// Copyright 2018-2026 the Deno authors. MIT license.

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::path::Path;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::rc::Rc;
use std::sync::atomic::AtomicI32;
use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;

use deno_core::JsBuffer;
use deno_core::OpState;
use deno_core::ResourceId;
use deno_core::ToV8;
use deno_core::op2;
#[cfg(feature = "sync_fs")]
use deno_core::unsync::spawn_blocking;
use deno_core::v8;
use deno_fs::FileSystemRc;
use deno_fs::FsFileType;
use deno_fs::OpenOptions;
use deno_io::fs::FsResult;
use deno_io::fs::FsStatFs;
use deno_permissions::CheckedPath;
use deno_permissions::CheckedPathBuf;
use deno_permissions::OpenAccessKind;
use deno_permissions::PermissionsContainer;
#[cfg(feature = "sync_fs")]
use tokio::task::JoinError;

use crate::ops::constant::UV_FS_COPYFILE_EXCL;

/// Virtual file descriptors for files without a real OS fd (e.g. VFS files
/// in `deno compile` binaries). These start at a high value to avoid
/// collisions with real OS fds.
const VIRTUAL_FD_START: i32 = 1_000_000_000;
static NEXT_VIRTUAL_FD: AtomicI32 = AtomicI32::new(VIRTUAL_FD_START);

fn next_virtual_fd() -> i32 {
  NEXT_VIRTUAL_FD
    .fetch_update(Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed, |v| {
      Some(v.saturating_add(1))
    })
    .unwrap()
}

#[cfg(windows)]
fn is_virtual_fd(fd: i32) -> bool {
  fd >= VIRTUAL_FD_START
}

/// Extract the real OS file descriptor from a File trait object.
/// On Unix, this is the raw fd (already an i32).
/// On Windows, this duplicates the OS HANDLE and converts it to a CRT
/// file descriptor. The duplicate ensures the CRT fd and the File trait
/// object own independent handles, avoiding double-close on cleanup.
/// Read CRT errno and map it to a Win32 error code for std::io::Error.
///
/// `open_osfhandle` (and other CRT functions) report failures via errno,
/// NOT GetLastError(). Calling `std::io::Error::last_os_error()` after a
/// CRT failure reads a stale Win32 error from a prior API call — e.g.
/// ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS (183) left over from CreateFileW(CREATE_ALWAYS),
/// which would be misreported as EEXIST.
#[cfg(windows)]
fn crt_error() -> std::io::Error {
  // SAFETY: _errno() is a standard MSVC CRT function that returns a
  // pointer to the thread-local errno value. Always valid to call.
  unsafe extern "C" {
    fn _errno() -> *mut i32;
  }
  // SAFETY: _errno() returns a valid pointer to thread-local errno.
  let crt_errno = unsafe { *_errno() };
  let win32_code = match crt_errno {
    libc::EMFILE => 4,  // ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES
    libc::EBADF => 6,   // ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE
    libc::ENOMEM => 8,  // ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY
    libc::EINVAL => 87, // ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
    _ => 0,             // Unmapped → maps to UV "UNKNOWN"
  };
  std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(win32_code)
}

/// Convert a backing OS fd/handle into a usable file descriptor.
/// On Unix this is a no-op. On Windows it duplicates the OS HANDLE and
/// converts it to a CRT file descriptor.
fn raw_fd_from_backing_fd(
  handle_fd: deno_core::ResourceHandleFd,
) -> Result<i32, FsError> {
  #[cfg(unix)]
  {
    Ok(handle_fd)
  }

  #[cfg(windows)]
  {
    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle;
    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS;
    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::DuplicateHandle;
    use windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::GetCurrentProcess;

    // Duplicate the OS handle so the CRT fd owns an independent copy.
    // This prevents double-close: dropping the Rc<dyn File> closes the
    // original handle, and libc::close(crt_fd) closes the duplicate.
    let mut dup_handle = std::ptr::null_mut();
    // SAFETY: `handle_fd` is a valid OS handle from the file. We duplicate
    // it into the current process with the same access rights.
    let ok = unsafe {
      DuplicateHandle(
        GetCurrentProcess(),
        handle_fd as _,
        GetCurrentProcess(),
        &mut dup_handle,
        0,
        0,
        DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS,
      )
    };
    if ok == 0 {
      return Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::last_os_error()));
    }

    // SAFETY: `dup_handle` is a valid duplicated OS handle.
    // `open_osfhandle` associates a CRT file descriptor with it so
    // that node:fs callers receive a POSIX-style fd.
    let crt_fd = unsafe { libc::open_osfhandle(dup_handle as isize, 0) };
    if crt_fd == -1 {
      // SAFETY: Clean up the duplicated handle on failure.
      unsafe { CloseHandle(dup_handle) };
      return Err(FsError::Io(crt_error()));
    }
    Ok(crt_fd)
  }
}

fn ebadf() -> FsError {
  FsError::Io(std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(
    #[cfg(unix)]
    libc::EBADF,
    #[cfg(windows)]
    {
      // Win32 ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, which maps to Node's EBADF
      6
    },
  ))
}

