args));
    if(tee == NA_LOGICAL) error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "split");

#ifndef HAVE_VA_COPY
    if(tee) error(_("this platform does not support 'split=TRUE'"));
#endif

    if(!errcon) {
	/* allow space for cat() to use sink() */
	if(icon >= 0 && R_SinkNumber >= NSINKS - 2)
	    error(_("sink stack is full"));
	switch_or_tee_stdout(icon, closeOnExit, tee);
    } else {
	if(icon < 0) {
	    R_ReleaseObject(getConnection(R_ErrorCon)->ex_ptr);
	    R_ErrorCon = 2;
	} else {
	    getConnection(icon); /* check validity */
	    R_ErrorCon = icon;
	    R_PreserveObject(getConnection(icon)->ex_ptr);
	}
    }

    return R_NilValue;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_sinknumber(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    int errcon;
    checkArity(op, args);

    errcon = asLogical(CAR(args));
    if(errcon == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "type");
    return ScalarInteger(errcon ? R_SinkNumber : R_ErrorCon);
}

#ifdef Win32
#include <R_ext/RStartup.h>
extern UImode CharacterMode;
void WinCheckUTF8(void)
{
    if(CharacterMode == RGui) WinUTF8out = (SinkCons[R_SinkNumber] == 1);
    else WinUTF8out = FALSE;
}
#endif

/* ------------------- admin functions  --------------------- */

void attribute_hidden InitConnections()
{
    int i;
    Connections[0] = newterminal("stdin", "r");
    Connections[0]->fgetc = stdin_fgetc;
    Connections[1] = newterminal("stdout", "w");
    Connections[1]->vfprintf = stdout_vfprintf;
    Connections[1]->fflush = stdout_fflush;
    Connections[2] = newterminal("stderr", "w");
    Connections[2]->vfprintf = stderr_vfprintf;
    Connections[2]->fflush = stderr_fflush;
    for(i = 3; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++) Connections[i] = NULL;
    R_OutputCon = 1;
    R_SinkNumber = 0;
    SinkCons[0] = 1; R_ErrorCon = 2;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_getallconnections(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    int i, j=0, n=0;
    SEXP ans;
    checkArity(op, args);
    for(i = 0; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	if(Connections[i]) n++;
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(INTSXP, n));
    for(i = 0; i < NCONNECTIONS; i++)
	if(Connections[i])
	    INTEGER(ans)[j++] = i;
    UNPROTECT(1);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_getconnection(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, class;
    int what;
    Rconnection con;

    checkArity(op, args);
    what = asInteger(CAR(args));
    if (what == NA_INTEGER || what < 0 || what >= NCONNECTIONS ||
	!Connections[what]) error(_("there is no connection %d"), what);

    con = Connections[what];
    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(what));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar(con->class));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    if (what > 2)
	setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    UNPROTECT(2);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden do_sumconnection(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, names, tmp;
    Rconnection Rcon;

    checkArity(op, args);
    Rcon = getConnection(asInteger(CAR(args)));
    PROTECT(ans = allocVector(VECSXP, 7));
    PROTECT(names = allocVector(STRSXP, 7));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 0, mkChar("description"));
    PROTECT(tmp = allocVector(STRSXP, 1));
    if(Rcon->enc == CE_UTF8)
	SET_STRING_ELT(tmp, 0, mkCharCE(Rcon->description, CE_UTF8));
    else
	SET_STRING_ELT(tmp, 0, mkChar(Rcon->description));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 0, tmp);
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 1, mkChar("class"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 1, mkString(Rcon->class));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 2, mkChar("mode"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 2, mkString(Rcon->mode));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 3, mkChar("text"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 3, mkString(Rcon->text? "text":"binary"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 4, mkChar("opened"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 4, mkString(Rcon->isopen? "opened":"closed"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 5, mkChar("can read"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 5, mkString(Rcon->canread? "yes":"no"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(names, 6, mkChar("can write"));
    SET_VECTOR_ELT(ans, 6, mkString(Rcon->canwrite? "yes":"no"));
    setAttrib(ans, R_NamesSymbol, names);
    UNPROTECT(3);
    return ans;
}


#if defined(USE_WININET_ASYNC) && !defined(USE_WININET)
# define USE_WININET 2
#endif


