usbguard-rules.conf(5)
======================
:doctype: manpage


== NAME
usbguard-rules.conf - USBGuard rule set file.


== DESCRIPTION
The *usbguard-rules.conf* file is loaded by the USBGuard daemon after it parses the main configuration file, usbguard-daemon.conf(5).
The daemon expects the file to contain rules written in a language which is described in the <<rule-language,Rule Language>> section below.

[[rule-language]]
== Rule Language
The USBGuard daemon decides which USB device to authorize based on a policy defined by a set of rules.
When a USB device is inserted into the system, the daemon scans the existing rules sequentially.
If a matching rule is found, it either authorizes (*allows*), deauthorizes (*blocks*) or removes (*rejects*) the device, based on the rule target.
If no matching rule is found, the decision is based on an implicit default target.
This implicit default is to block the device until a decision is made by the user.
The rule language grammar, expressed in a BNF-like syntax, is the following:

....
    rule ::= target attributes.

    target ::= "allow" | "block" | "reject".

    attributes ::= attributes | attribute.
    attributes ::= .
....

Rule attributes specify which devices to match or what condition have to be met for the rule to be applicable.
See the <<device-specification,Device Specification>> section for the list of available attributes and <<conditions,Conditions>> for the list of supported rule rule conditions.


=== Targets
The target of a rule specifies whether the device will be authorized for use or not.
Three types of target are recognized:

* *allow* -
    Authorize the device.
    The device and its interfaces will be allowed to communicate with the system.

* *block* -
    Deauthorize the device.
    The device will remain in a blocked state until it is authorized.

* *reject* -
    Deauthorize and Remove the device from the system.
    The device will have to be re-inserted to become visible to the system again.


[[device-specification]]
=== Device Specification
Except the target, all the other fields of a rule are optional.
A rule where only the `target` is specified will match any device.
That allows the policy administator to write an explicit default target.
If no rule from the policy is applicable to the device, an implicit target configured in usbguard-daemon.conf(5) will be used.
However, if one wants to narrow the applicability of a rule to a set of devices or one device only, it's possible to do so with device attributes and rule conditions.

==== Device Attributes
Device attributes are specific values read from the USB device after it's inserted to the system.
Which attributes are available is defined below.
Some of the attributes are derived and some are based on attributes read directly from the device.
All attributes support two forms:

* *single-valued* with a syntax:
+
....
    name value
....

* *multi-valued* with a syntax:
+
....
    name [operator] { value1 value2 ... }
....

where the optional 'operator' is one of:

*all-of*::
  The device attribute set must contain all of the specified values for the rule to match.

*one-of*::
    The device attribute set must contain at least one of the specified values for the rule to match.

*none-of*::
    The device attribute set must not contain any of the specified values for the rule to match.

*equals*::
    The device attribute set must contain exactly the same set of values for the rule to match.

*equals-ordered*::
    The device attribute set must contain exactly the same set of values in the same order for the rule to match.

*match-all*::
   The device attribute set must be a subset of the specified values for the rule to match.

If the operator is not specified it is set to *equals*.

[.underline]#List of attributes:#

*id* usb-device-id::
    Match a USB device ID.

*id* [operator] { usb-device-id ... }::
    Match a set of USB device IDs.

*hash* "value"::
    Match a hash computed from the device attribute values and the USB descriptor data.
    The hash is computed for every device by USBGuard.

*hash* [operator] { "value" ... }::
    Match a set of device hashes.

*parent-hash* "value"::
    Match a hash of the parent device.

*parent-hash* [operator] { "value" ... }::
    Match a set of parent device hashes.

*name* "device-name"::
    Match the USB device name attribute.

*name* [operator] { "device-name" ... }::
    Match a set of USB device names.

*serial* "serial-number"::
    Match the USB iSerial device attribute.

*serial* [operator] { "serial-number" ... }::
    Match a set of USB iSerial device attributes.

*via-port* "port-id"::
    Match the USB port through which the device is connected.
    Note that some systems have unstable port numbering.
    The port might change after the system reboots or when certain kernel modules are reloaded.
    Use the *parent-hash* attribute if you want to ensure that a device is connected via a specific parent device.

*via-port* [operator] { "port-id" ... }::
    Match a set of USB ports.

*with-interface* interface-type::
    Match an interface type that the USB device provides.

*with-interface* [operator] { interface-type ... }::
    Match a set of interface types against the set of interfaces that the USB device provides.

*with-connect-type* "connect-type"::
    Match the USB port/connect_type device attribute.

*with-connect-type* [operator] { "connect-type" ... }::
    Match a set of USB port/connect_type device attributes.

The 'usb-device-id' is a colon delimited pair in the form 'vendor_id:product_id'.
All USB devices have this ID assigned by the manufacturer and it should uniquely identify a USB product type.
Both 'vendor_id' and 'product_id' are 16-bit numbers represented in hexadecimal base.
It's possible to use an asterisk character to match either any device ID `*:*` or any product ID from a specific vendor, e.g. `1234:*`.

The 'port-id' value is a platform specific USB port identification.
On Linux it's in the form of "usbN" in case of a USB controller (more accurately a "root hub") or "bus-port[.port[.port ...]]" (e.g. `1-2`, `1-2.1`, ...) in case of a USB device.

The 'interface-type' represents a USB interface and should be formatted as three 8-bit numbers in hexadecimal base delimited by a colon character, i.e. 'cc:ss:pp'.
The numbers represent the interface class ('cc'), subclass ('ss') and protocol ('pp') as assigned by the http://www.usb.org/about[USB-IF].
See the https://www.usb.org/defined-class-codes[list of assigned classes, subclasses and protocols] for details.
Instead of the subclass and protocol number, you may write an asterisk character (`*`) to match all subclasses or protocols.
Matching a specific class and a specific protocol is not allowed, i.e. if you use an asterisk as the subclass number, you have to use an asterisk for the protocol too.