/// Get the File trait object for an OS file descriptor from FdTable.
fn file_for_fd(
  state: &OpState,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<Rc<dyn deno_io::fs::File>, FsError> {
  state
    .borrow::<deno_io::FdTable>()
    .get(fd)
    .cloned()
    .ok_or_else(ebadf)
}

/// When `sync_fs` is enabled, `FileSystemRc` is `Arc` (Send) and we can
/// offload work to a blocking thread. Otherwise, run inline.
macro_rules! maybe_spawn_blocking {
  ($f:expr) => {{
    #[cfg(feature = "sync_fs")]
    {
      spawn_blocking($f).await.unwrap()
    }
    #[cfg(not(feature = "sync_fs"))]
    {
      ($f)()
    }
  }};
}

#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
pub enum FsError {
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error(transparent)]
  Permission(#[from] deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError),
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error("{0}")]
  Io(
    #[from]
    #[inherit]
    std::io::Error,
  ),
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error(transparent)]
  Fs(
    #[from]
    #[inherit]
    deno_io::fs::FsError,
  ),
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error(transparent)]
  Cp(#[from] CpError),
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error(transparent)]
  NodeFs(#[from] NodeFsError),
  #[cfg(feature = "sync_fs")]
  #[class(inherit)]
  #[error(transparent)]
  JoinError(#[from] JoinError),
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct NodeFsErrorContext {
  message: Option<String>,
  path: Option<String>,
  dest: Option<String>,
  syscall: Option<String>,
}

#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
#[class(generic)]
// Intentionally set the error message to be empty, so that in the JS side it will fall back to the UV error message
// https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/f123d84e7d6e8036c3c38ecec6e25deb87a8829b/ext/node/polyfills/internal/errors.ts#L268-L270
#[error("")]
#[property("os_errno" = self.os_errno)]
#[property("message" = self.context.message.clone().unwrap_or_default().clone())]
#[property("path" = self.context.path.clone().unwrap_or_default().clone())]
#[property("dest" = self.context.dest.clone().unwrap_or_default().clone())]
#[property("syscall" = self.context.syscall.clone().unwrap_or_default().clone())]
pub struct NodeFsError {
  os_errno: i32,
  context: NodeFsErrorContext,
}

fn map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
  err: deno_io::fs::FsError,
  context: NodeFsErrorContext,
) -> FsError {
  let os_errno = match err {
    deno_io::fs::FsError::Io(ref io_err) => io_err.raw_os_error(),
    _ => None,
  };

  if let Some(os_errno) = os_errno {
    return NodeFsError { os_errno, context }.into();
  }

  FsError::Fs(err)
}

#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, deno_error::JsError)]
#[class(generic)]
#[error("{message}")]
#[property("kind" = self.kind())]
#[property("message" = self.message())]
#[property("path" = self.path())]
pub enum CpError {
  EInval { message: String, path: String },
  DirToNonDir { message: String, path: String },
  NonDirToDir { message: String, path: String },
  EExist { message: String, path: String },
  EIsDir { message: String, path: String },
  Socket { message: String, path: String },
  Fifo { message: String, path: String },
  Unknown { message: String, path: String },
  SymlinkToSubdirectory { message: String, path: String },
}

impl CpError {
  fn kind(&self) -> &'static str {
    match self {
      CpError::EInval { .. } => "EINVAL",
      CpError::DirToNonDir { .. } => "DIR_TO_NON_DIR",
      CpError::NonDirToDir { .. } => "NON_DIR_TO_DIR",
      CpError::EExist { .. } => "EEXIST",
      CpError::EIsDir { .. } => "EISDIR",
      CpError::Socket { .. } => "SOCKET",
      CpError::Fifo { .. } => "FIFO",
      CpError::Unknown { .. } => "UNKNOWN",
      CpError::SymlinkToSubdirectory { .. } => "SYMLINK_TO_SUBDIRECTORY",
    }
  }

  fn message(&self) -> String {
    match self {
      CpError::EInval { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::DirToNonDir { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::NonDirToDir { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::EExist { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::EIsDir { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::Socket { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::Fifo { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::Unknown { message, .. } => message.clone(),
      CpError::SymlinkToSubdirectory { message, .. } => message.clone(),
    }
  }

  fn path(&self) -> String {
    match self {
      CpError::EInval { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::DirToNonDir { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::NonDirToDir { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::EExist { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::EIsDir { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::Socket { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::Fifo { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::Unknown { path, .. } => path.clone(),
      CpError::SymlinkToSubdirectory { path, .. } => path.clone(),
    }
  }
}