/* op = 0: url(description, open, blocking, encoding)
   op = 1: file(description, open, blocking, encoding)
*/
SEXP attribute_hidden do_url(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP scmd, sopen, ans, class, enc;
    char *class2 = "url";
    const char *url, *open;
    int ncon, block, raw = 0;
    cetype_t ienc = CE_NATIVE;
    Rconnection con = NULL;
#ifdef HAVE_INTERNET
    UrlScheme type = HTTPsh;	/* -Wall */
#endif

    checkArity(op, args);
    scmd = CAR(args);
    if(!isString(scmd) || length(scmd) < 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "description");
    if(length(scmd) > 1)
	warning(_("only first element of 'description' argument used"));
    url = CHAR(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0)); /* ASCII */
#ifdef Win32
    if(PRIMVAL(op) && !strIsASCII(CHAR(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0))) ) {
	ienc = CE_UTF8;
	url = translateCharUTF8(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
    } else {
	ienc = getCharCE(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
	if(ienc == CE_UTF8)
	    url = CHAR(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
	else
	    url = translateChar(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
    }
#else
	url = translateChar(STRING_ELT(scmd, 0));
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_INTERNET
    if (strncmp(url, "http://", 7) == 0) type = HTTPsh;
    else if (strncmp(url, "ftp://", 6) == 0) type = FTPsh;
    else if (strncmp(url, "https://", 8) == 0) type = HTTPSsh;
#endif

    sopen = CADR(args);
    if(!isString(sopen) || length(sopen) != 1)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "open");
    open = CHAR(STRING_ELT(sopen, 0)); /* ASCII */
    block = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(block == NA_LOGICAL)
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "block");
    enc = CADDDR(args);
    if(!isString(enc) || length(enc) != 1 ||
       strlen(CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0))) > 100) /* ASCII */
	error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "encoding");
    if(PRIMVAL(op)) {
	raw = asLogical(CAD4R(args));
	if(raw == NA_LOGICAL)
	    error(_("invalid '%s' argument"), "raw");
    }

    ncon = NextConnection();
    if(strncmp(url, "file://", 7) == 0) {
	int nh = 7;
#ifdef Win32
	/* on Windows we have file:///d:/path/to
	   whereas on Unix it is file:///path/to */
	if (strlen(url) > 9 && url[7] == '/' && url[9] == ':') nh = 8;
#endif
	con = newfile(url + nh, ienc, strlen(open) ? open : "r", raw);
	class2 = "file";
#ifdef HAVE_INTERNET
    } else if (strncmp(url, "http://", 7) == 0 ||
	       strncmp(url, "https://", 8) == 0 ||
	       strncmp(url, "ftp://", 6) == 0) {
       con = R_newurl(url, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
       ((Rurlconn)con->private)->type = type;
#endif
    } else {
	if(PRIMVAL(op)) { /* call to file() */
	    if(strlen(url) == 0) {
		if(!strlen(open)) open ="w+";
		if(strcmp(open, "w+") != 0 && strcmp(open, "w+b") != 0) {
		    open ="w+";
		    warning(_("file(\"\") only supports open = \"w+\" and open = \"w+b\": using the former"));
		}
	    }
	    if(strcmp(url, "clipboard") == 0 ||
#ifdef Win32
	       strncmp(url, "clipboard-", 10) == 0
#else
	       strcmp(url, "X11_primary") == 0
	       || strcmp(url, "X11_secondary") == 0
	       || strcmp(url, "X11_clipboard") == 0
#endif
		)
		con = newclp(url, strlen(open) ? open : "r");
	    else {
		if (!raw &&
		    (!strlen(open) || streql(open, "r") || streql(open, "rt"))) {
		    /* check if this is a compressed file */
		    FILE *fp = fopen(R_ExpandFileName(url), "rb");
		    char buf[7];
		    int res, ztype = -1, subtype = 0, compress = 0;
		    if (fp) {
			memset(buf, 0, 7);
			res = fread(buf, 5, 1, fp);
			fclose(fp);
			if(res == 1) {
			    if(buf[0] == '\x1f' && buf[1] == '\x8b') ztype = 0;
			    if(!strncmp(buf, "BZh", 3)) ztype = 1;
			    if((buf[0] == '\xFD') && !strncmp(buf+1, "7zXZ", 4))
				ztype = 2;
			    if((buf[0] == '\xFF') && !strncmp(buf+1, "LZMA", 4))
			    { ztype = 2; subtype = 1;}
			    if(!memcmp(buf, "]\0\0\200\0", 5))
			    { ztype = 2; subtype = 1;}
			}
		    }
		    switch(ztype) {
		    case -1:
			con = newfile(url, ienc, strlen(open) ? open : "r", raw);
			break;
		    case 0:
			con = newgzfile(url, strlen(open) ? open : "rt", compress);
			break;
		    case 1:
			con = newbzfile(url, strlen(open) ? open : "rt", compress);
			break;
		    case 2:
			con = newxzfile(url, strlen(open) ? open : "rt", subtype, compress);
			break;
		    }
		} else
		    con = newfile(url, ienc, strlen(open) ? open : "r", raw);
	    }
	    class2 = "file";
	} else {
	    error(_("unsupported URL scheme"));
	}
    }

    Connections[ncon] = con;
    con->blocking = block;
    strncpy(con->encname, CHAR(STRING_ELT(enc, 0)), 100); /* ASCII */

    /* open it if desired */
    if(strlen(open)) {
	Rboolean success = con->open(con);
	if(!success) {
	    con_destroy(ncon);
	    error(_("cannot open the connection"));
	}
    }