[[conditions]]
=== Conditions
Whether a rule that matches a device will be applied or not can be further restricted using rule conditions.
If the condition expression is met at the rule evaluation time, then the rule target is applied for the device.
A condition expression is met if it evaluates to true.
Otherwise, the rule evaluation continues with the next rule.
A rule conditions has the following syntax:

....
     if [!]condition
     if [operator] { [!]conditionA [!]conditionB ... }
....

Optionally, an exclamation mark (`!`) can be used to negate the result of a condition.

Interpretation of the set operator:

*all-of*::
    Evaluate to true if all of the specified conditions evaluated to true.

*one-of*::
    Evaluate to true if one of the specified conditions evaluated to true.

*none-of*::
    Evaluate to true if none of the specified conditions evaluated to true.

*equals*::
    Same as *all-of*.

*equals-ordered*::
    Same as *all-of*.

List of conditions:

*localtime(time_range)*::
    Evaluates to true if the local time is in the specified time range.
    'time_range' can be written either as `HH:MM[:SS]` or `HH:MM[:SS]-HH:MM[:SS]`.

*allowed-matches(query)*::
    Evaluates to true if an allowed device matches the specified 'query'.
    The query uses the rule syntax.
    *Conditions in the query are not evaluated*.

*rule-applied*::
    Evaluates to true if the rule currently being evaluated ever matched a device.

*rule-applied(past_duration)*::
    Evaluates to true if the rule currently being evaluated matched a device in the past duration of time specified by the parameter.
    'past_duration' can be written as `HH:MM:SS`, `HH:MM`, or `SS`.

*rule-evaluated*::
    Evaluates to true if the rule currently being evaluated was ever evaluated before.

*rule-evaluated(past_duration)*::
    Evaluates to true if the rule currently being evaluated was evaluated in the pas duration of time specified by the parameter.
    'past_duration' can be written as `HH:MM:SS`, `HH:MM`, or `SS`.

*random*::
    Evaluates to true/false with a probability of `p(true)=0.5`.

*random(p_true)*::
    Evaluates to true with the specified probability `p(true)=p_true`.

*true*::
    Evaluates always to true.

*false*::
    Evaluates always to false.


== Initial policy
Using the *usbguard* CLI tool and its *generate-policy* subcommand, you can generate an initial policy for your system instead of writing one from scratch.
The tool generates an *allow* policy for all devices connected to the system at the time of execution.
It has several options to tweak the resulting policy, see usbguard(1) for further details.

The policy will be printed out on the standard output.
It's a good idea to review the generated rules before using them on a system.
The typical workflow for generating an initial policy could look like this:

include::example-initial-policy.adoc[]


== Example Policies
The following examples show what to put into the *rules.conf* file in order to implement the given policy.

1. *Allow USB mass storage devices (USB flash disks) and block everything else*
+
This policy will block any device that isn't just a mass storage device.
Devices with a hidden keyboard interface in a USB flash disk will be blocked.
Only devices with a single mass storage interface will be allowed to interact with the operating system.
The policy consists of a single rule:
+
....
    allow with-interface equals { 08:*:* }
....
+
The blocking is implicit in this case because we didn't write a `block` rule.
Implicit blocking is useful to desktop users.
A desktop applet listening to USBGuard events can ask the user for a decision if an implicit target was applied.

2. *Allow a specific Yubikey device to be connected via a specific port (and reject everything else on that port)*
+
....
    allow 1050:0011 name "Yubico Yubikey II" serial "0001234567" via-port "1-2" hash "044b5e168d40ee0245478416caf3d998"
    reject via-port "1-2"
....
+
We could use just the hash to match the device.
However, using the `name` and `serial` attributes provide an useful hint for later inspection of the policy.
On the other hand, the hash is the most specific value we can use to identify a device.
It's the best attribute to use if you want a rule to match just one device.

3. *Reject devices with suspicious combination of interfaces*
+
A USB flash disk which implements a keyboard or a network interface is very suspicious.
The following set of rules forms a policy that allows USB flash disks and explicitly rejects devices with an additional and suspicious (as defined before) interface.
+
....
    allow with-interface equals { 08:*:* }
    reject with-interface all-of { 08:*:* 03:00:* }
    reject with-interface all-of { 08:*:* 03:01:* }
    reject with-interface all-of { 08:*:* e0:*:* }
    reject with-interface all-of { 08:*:* 02:*:* }
....
+
The policy rejects all USB flash disk devices with an interface from the HID/Keyboard, Communications and Wireless classes.
Note that blacklisting is the wrong approach and you shouldn't just blacklist a set of devices and allow the rest.
The policy above assumes that blocking is the default.
Rejecting a set of devices considered as "bad" is a good approach how to limit the exposure of the OS to such devices as much as possible.

4. *Allow a keyboard-only USB device only if there isn't already a USB device with a keyboard interface allowed*
+
....
    allow with-interface one-of { 03:00:01 03:01:01 } if !allowed-matches(with-interface one-of { 03:00:01 03:01:01 })
....

5. *Play "Russian roulette" with USB devices*
+
....
    allow if random(0.1666)
    reject
....


== SEE ALSO
link:usbguard-daemon.8.adoc#name[usbguard-daemon(8)],
link:usbguard-daemon.conf.5.adoc#name[usbguard-daemon.conf(5)]


include::footer.adoc[]