#[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_fs_exists_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
) -> Result<bool, deno_permissions::PermissionCheckError> {
  let path_or_err = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.existsSync()"),
  );
  match path_or_err {
    Ok(path) => {
      let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
      Ok(fs.exists_sync(&path))
    }
    Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(false),
    Err(err) => Err(err),
  }
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_fs_exists(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
) -> Result<bool, FsError> {
  let (fs, path_or_err) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path_or_err = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.exists()"),
    );
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path_or_err)
  };

  match path_or_err {
    Ok(path) => Ok(fs.exists_async(path.into_owned()).await?),
    Err(ref e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(false),
    Err(err) => Err(FsError::Permission(err)),
  }
}

fn get_open_options(flags: i32, mode: Option<u32>) -> OpenOptions {
  let mut options = OpenOptions::from(flags);
  options.mode = mode;
  options
}

fn open_options_to_access_kind(open_options: &OpenOptions) -> OpenAccessKind {
  let read = open_options.read;
  let write = open_options.write || open_options.append || open_options.create;
  match (read, write) {
    (true, true) => OpenAccessKind::ReadWrite,
    (false, true) => OpenAccessKind::Write,
    (true, false) | (false, false) => OpenAccessKind::Read,
  }
}

#[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
#[smi]
pub fn op_node_open_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
  #[smi] flags: i32,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<i32, FsError> {
  let path = Path::new(path);
  let options = get_open_options(flags, Some(mode));

  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone();
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(path),
    open_options_to_access_kind(&options),
    Some("node:fs.openSync"),
  )?;

  // On Windows, opening with create + truncate uses CREATE_ALWAYS which
  // truncates the file to 0 bytes immediately. If the subsequent CRT fd
  // creation (open_osfhandle) fails, the file is left at 0 bytes — causing
  // permanent data loss. To prevent this, open without truncation first,
  // create the fd, and then truncate.
  #[cfg(windows)]
  let deferred_truncate =
    options.truncate && options.create && !options.create_new;
  #[cfg(windows)]
  let open_options = if deferred_truncate {
    OpenOptions {
      truncate: false,
      ..options
    }
  } else {
    options
  };
  #[cfg(not(windows))]
  let open_options = options;

  let file = fs.open_sync(&path, open_options)?;
  // For VFS files (e.g. in deno compile), backing_fd() returns None.
  // Assign a virtual fd so the file can still be used through FdTable.
  let fd = match file.clone().backing_fd() {
    Some(backing_fd) => raw_fd_from_backing_fd(backing_fd)?,
    None => next_virtual_fd(),
  };

  #[cfg(windows)]
  if deferred_truncate
    && !is_virtual_fd(fd)
    && let Err(e) = file.clone().truncate_sync(0)
  {
    // SAFETY: fd is a valid CRT fd just created by raw_fd_from_backing_fd.
    unsafe { libc::close(fd) };
    return Err(e.into());
  }

  state.borrow_mut::<deno_io::FdTable>().register(fd, file);
  Ok(fd)
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[smi]
pub async fn op_node_open(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
  #[smi] flags: i32,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<i32, FsError> {
  let path = PathBuf::from(path);
  let options = get_open_options(flags, Some(mode));

  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    (
      state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(),
      state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
        Cow::Owned(path),
        open_options_to_access_kind(&options),
        Some("node:fs.open"),
      )?,
    )
  };

  // See op_node_open_sync for why we defer truncation on Windows.
  #[cfg(windows)]
  let deferred_truncate =
    options.truncate && options.create && !options.create_new;
  #[cfg(windows)]
  let open_options = if deferred_truncate {
    OpenOptions {
      truncate: false,
      ..options
    }
  } else {
    options
  };
  #[cfg(not(windows))]
  let open_options = options;

  let file = fs.open_async(path.as_owned(), open_options).await?;
  // For VFS files (e.g. in deno compile), backing_fd() returns None.
  // Assign a virtual fd so the file can still be used through FdTable.
  let fd = match file.clone().backing_fd() {
    Some(backing_fd) => raw_fd_from_backing_fd(backing_fd)?,
    None => next_virtual_fd(),
  };

  #[cfg(windows)]
  if deferred_truncate
    && !is_virtual_fd(fd)
    && let Err(e) = file.clone().truncate_sync(0)
  {
    // SAFETY: fd is a valid CRT fd just created by raw_fd_from_backing_fd.
    unsafe { libc::close(fd) };
    return Err(e.into());
  }

  let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
  state.borrow_mut::<deno_io::FdTable>().register(fd, file);
  Ok(fd)
}
#[derive(Debug, ToV8)]
pub struct StatFs {
  #[to_v8(rename = "type")]
  pub typ: u64,
  pub bsize: u64,
  pub blocks: u64,
  pub bfree: u64,
  pub bavail: u64,
  pub files: u64,
  pub ffree: u64,
}

impl From<FsStatFs> for StatFs {
  fn from(s: FsStatFs) -> Self {
    StatFs {
      typ: s.typ,
      bsize: s.bsize,
      blocks: s.blocks,
      bfree: s.bfree,
      bavail: s.bavail,
      files: s.files,
      ffree: s.ffree,
    }
  }
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_statfs_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
  bigint: bool,
) -> Result<StatFs, FsError> {
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.statfsSync"),
  )?;
  state
    .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
    .check_sys("statfs", "node:fs.statfsSync")?;