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(ncon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar(class2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    con->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr(con->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), con->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(con->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
}

/* This function allows C code to call the write method of a
   connection.  It is mainly intended as a means for C code to do a
   buffered write to sockets, but could be the start of a more
   extensive C-level connection API.  LT */
size_t R_WriteConnection(Rconnection con, void *buf, size_t n)
{
    if(!con->isopen) error(_("connection is not open"));
    if(!con->canwrite) error(_("cannot write to this connection"));

    return con->write(buf, 1, n, con);
}

/* ------------------- (de)compression functions  --------------------- */

static int gz_magic[2] = {0x1f, 0x8b}; /* gzip magic header */

/* gzip flag byte */
#define ASCII_FLAG   0x01 /* bit 0 set: file probably ascii text */
#define HEAD_CRC     0x02 /* bit 1 set: header CRC present */
#define EXTRA_FIELD  0x04 /* bit 2 set: extra field present */
#define ORIG_NAME    0x08 /* bit 3 set: original file name present */
#define COMMENT      0x10 /* bit 4 set: file comment present */
#define RESERVED     0xE0 /* bits 5..7: reserved */

#define get_byte() (icon->read(&ccc, 1, 1, icon), ccc)
#define Z_BUFSIZE 16384


static Rboolean gzcon_open(Rconnection con)
{
    Rgzconn priv = con->private;
    Rconnection icon = priv->con;
    int err;

    if(!icon->isopen && !icon->open(icon)) return FALSE;
    con->isopen = TRUE;
    con->canwrite = icon->canwrite;
    con->canread = !con->canwrite;
    con->save = -1000;

    priv->s.zalloc = (alloc_func)0;
    priv->s.zfree = (free_func)0;
    priv->s.opaque = (voidpf)0;
    priv->s.next_in = Z_NULL;
    priv->s.next_out = Z_NULL;
    priv->s.avail_in = priv->s.avail_out = 0;
    priv->inbuf = priv->outbuf = Z_NULL;
    priv->z_err = Z_OK;
    priv->z_eof = 0;
    priv->crc = crc32(0L, Z_NULL, 0);

    if(con->canread) {
	/* read header */
	char c, ccc, method, flags, dummy[6];
	unsigned char head[2];
	uInt len;

	icon->read(head, 1, 2, icon);
	if(head[0] != gz_magic[0] || head[1] != gz_magic[1]) {
	    if(!priv->allow) {
		warning(_("file stream does not have gzip magic number"));
		return FALSE;
	    }
	    priv->nsaved = 2;
	    priv->saved[0] = head[0];
	    priv->saved[1] = head[1];
	    return TRUE;
	}
	icon->read(&method, 1, 1, icon);
	icon->read(&flags, 1, 1, icon);
	if (method != Z_DEFLATED || (flags & RESERVED) != 0) {
	    warning(_("file stream does not have valid gzip header"));
	    return FALSE;
	}
	icon->read(dummy, 1, 6, icon);
	if ((flags & EXTRA_FIELD) != 0) { /* skip the extra field */
	    len  =  (uInt)get_byte();
	    len += ((uInt)get_byte())<<8;
	    /* len is garbage if EOF but the loop below will quit anyway */
	    while (len-- != 0 && get_byte() != EOF) ;
	}
	if ((flags & ORIG_NAME) != 0) { /* skip the original file name */
	    while ((c = get_byte()) != 0 && c != EOF) ;
	}
	if ((flags & COMMENT) != 0) {   /* skip the .gz file comment */
	    while ((c = get_byte()) != 0 && c != EOF) ;
	}
	if ((flags & HEAD_CRC) != 0) {  /* skip the header crc */
	    for (len = 0; len < 2; len++) (void)get_byte();
	}
	priv->s.next_in  = priv->inbuf = (Byte*)malloc(Z_BUFSIZE);
	err = inflateInit2(&(priv->s), -MAX_WBITS);
    } else {
	/* write a header */
	char head[11];
	sprintf(head, "%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c%c", gz_magic[0], gz_magic[1],
		Z_DEFLATED, 0 /*flags*/, 0,0,0,0 /*time*/, 0 /*xflags*/,
		0 /*OS_CODE*/);
	icon->write(head, 1, 10, icon);
	err = deflateInit2(&(priv->s), priv->cp, Z_DEFLATED, -MAX_WBITS,
			   8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);
	priv->s.next_out = priv->outbuf = (Byte*)malloc(Z_BUFSIZE);
	priv->s.avail_out = Z_BUFSIZE;
    }

    return TRUE;
}

static void putLong(Rconnection con, uLong x)
{
    int n;
    unsigned char buf[4];

    for (n = 0; n < 4; n++) {
	buf[n] = (x & 0xff);
	x >>= 8;
    }
    con->write(&buf, 4, 1, con);
}


static void gzcon_close(Rconnection con)
{
    Rgzconn priv = con->private;
    Rconnection icon = priv->con;
    int err;

    if(icon->canwrite) {
	uInt len;
	int done = 0;
	priv->s.avail_in = 0; /* should be zero already anyway */
	for (;;) {
	    len = Z_BUFSIZE - priv->s.avail_out;

	    if (len != 0) {
		if (icon->write(priv->outbuf, 1, len, icon) != len) {
		    priv->z_err = Z_ERRNO;
		    error(_("writing error whilst flushing 'gzcon' connection"));
		}
		priv->s.next_out = priv->outbuf;
		priv->s.avail_out = Z_BUFSIZE;
	    }
	    if (done) break;
	    priv->z_err = deflate(&(priv->s), Z_FINISH);