  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
  Ok(fs.statfs_sync(&path, bigint)?.into())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_statfs(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
  bigint: bool,
) -> Result<StatFs, FsError> {
  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.statfs"),
    )?;
    state
      .borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>()
      .check_sys("statfs", "node:fs.statfs")?;
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path)
  };

  Ok(fs.statfs_async(path.into_owned(), bigint).await?.into())
}

#[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_lutimes_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
  #[number] atime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] atime_nanos: u32,
  #[number] mtime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] mtime_nanos: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.lutimes"),
  )?;

  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
  fs.lutime_sync(&path, atime_secs, atime_nanos, mtime_secs, mtime_nanos)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_lutimes(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
  #[number] atime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] atime_nanos: u32,
  #[number] mtime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] mtime_nanos: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.lutimesSync"),
    )?;
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path)
  };

  fs.lutime_async(
    path.into_owned(),
    atime_secs,
    atime_nanos,
    mtime_secs,
    mtime_nanos,
  )
  .await?;

  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_lchown_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
  uid: Option<u32>,
  gid: Option<u32>,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.lchownSync"),
  )?;
  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
  fs.lchown_sync(&path, uid, gid)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_lchown(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
  uid: Option<u32>,
  gid: Option<u32>,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.lchown"),
    )?;
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path)
  };
  fs.lchown_async(path.into_owned(), uid, gid).await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_lchmod_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.lchmodSync"),
  )?;
  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
  fs.lchmod_sync(&path, mode)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_lchmod(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.lchmod"),
    )?;
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path)
  };
  fs.lchmod_async(path.into_owned(), mode).await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[string]
pub fn op_node_mkdtemp_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
) -> Result<String, FsError> {
  // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/2ea31e53c61463727c002c2d862615081940f355/deps/uv/src/unix/os390-syscalls.c#L409
  for _ in 0..libc::TMP_MAX {
    let path = temp_path_append_suffix(path);
    let checked_path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(&path)),
      OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.mkdtempSync()"),
    )?;
    let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();

    match fs.mkdir_sync(&checked_path, false, Some(0o700)) {
      Ok(()) => return Ok(path),
      Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => {
        continue;
      }
      Err(err) => return Err(FsError::Fs(err)),
    }
  }

  Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
    std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
    "too many temp dirs exist",
  )))
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[string]
pub async fn op_node_mkdtemp(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
) -> Result<String, FsError> {
  // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/2ea31e53c61463727c002c2d862615081940f355/deps/uv/src/unix/os390-syscalls.c#L409
  for _ in 0..libc::TMP_MAX {
    let path = temp_path_append_suffix(&path);
    let (fs, checked_path) = {
      let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
      let checked_path =
        state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
          Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path.clone())),
          OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
          Some("node:fs.mkdtemp()"),
        )?;
      (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), checked_path)
    };

    match fs
      .mkdir_async(checked_path.into_owned(), false, Some(0o700))
      .await
    {
      Ok(()) => return Ok(path),
      Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => {
        continue;
      }
      Err(err) => return Err(FsError::Fs(err)),
    }
  }

  Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
    std::io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
    "too many temp dirs exist",
  )))
}

fn temp_path_append_suffix(prefix: &str) -> String {
  use rand::Rng;
  use rand::distributions::Alphanumeric;
  use rand::rngs::OsRng;

  let suffix: String =
    (0..6).map(|_| OsRng.sample(Alphanumeric) as char).collect();
  format!("{}{}", prefix, suffix)
}

#[op2(fast, stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_rmdir_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  #[string] path: &str,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
    Cow::Borrowed(Path::new(path)),
    OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
    Some("node:fs.rmdirSync"),
  )?;
  let fs = state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>();
  fs.rmdir_sync(&path)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_rmdir(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] path: String,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, path) = {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let path = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>().check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
      OpenAccessKind::WriteNoFollow,
      Some("node:fs.rmdir"),
    )?;
    (state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(), path)
  };
  fs.rmdir_async(path.into_owned()).await?;
  Ok(())
}

/// Create an anonymous pipe pair and return (read_fd, write_fd).
/// The returned fds are NOT registered in FdTable; the caller
/// is responsible for registering or closing them.
#[cfg(unix)]
#[op2]
#[serde]
pub fn op_node_create_pipe() -> Result<(i32, i32), FsError> {
  let mut fds = [0i32; 2];
  // SAFETY: pipe() writes two valid fds into the array on success.
  let ret = unsafe { libc::pipe(fds.as_mut_ptr()) };
  if ret != 0 {
    return Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::last_os_error()));
  }
  Ok((fds[0], fds[1]))
}