	    /* deflate has finished flushing only when it hasn't used up
	     * all the available space in the output buffer:
	     */
	    done = (priv->s.avail_out != 0 || priv->z_err == Z_STREAM_END);

	    if (priv->z_err != Z_OK && priv->z_err != Z_STREAM_END) break;
	}
	err = deflateEnd(&(priv->s));
	/* NB: these must be little-endian */
	putLong(icon, priv->crc);
	putLong(icon, (uLong)(priv->s.total_in & 0xffffffff));
    } else err = inflateEnd(&(priv->s));
    if(priv->inbuf) {free(priv->inbuf); priv->inbuf = Z_NULL;}
    if(priv->outbuf) {free(priv->outbuf); priv->outbuf = Z_NULL;}
    if(icon->isopen) icon->close(icon);
    con->isopen = FALSE;
}

static int gzcon_byte(Rgzconn priv)
{
    Rconnection icon = priv->con;

    if (priv->z_eof) return EOF;
    if (priv->s.avail_in == 0) {
	priv->s.avail_in = icon->read(priv->inbuf, 1, Z_BUFSIZE, icon);
	if (priv->s.avail_in == 0) {
	    priv->z_eof = 1;
	    return EOF;
	}
	priv->s.next_in = priv->inbuf;
    }
    priv->s.avail_in--;
    return *(priv->s.next_in)++;
}


static size_t gzcon_read(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			 Rconnection con)
{
    Rgzconn priv = con->private;
    Rconnection icon = priv->con;
    Bytef *start = (Bytef*)ptr;
    uLong crc;
    int n;

    if (priv->z_err == Z_STREAM_END) return 0;  /* EOF */

    /* wrapped connection only needs to handle INT_MAX */
    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    if (priv->nsaved >= 0) { /* non-compressed mode */
	size_t len = size*nitems;
	int i, nsaved = priv->nsaved;
	if (len == 0) return 0;
	if (len >= 2) {
	    for(i = 0; i < priv->nsaved; i++)
		((char *)ptr)[i] = priv->saved[i];
	    priv->nsaved = 0;
	    return (nsaved + icon->read((char *)ptr+nsaved, 1, len - nsaved,
					icon))/size;
	}
	if (len == 1) { /* size must be one */
	    if (nsaved > 0) {
		((char *)ptr)[0] = priv->saved[0];
		priv->saved[0] = priv->saved[1];
		priv->nsaved--;
		return 1;
	    } else
		return icon->read(ptr, 1, 1, icon);
	}
    }

    priv->s.next_out = (Bytef*)ptr;
    priv->s.avail_out = size*nitems;

    while (priv->s.avail_out != 0) {
	if (priv->s.avail_in == 0 && !priv->z_eof) {
	    priv->s.avail_in = icon->read(priv->inbuf, 1, Z_BUFSIZE, icon);
	    if (priv->s.avail_in == 0) priv->z_eof = 1;
	    priv->s.next_in = priv->inbuf;
	}
	priv->z_err = inflate(&(priv->s), Z_NO_FLUSH);

	if (priv->z_err == Z_STREAM_END) {
	    /* Check CRC */
	    priv->crc = crc32(priv->crc, start,
			      (uInt)(priv->s.next_out - start));
	    start = priv->s.next_out;
	    crc = 0;
	    for (n = 0; n < 4; n++) {
		crc >>= 8;
		crc += ((uLong)gzcon_byte(priv) << 24);
	    }
	    if (crc != priv->crc) {
		priv->z_err = Z_DATA_ERROR;
		REprintf(_("crc error %x %x\n"), crc, priv->crc);
	    }
	    /* finally, get (and ignore) length */
	    for (n = 0; n < 4; n++) gzcon_byte(priv);
	}
	if (priv->z_err != Z_OK || priv->z_eof) break;
    }
    priv->crc = crc32(priv->crc, start, (uInt)(priv->s.next_out - start));
    return (size_t)(size*nitems - priv->s.avail_out)/size;
}

static size_t gzcon_write(const void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nitems,
			  Rconnection con)
{
    Rgzconn priv = con->private;
    Rconnection icon = priv->con;