#[cfg(windows)]
#[op2]
#[serde]
pub fn op_node_create_pipe() -> Result<(i32, i32), FsError> {
  use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle;
  use windows_sys::Win32::System::Pipes::CreatePipe;

  let mut read_handle = std::ptr::null_mut();
  let mut write_handle = std::ptr::null_mut();

  // SAFETY: CreatePipe writes valid handles on success.
  let ok = unsafe {
    CreatePipe(&mut read_handle, &mut write_handle, std::ptr::null(), 0)
  };
  if ok == 0 {
    return Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::last_os_error()));
  }

  // Convert OS handles to CRT file descriptors.
  // SAFETY: read_handle and write_handle are valid pipe handles from
  // CreatePipe. open_osfhandle takes ownership of the handle on success.
  let read_fd = unsafe { libc::open_osfhandle(read_handle as isize, 0) };
  // SAFETY: Same as above for the write handle.
  let write_fd = unsafe { libc::open_osfhandle(write_handle as isize, 0) };

  if read_fd == -1 || write_fd == -1 {
    // Clean up on failure: close whichever succeeded as a CRT fd,
    // and close the raw OS handle for whichever failed.
    if read_fd != -1 {
      // SAFETY: read_fd is a valid CRT fd from open_osfhandle.
      unsafe {
        libc::close(read_fd);
      }
    } else {
      // SAFETY: read_handle is still a valid OS handle (open_osfhandle failed).
      unsafe {
        CloseHandle(read_handle);
      }
    }
    if write_fd != -1 {
      // SAFETY: write_fd is a valid CRT fd from open_osfhandle.
      unsafe {
        libc::close(write_fd);
      }
    } else {
      // SAFETY: write_handle is still a valid OS handle (open_osfhandle failed).
      unsafe {
        CloseHandle(write_handle);
      }
    }
    return Err(ebadf());
  }

  Ok((read_fd, write_fd))
}

// ============================================================
// fd-based ops for node:fs (accept real OS fd, not RID)
// ============================================================

/// Set blocking or non-blocking mode on an OS file descriptor.
/// Matches libuv's `uv_stream_set_blocking`.
#[cfg(unix)]
#[op2(fast)]
#[smi]
pub fn op_node_fd_set_blocking(fd: i32, blocking: bool) -> i32 {
  // SAFETY: fcntl with F_GETFL/F_SETFL is safe on valid fds.
  // Returns -1 on invalid fd, which we map to UV_EBADF.
  unsafe {
    let flags = libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_GETFL);
    if flags == -1 {
      return -libc::EBADF;
    }
    let flags = if blocking {
      flags & !libc::O_NONBLOCK
    } else {
      flags | libc::O_NONBLOCK
    };
    if libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_SETFL, flags) == -1 {
      return -libc::EBADF;
    }
    0
  }
}

#[cfg(windows)]
#[op2(fast)]
#[smi]
pub fn op_node_fd_set_blocking(_fd: i32, _blocking: bool) -> i32 {
  // On Windows, named pipes and console handles don't support
  // toggling blocking mode via a simple flag. The Windows-specific
  // behavior is handled at the I/O level instead.
  0
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_close(state: &mut OpState, fd: i32) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  // FdTable.remove() drops the Rc<dyn File> and cancels the cancel handle,
  // which will abort any in-flight async reads on this fd.
  let file = state
    .borrow_mut::<deno_io::FdTable>()
    .remove(fd)
    .ok_or_else(ebadf)?;

  // For stdio fds (0/1/2), also remove the corresponding resource table
  // entry so that Deno.stdin/stdout/stderr see the fd as closed and
  // release their Rc clone of the same File.
  if (0..=2).contains(&fd)
    && let Ok(resource) = state.resource_table.take_any(fd as ResourceId)
  {
    resource.close();
  }

  // Dropping the Rc<dyn File> will close the underlying OS file descriptor
  // when the reference count reaches zero (via std::fs::File Drop).
  drop(file);

  // On Windows, `raw_fd_from_backing_fd` creates a CRT file descriptor via
  // `open_osfhandle` on a duplicated OS handle. The File Drop above closes
  // the original handle; `libc::close` closes the duplicate and frees the
  // CRT fd slot. Skip this for virtual fds (VFS files) which have no CRT fd.
  #[cfg(windows)]
  if !is_virtual_fd(fd) {
    // SAFETY: `fd` is a valid CRT file descriptor created by
    // `open_osfhandle` in `raw_fd_from_backing_fd`.
    unsafe {
      libc::close(fd);
    }
  }

  Ok(())
}

/// Read from a raw OS fd using libc. No dup, no clone -- the read uses the
/// fd number directly, so closing the fd from another thread interrupts the
/// Positioned read: if position >= 0, uses pread to read without moving the
/// file cursor. If position < 0, reads from the current position.
fn read_with_position(
  file: Rc<dyn deno_io::fs::File>,
  buf: &mut [u8],
  position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  if position >= 0 {
    let nread = file.read_at_sync(buf, position as u64)?;
    Ok(nread as u32)
  } else {
    let nread = file.read_sync(buf)?;
    Ok(nread as u32)
  }
}

#[op2(fast)]
#[smi]
pub fn op_node_fs_read_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[buffer] buf: &mut [u8],
  #[bigint] position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  read_with_position(file, buf, position)
}

/// Async read for node:fs. Runs a blocking read on a spawned thread using
/// the raw OS fd directly (no dup/clone). When the fd is closed via
/// Async read for node:fs. Uses the File trait from FdTable for proper
/// I/O through the file handle.
#[op2]
#[smi]
pub async fn op_node_fs_read_deferred(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[buffer] buf: JsBuffer,
  #[bigint] position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  if position >= 0 {
    let view = deno_core::BufMutView::from(buf);
    let (nread, _) = file.read_at_async(view, position as u64).await?;
    Ok(nread as u32)
  } else {
    let view = deno_core::BufMutView::from(buf);
    let (nread, _) = file.read_byob(view).await?;
    Ok(nread as u32)
  }
}

/// Positioned write: if position >= 0, uses pwrite to write without moving
/// the file cursor. If position < 0, writes at the current position.
/// Handles partial writes internally by looping until all bytes are written.
fn write_with_position(
  file: Rc<dyn deno_io::fs::File>,
  buf: &[u8],
  position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  if position >= 0 {
    let mut total = 0usize;
    while total < buf.len() {
      let nwritten = file
        .clone()
        .write_at_sync(&buf[total..], position as u64 + total as u64)?;
      total += nwritten;
    }
    Ok(total as u32)
  } else {
    let mut total = 0usize;
    while total < buf.len() {
      let nwritten = file.clone().write_sync(&buf[total..])?;
      total += nwritten;
    }
    Ok(total as u32)
  }
}

#[op2(fast)]
#[smi]
pub fn op_node_fs_write_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[buffer] buf: &[u8],
  #[number] position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  write_with_position(file, buf, position)
}

/// Async write for node:fs. Performs the write synchronously but resolves
/// the promise on the next event loop tick.
#[allow(
  clippy::unused_async,
  reason = "async required for deferred op scheduling"
)]
#[op2(async(deferred))]
#[smi]
pub async fn op_node_fs_write_deferred(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[buffer] buf: JsBuffer,
  #[number] position: i64,
) -> Result<u32, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  write_with_position(file, &buf, position)
}

#[op2(fast)]
#[number]
pub fn op_node_fs_seek_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] offset: i64,
  #[smi] whence: i32,
) -> Result<u64, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  let seek_from = match whence {
    0 => std::io::SeekFrom::Start(offset as u64),
    1 => std::io::SeekFrom::Current(offset),
    2 => std::io::SeekFrom::End(offset),
    _ => {
      return Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
        std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
        "invalid whence",
      )));
    }
  };
  let pos = file.seek_sync(seek_from)?;
  Ok(pos)
}

#[op2]
#[number]
pub async fn op_node_fs_seek(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] offset: i64,
  #[smi] whence: i32,
) -> Result<u64, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  let seek_from = match whence {
    0 => std::io::SeekFrom::Start(offset as u64),
    1 => std::io::SeekFrom::Current(offset),
    2 => std::io::SeekFrom::End(offset),
    _ => {
      return Err(FsError::Io(std::io::Error::new(
        std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
        "invalid whence",
      )));
    }
  };
  let pos = file.seek_async(seek_from).await?;
  Ok(pos)
}

/// Stat result returned to JS. Uses f64 for numeric fields to ensure
/// they always serialize as JS Number (not BigInt). BigInt conversion
/// for the bigint stat API is handled on the JS side by CFISBIS.
#[derive(ToV8)]
pub struct NodeFsStat {
  pub is_file: bool,
  pub is_directory: bool,
  pub is_symlink: bool,
  pub size: f64,
  pub mtime_ms: Option<f64>,
  pub atime_ms: Option<f64>,
  pub birthtime_ms: Option<f64>,
  pub ctime_ms: Option<f64>,
  pub dev: f64,
  pub ino: f64,
  pub mode: u32,
  pub nlink: f64,
  pub uid: u32,
  pub gid: u32,
  pub rdev: f64,
  pub blksize: f64,
  pub blocks: f64,
  pub is_block_device: bool,
  pub is_char_device: bool,
  pub is_fifo: bool,
  pub is_socket: bool,
}

impl From<deno_io::fs::FsStat> for NodeFsStat {
  fn from(stat: deno_io::fs::FsStat) -> Self {
    NodeFsStat {
      is_file: stat.is_file,
      is_directory: stat.is_directory,
      is_symlink: stat.is_symlink,
      size: stat.size as f64,
      mtime_ms: stat.mtime.map(|v| v as f64),
      atime_ms: stat.atime.map(|v| v as f64),
      birthtime_ms: stat.birthtime.map(|v| v as f64),
      ctime_ms: stat.ctime.map(|v| v as f64),
      dev: stat.dev as f64,
      ino: stat.ino.unwrap_or(0) as f64,
      mode: stat.mode,
      nlink: stat.nlink.unwrap_or(0) as f64,
      uid: stat.uid,
      gid: stat.gid,
      rdev: stat.rdev as f64,
      blksize: stat.blksize as f64,
      blocks: stat.blocks.unwrap_or(0) as f64,
      is_block_device: stat.is_block_device,
      is_char_device: stat.is_char_device,
      is_fifo: stat.is_fifo,
      is_socket: stat.is_socket,
    }
  }
}