    if ((double) size * (double) nitems > INT_MAX)
	error(_("too large a block specified"));
    priv->s.next_in = (Bytef*)ptr;
    priv->s.avail_in = size*nitems;

    while (priv->s.avail_in != 0) {
	if (priv->s.avail_out == 0) {
	    priv->s.next_out = priv->outbuf;
	    if (icon->write(priv->outbuf, 1, Z_BUFSIZE, icon) != Z_BUFSIZE) {
		priv->z_err = Z_ERRNO;
		warning(_("write error on 'gzcon' connection"));
		break;
	    }
	    priv->s.avail_out = Z_BUFSIZE;
	}
	priv->z_err = deflate(&(priv->s), Z_NO_FLUSH);
	if (priv->z_err != Z_OK) break;
    }
    priv->crc = crc32(priv->crc, (const Bytef *)ptr, size*nitems);
    return (size_t)(size*nitems - priv->s.avail_in)/size;
}

static int gzcon_fgetc(Rconnection con)
{
    unsigned char c;
    int n = gzcon_read(&c, 1, 1, con);
    return (n == 1) ? c : R_EOF;
}


/* gzcon(con, level) */
SEXP attribute_hidden do_gzcon(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    SEXP ans, class;
    int icon, level, allow;
    Rconnection incon=NULL, new=NULL;
    char *m, *mode = NULL /* -Wall */,  description[1000];

    checkArity(op, args);
    if(!inherits(CAR(args), "connection"))
	error(_("'con' is not a connection"));
    incon = getConnection(icon = asInteger(CAR(args)));
    level = asInteger(CADR(args));
    if(level == NA_INTEGER || level < 0 || level > 9)
	error(_("'level' must be one of 0 ... 9"));
    allow = asLogical(CADDR(args));
    if(allow == NA_INTEGER)
	error(_("'allowNonCompression' must be TRUE or FALSE"));

    if(incon->isGzcon) {
	warning(_("this is already a gzcon connection"));
	return CAR(args);
    }
    m = incon->mode;
    if(strcmp(m, "r") == 0 || strncmp(m, "rb", 2) == 0) mode = "rb";
    else if (strcmp(m, "w") == 0 || strncmp(m, "wb", 2) == 0) mode = "wb";
    else error(_("can only use read- or write- binary connections"));
    if(strcmp(incon->class, "file") == 0 &&
       (strcmp(m, "r") == 0 || strcmp(m, "w") == 0))
	warning(_("using a text-mode 'file' connection may not work correctly"));

    else if(strcmp(incon->class, "textConnection") == 0 && strcmp(m, "w") == 0)
	error(_("cannot create a gzcon connection from a writable textConnection; maybe use rawConnection"));

    new = (Rconnection) malloc(sizeof(struct Rconn));
    if(!new) error(_("allocation of 'gzcon' connection failed"));
    new->class = (char *) malloc(strlen("gzcon") + 1);
    if(!new->class) {
	free(new);
	error(_("allocation of 'gzcon' connection failed"));
    }
    strcpy(new->class, "gzcon");
    sprintf(description, "gzcon(%s)", incon->description);
    new->description = (char *) malloc(strlen(description) + 1);
    if(!new->description) {
	free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of 'gzcon' connection failed"));
    }
    init_con(new, description, CE_NATIVE, mode);
    new->text = FALSE;
    new->isGzcon = TRUE;
    new->open = &gzcon_open;
    new->close = &gzcon_close;
    new->vfprintf = &dummy_vfprintf;
    new->fgetc = &gzcon_fgetc;
    new->read = &gzcon_read;
    new->write = &gzcon_write;
    new->private = (void *) malloc(sizeof(struct gzconn));
    if(!new->private) {
	free(new->description); free(new->class); free(new);
	error(_("allocation of 'gzcon' connection failed"));
    }
    ((Rgzconn)(new->private))->con = incon;
    ((Rgzconn)(new->private))->cp = level;
    ((Rgzconn)(new->private))->nsaved = -1;
    ((Rgzconn)(new->private))->allow = allow;

    /* as there might not be an R-level reference to the wrapped
       connection */
    R_PreserveObject(incon->ex_ptr);

    Connections[icon] = new;
    strncpy(new->encname, incon->encname, 100);
    if(incon->isopen) new->open(new);
    /* show we do encoding here */

    PROTECT(ans = ScalarInteger(icon));
    PROTECT(class = allocVector(STRSXP, 2));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 0, mkChar("gzcon"));
    SET_STRING_ELT(class, 1, mkChar("connection"));
    classgets(ans, class);
    new->ex_ptr = R_MakeExternalPtr((void *)new->id, install("connection"),
				    R_NilValue);
    setAttrib(ans, install("conn_id"), new->ex_ptr);
    R_RegisterCFinalizerEx(new->ex_ptr, conFinalizer, FALSE);
    UNPROTECT(2);

    return ans;
}


/* code for in-memory (de)compression
   of data stored in a scalar string. Uses a 4-byte header of length,
   in XDR order. */

#ifndef WORDS_BIGENDIAN
static unsigned int uiSwap (unsigned int x)
{
  return((x << 24) | ((x & 0xff00) << 8) | ((x & 0xff0000) >> 8) | (x >> 24));
}
#else
#define uiSwap(x) (x)
#endif

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_compress1(SEXP in)
{
    uLong inlen, outlen;
    int res;
    Bytef *buf;
    SEXP ans;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_compress1 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = 1.001*inlen + 20;
    buf = (Bytef *) R_alloc(outlen + 4, sizeof(Bytef));
    /* we want this to be system-independent */
    *((unsigned int *)buf) = (unsigned int) uiSwap(inlen);
    res = compress(buf + 4, &outlen, (Bytef *)RAW(in), inlen);
    if(res != Z_OK) error("internal error %d in R_compress1", res);
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen + 4);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen + 4);
    return ans;
}

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_decompress1(SEXP in)
{
    uLong inlen, outlen;
    int res;
    Bytef *buf;
    unsigned char *p = RAW(in);
    SEXP ans;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_decompress1 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = (uLong) uiSwap(*((unsigned int *) p));
    buf = (Bytef *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(Bytef));
    res = uncompress(buf, &outlen, (Bytef *)(p + 4), inlen - 4);
    if(res != Z_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress1", res);
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
    return ans;
}

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_compress2(SEXP in)
{
    unsigned int inlen, outlen;
    int res;
    char *buf;
    SEXP ans;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_compress2 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = 1.01*inlen + 600;
    buf = R_alloc(outlen + 5, sizeof(char));
    /* we want this to be system-independent */
    *((unsigned int *)buf) = (unsigned int) uiSwap(inlen);
    buf[4] = '2';
    res = BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress(buf + 5, &outlen,
				   (char *)RAW(in), inlen,
				   9, 0, 0);
    if(res != BZ_OK) error("internal error %d in R_compress2", res);
    /* printf("compressed %d to %d\n", inlen, outlen); */
    if (res != BZ_OK || outlen > inlen) {
	outlen = inlen;
	buf[4] = '0';
	memcpy(buf+5, (char *)RAW(in), inlen);
    }
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen + 5);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen + 5);
    return ans;
}

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_decompress2(SEXP in)
{
    unsigned int inlen, outlen;
    int res;
    char *buf, *p = (char *) RAW(in), type;
    SEXP ans;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_decompress2 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = (uLong) uiSwap(*((unsigned int *) p));
    buf = R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(char));
    type = p[4];
    if (type == '2') {
	res = BZ2_bzBuffToBuffDecompress(buf, &outlen, p + 5, inlen - 5, 0, 0);
	if(res != BZ_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress2", res);
    } else if (type == '1') {
	uLong outl;
	res = uncompress((unsigned char *) buf, &outl,
			 (Bytef *)(p + 5), inlen - 5);
	if(res != Z_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress1");
    } else if (type == '0') {
	buf = p + 5;
    } else error("unknown type in R_decompress2");
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
    return ans;
}


SEXP attribute_hidden do_sockselect(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP rho)
{
    Rboolean immediate = FALSE;
    int nsock, i;
    SEXP insock, write, val, insockfd;
    double timeout;

    checkArity(op, args);

    insock = CAR(args);
    if (TYPEOF(insock) != VECSXP || LENGTH(insock) == 0)
	error(_("not a list of sockets"));
    nsock = LENGTH(insock);

    write = CADR(args);
    if (TYPEOF(write) != LGLSXP || LENGTH(write) != nsock)
	error(_("bad write indicators"));

    timeout = asReal(CADDR(args));

    PROTECT(insockfd = allocVector(INTSXP, nsock));
    PROTECT(val = allocVector(LGLSXP, nsock));

    for (i = 0; i < nsock; i++) {
	Rconnection conn = getConnection(asInteger(VECTOR_ELT(insock, i)));
	Rsockconn scp = conn->private;
	if (strcmp(conn->class, "sockconn") != 0)
	    error(_("not a socket connection"));
	INTEGER(insockfd)[i] = scp->fd;
	if (! LOGICAL(write)[i] && scp->pstart < scp->pend) {
	    LOGICAL(val)[i] = TRUE;
	    immediate = TRUE;
	}
	else LOGICAL(val)[i] = FALSE;
    }

    if (! immediate)
	Rsockselect(nsock, INTEGER(insockfd), LOGICAL(val), LOGICAL(write),
		    timeout);