#[op2]
pub fn op_node_fs_fstat_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<NodeFsStat, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  let stat = file.stat_sync()?;
  Ok(NodeFsStat::from(stat))
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_fstat(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<NodeFsStat, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  let stat = file.stat_async().await?;
  Ok(NodeFsStat::from(stat))
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_ftruncate_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] len: u64,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.truncate_sync(len)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_ftruncate(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] len: u64,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file.truncate_async(len).await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_fsync_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.sync_sync()?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_fsync(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file.sync_async().await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_fdatasync_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.datasync_sync()?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_fdatasync(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file.datasync_async().await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_futimes_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] atime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] atime_nanos: u32,
  #[number] mtime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] mtime_nanos: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.utime_sync(atime_secs, atime_nanos, mtime_secs, mtime_nanos)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_futimes(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[number] atime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] atime_nanos: u32,
  #[number] mtime_secs: i64,
  #[smi] mtime_nanos: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file
    .utime_async(atime_secs, atime_nanos, mtime_secs, mtime_nanos)
    .await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_fchmod_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.chmod_sync(mode)?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_fchmod(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file.chmod_async(mode).await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2(fast)]
pub fn op_node_fs_fchown_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
  #[smi] uid: u32,
  #[smi] gid: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  file.chown_sync(Some(uid), Some(gid))?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
pub async fn op_node_fs_fchown(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
  #[smi] uid: u32,
  #[smi] gid: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  file.chown_async(Some(uid), Some(gid)).await?;
  Ok(())
}

#[op2]
#[buffer]
pub fn op_node_fs_read_file_sync(
  state: &mut OpState,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(state, fd)?;
  let buf = file.read_all_sync()?;
  Ok(buf.to_vec())
}

#[op2]
#[buffer]
pub async fn op_node_fs_read_file(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fd: i32,
) -> Result<Vec<u8>, FsError> {
  let file = file_for_fd(&state.borrow(), fd)?;
  let buf = file.read_all_async().await?;
  Ok(buf.to_vec())
}

const CP_IS_DEST_EXISTS_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 32;
const CP_IS_SRC_DIRECTORY_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 33;
const CP_IS_SRC_FILE_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 34;
const CP_IS_SRC_CHAR_DEVICE_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 35;
const CP_IS_SRC_BLOCK_DEVICE_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 36;
const CP_IS_SRC_SYMLINK_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 37;
const CP_IS_SRC_SOCKET_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 38;
const CP_IS_SRC_FIFO_FLAG: u64 = 1u64 << 39;

/// Bit-packed stat metadata passed to JS for `cp` operations.
///
/// Layout (u64):
/// - bits 0..31  : src mode (`st_mode`)
/// - bit 32      : destination exists
/// - bits 33..39 : source type flags (dir, file, char/block device, symlink, socket, fifo)
fn compact_stat_info(
  src_stat: &deno_io::fs::FsStat,
  is_dest_exists: bool,
) -> u64 {
  let mut packed = src_stat.mode as u64;
  if is_dest_exists {
    packed |= CP_IS_DEST_EXISTS_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_file {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_FILE_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_directory {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_DIRECTORY_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_char_device {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_CHAR_DEVICE_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_block_device {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_BLOCK_DEVICE_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_symlink {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_SYMLINK_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_socket {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_SOCKET_FLAG;
  }
  if src_stat.is_fifo {
    packed |= CP_IS_SRC_FIFO_FLAG;
  }
  packed
}

struct CpCheckPathsSyncResult {
  is_dest_exists: bool,
  is_src_directory: bool,
  is_src_file: bool,
  is_src_char_device: bool,
  is_src_block_device: bool,
  is_src_symlink: bool,
  is_src_socket: bool,
  is_src_fifo: bool,
  src_mode: u32,
  src_dev: u64,
  src_ino: u64,
}