    UNPROTECT(2);
    return val;
}

static lzma_filter filters[LZMA_FILTERS_MAX + 1];

static void init_filters(void)
{
    static size_t preset_number = 6; /* 9 | LZMA_PRESET_EXTREME; */
    static lzma_options_lzma opt_lzma;
    static Rboolean set = FALSE;
    if(set) return;
    if(lzma_lzma_preset(&opt_lzma, preset_number))
	error("problem setting presets");
    filters[0].id = LZMA_FILTER_LZMA2;
    filters[0].options = &opt_lzma;
    filters[1].id = LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN;
    set = TRUE;
    /*
      printf("encoding memory usage %lu\n", lzma_raw_encoder_memusage(filters));
      printf("decoding memory usage %lu\n", lzma_raw_decoder_memusage(filters));
    */
}

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_compress3(SEXP in)
{
    unsigned int inlen, outlen;
    unsigned char *buf;
    SEXP ans;
    lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
    lzma_ret ret;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_compress3 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = inlen + 5;  /* don't allow it to expand */
    buf = (unsigned char *) R_alloc(outlen + 5, sizeof(unsigned char));
    /* we want this to be system-independent */
    *((unsigned int *)buf) = (unsigned int) uiSwap(inlen);
    buf[4] = 'Z';

    init_filters();
    ret = lzma_raw_encoder(&strm, filters);
    if (ret != LZMA_OK) error("internal error %d in R_compress3", ret);
    strm.next_in = RAW(in);
    strm.avail_in = inlen;
    strm.next_out = buf + 5;
    strm.avail_out = outlen;
    while(!ret) ret = lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_FINISH);
    if (ret != LZMA_STREAM_END || (strm.avail_in > 0)) {
	warning("internal error %d in R_compress3", ret);
	outlen = inlen;
	buf[4] = '0';
	memcpy(buf+5, (char *)RAW(in), inlen);
    } else outlen = strm.total_out;
    lzma_end(&strm);

    /* printf("compressed %d to %d\n", inlen, outlen); */
    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen + 5);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen + 5);
    return ans;
}

attribute_hidden
SEXP R_decompress3(SEXP in)
{
    unsigned int inlen, outlen;
    unsigned char *buf, *p = RAW(in), type = p[4];
    SEXP ans;

    if(TYPEOF(in) != RAWSXP)
	error("R_decompress3 requires a raw vector");
    inlen = LENGTH(in);
    outlen = (uLong) uiSwap(*((unsigned int *) p));
    buf = (unsigned char *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(unsigned char));

    if (type == 'Z') {
	lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
	lzma_ret ret;
	init_filters();
	ret = lzma_raw_decoder(&strm, filters);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress3", ret);
	strm.next_in = p + 5;
	strm.avail_in = inlen - 5;
	strm.next_out = buf;
	strm.avail_out = outlen;
	ret = lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_RUN);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK && (strm.avail_in > 0))
	    error("internal error %d in R_decompress3 %d",
		  ret, strm.avail_in);
	lzma_end(&strm);
    } else if (type == '2') {
	int res;
	res = BZ2_bzBuffToBuffDecompress((char *)buf, &outlen,
					 (char *)(p + 5), inlen - 5, 0, 0);
	if(res != BZ_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress2", res);
    } else if (type == '1') {
	uLong outl; int res;
	res = uncompress(buf, &outl, (Bytef *)(p + 5), inlen - 5);
	if(res != Z_OK) error("internal error %d in R_decompress1");
    } else if (type == '0') {
	buf = p + 5;
    } else error("unknown type in R_decompress3");

    ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
    memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_memCompress(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, from;
    int type, res;

    checkArity(op, args);
    ans = from = CAR(args);
    if(TYPEOF(from) != RAWSXP) error("'from' must be raw or character");
    type = asInteger(CADR(args));
    switch(type) {
    case 1: break; /* none */
    case 2: /*gzip */
    {
	Bytef *buf;
	/* could use outlen = compressBound(inlen) */
	uLong inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen = outlen = 1.001*inlen + 20;
	buf = (Bytef *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(Bytef));
	res = compress(buf, &outlen, (Bytef *)RAW(from), inlen);
	if(res != Z_OK) error("internal error %d in memCompress", res);
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    case 3: /* bzip */
    {
	char *buf;
	unsigned int inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen = outlen = 1.01*inlen + 600;
	buf = R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(char));
	res = BZ2_bzBuffToBuffCompress(buf, &outlen, (char *)RAW(from),
				       inlen, 9, 0, 0);
	if(res != BZ_OK) error("internal error %d in memCompress", res);
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    case 4: /* xv */
    {
	unsigned char *buf;
	unsigned int inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen;
	lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
	lzma_ret ret;
	lzma_filter filters[LZMA_FILTERS_MAX + 1];
	size_t preset_number = 9 | LZMA_PRESET_EXTREME;
	lzma_options_lzma opt_lzma;

	if(lzma_lzma_preset(&opt_lzma, preset_number))
	    error("problem setting presets");
	filters[0].id = LZMA_FILTER_LZMA2;
	filters[0].options = &opt_lzma;
	filters[1].id = LZMA_VLI_UNKNOWN;

	ret = lzma_stream_encoder(&strm, filters, LZMA_CHECK_CRC32);
	if (ret != LZMA_OK) error("internal error %d in memCompress", ret);

	outlen = 1.01 * inlen + 600; /* FIXME, copied from bzip2 */
	buf = (unsigned char *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(unsigned char));
	strm.next_in = RAW(from);
	strm.avail_in = inlen;
	strm.next_out = buf;
	strm.avail_out = outlen;
	while(!ret) ret = lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_FINISH);
	if (ret != LZMA_STREAM_END || (strm.avail_in > 0))
	    error("internal error %d in memCompress", ret);
	/* If LZMZ_BUF_ERROR, could realloc and continue */
	outlen = strm.total_out;
	lzma_end(&strm);
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    default:
	break;
    }

    return ans;
}

SEXP attribute_hidden
do_memDecompress(SEXP call, SEXP op, SEXP args, SEXP env)
{
    SEXP ans, from;
    int type, subtype = 0;

    checkArity(op, args);
    ans = from = CAR(args);
    if(TYPEOF(from) != RAWSXP) error("'from' must be raw or character");
    type = asInteger(CADR(args));
    if (type == 5) {/* type = 5 is "unknown" */
	char *p = (char *) RAW(from);
	if (strncmp(p, "BZh", 3) == 0) type = 3; /* bzip2 always uses a header */
	else if(p[0] == '\x1f' && p[1] == '\x8b') type = 2; /* gzip files */
	else if((p[0] == '\xFD') && !strncmp(p+1, "7zXZ", 4)) type = 4;
	else if((p[0] == '\xFF') && !strncmp(p+1, "LZMA", 4)) {
	    type = 4; subtype = 1;
	} else if(!memcmp(p, "]\0\0\200\0", 5)) {
	    type = 4; subtype = 1;
	} else {
	    warning(_("unknown compression, assuming none"));
	    type = 1;
	}
    }

    switch(type) {
    case 1: break; /* none */
    case 2: /* gzip */
    {
	uLong inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen = 3*inlen;
	int res;
	Bytef *buf, *p = (Bytef *)RAW(from);
	/* we check for a file header */
	if (p[0] == 0x1f && p[1] == 0x8b) { p += 2; inlen -= 2; }
	while(1) {
	    buf = (Bytef *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(Bytef));
	    res = uncompress(buf, &outlen, p, inlen);
	    if(res == Z_BUF_ERROR) { outlen *= 2; continue; }
	    if(res == Z_OK) break;
	    error("internal error %d in memDecompress(%d)", res, type);
	}
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    case 3: /* bzip2 */
    {
	unsigned int inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen = 3*inlen;
	int res;
	char *buf, *p = (char *) RAW(from);
	while(1) {
	    buf = R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(char));
	    res = BZ2_bzBuffToBuffDecompress(buf, &outlen, p, inlen, 0, 0);
	    if(res == BZ_OUTBUFF_FULL) { outlen *= 2; continue; }
	    if(res == BZ_OK) break;
	    error("internal error %d in memDecompress(%d)", res, type);
	}
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    case 4: /* xz */
    {
	unsigned char *buf;
	unsigned int inlen = LENGTH(from), outlen = 3*inlen;
	lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
	lzma_ret ret;
	while(1) {
	    /* Initialize lzma_stream in each iteration. */
	    /* probably at most 80Mb is required, but 512Mb seems OK as a limit */
	    if (subtype == 1)
		ret = lzma_alone_decoder(&strm, 536870912);
	    else
		ret = lzma_stream_decoder(&strm, 536870912, LZMA_CONCATENATED);
	    if (ret != LZMA_OK)
		error(_("cannot initialize lzma decoder, error %d"), ret);
	    
	    buf = (unsigned char *) R_alloc(outlen, sizeof(unsigned char));
	    strm.avail_in = inlen;
	    strm.avail_out = outlen;
	    strm.next_in = (unsigned char *) RAW(from);
	    strm.next_out = buf;
	    
	    ret = lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_FINISH);
	    /* Did lzma_code() leave some input? */
	    if (strm.avail_in > 0) {
		/* Decompression failed, free lzma_stream. */
		lzma_end(&strm);
		/* Because it ran out of output buffer? 
		 *
		 * This used to only check if LZMA_BUF_ERROR was
		 * returned, but apparently XZ will also signal an out
		 * of buffer condition by returning LZMA_OK and
		 * leaving avail_in > 0 (i.e. not all input was
		 * consumed).
		 */
		if (ret == LZMA_BUF_ERROR || ret == LZMA_OK) {
		    outlen *= 2;
		    continue;
		} else {
		    error("internal error %d in memDecompress(%d) at %d",
			  ret, type, strm.avail_in);
		}
	    } else {
		break;
	    }
	}
	outlen = strm.total_out;
	lzma_end(&strm);
	ans = allocVector(RAWSXP, outlen);
	memcpy(RAW(ans), buf, outlen);
	break;
    }
    default:
	break;
    }
    return ans;
}