// To save the cost of multiple round trips between Rust and JS,
// we pack the necessary metadata for `cp` operations into a single u64 value and pass it to JS.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct CpCheckPathsResult {
  src_dev: u64,
  src_ino: u64,
  stat_info: u64,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct CpOptions {
  dereference: bool,
  recursive: bool,
  force: bool,
  error_on_exist: bool,
  preserve_timestamps: bool,
  verbatim_symlinks: bool,
  mode: u32,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct CpSyncOptions<'a> {
  options: CpOptions,
  filter: Option<v8::Local<'a, v8::Function>>,
}

enum CpSyncRunStatus {
  Completed,
  JsException,
}

fn call_cp_sync_filter<'a>(
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  filter: v8::Local<'a, v8::Function>,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
) -> Option<bool> {
  v8::tc_scope!(tc_scope, scope);

  let recv = v8::undefined(tc_scope);
  let src = v8::String::new(tc_scope, src).unwrap();
  let dest = v8::String::new(tc_scope, dest).unwrap();

  let result = filter.call(tc_scope, recv.into(), &[src.into(), dest.into()]);
  if tc_scope.has_caught() || tc_scope.has_terminated() {
    tc_scope.rethrow();
    return None;
  }

  Some(result.unwrap().boolean_value(tc_scope))
}

fn cp_sync_copy_dir<'a>(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpSyncOptions<'a>,
) -> Result<CpSyncRunStatus, FsError> {
  let src_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    src,
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
  )?;
  let entries =
    fs.read_dir_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path())
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(src.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("opendir".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;

  for entry in entries {
    let src_item = Path::new(src)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();
    let dest_item = Path::new(dest)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();

    if let Some(filter) = opts.filter {
      let Some(should_copy) =
        call_cp_sync_filter(scope, filter, &src_item, &dest_item)
      else {
        return Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::JsException);
      };

      if !should_copy {
        continue;
      }
    }

    let stat_info = check_paths_impl_sync(
      permissions,
      fs,
      &src_item,
      &dest_item,
      opts.options.dereference,
    )?;

    match cp_sync_dispatch(
      permissions,
      fs,
      scope,
      &stat_info,
      &src_item,
      &dest_item,
      opts,
    )? {
      CpSyncRunStatus::Completed => {}
      CpSyncRunStatus::JsException => return Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::JsException),
    }
  }

  Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::Completed)
}

fn cp_sync_mkdir_and_copy<'a>(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  src_mode: u32,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpSyncOptions<'a>,
) -> Result<CpSyncRunStatus, FsError> {
  let dest_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;
  fs.mkdir_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path(), false, None)
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some("mkdir".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;

  let result = cp_sync_copy_dir(permissions, fs, scope, src, dest, opts)?;
  if let CpSyncRunStatus::JsException = result {
    return Ok(result);
  }

  set_dest_mode(fs, &dest_path.as_checked_path(), src_mode)?;
  Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::Completed)
}

fn cp_sync_on_dir<'a>(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  stat_info: &CpCheckPathsSyncResult,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpSyncOptions<'a>,
) -> Result<CpSyncRunStatus, FsError> {
  if !stat_info.is_dest_exists {
    return cp_sync_mkdir_and_copy(
      permissions,
      fs,
      scope,
      stat_info.src_mode,
      src,
      dest,
      opts,
    );
  }

  cp_sync_copy_dir(permissions, fs, scope, src, dest, opts)
}

fn cp_sync_dispatch<'a>(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  stat_info: &CpCheckPathsSyncResult,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpSyncOptions<'a>,
) -> Result<CpSyncRunStatus, FsError> {
  if stat_info.is_src_directory && opts.options.recursive {
    return cp_sync_on_dir(permissions, fs, scope, stat_info, src, dest, opts);
  } else if stat_info.is_src_directory {
    return Err(
      CpError::EIsDir {
        message: format!("{} is a directory (not copied)", src),
        path: src.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  } else if stat_info.is_src_file
    || stat_info.is_src_char_device
    || stat_info.is_src_block_device
  {
    op_node_cp_on_file_sync(
      permissions,
      fs,
      src,
      dest,
      stat_info,
      &opts.options,
    )?;
    return Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::Completed);
  } else if stat_info.is_src_symlink {
    op_node_cp_on_link_sync(
      permissions,
      fs,
      src,
      dest,
      stat_info.is_dest_exists,
      opts.options.verbatim_symlinks,
    )?;
    return Ok(CpSyncRunStatus::Completed);
  } else if stat_info.is_src_socket {
    return Err(
      CpError::Socket {
        message: format!("cannot copy a socket file: {}", dest),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  } else if stat_info.is_src_fifo {
    return Err(
      CpError::Fifo {
        message: format!("cannot copy a FIFO pipe: {}", dest),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  Err(
    CpError::Unknown {
      message: format!("cannot copy an unknown file type: {}", dest),
      path: dest.to_string(),
    }
    .into(),
  )
}

fn cp_sync_copy_dir_no_filter(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let src_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    src,
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
  )?;
  let entries =
    fs.read_dir_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path())
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(src.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("opendir".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;

  for entry in entries {
    let src_item = Path::new(src)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();
    let dest_item = Path::new(dest)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();

    let stat_info = check_paths_impl_sync(
      permissions,
      fs,
      &src_item,
      &dest_item,
      opts.dereference,
    )?;

    cp_sync_dispatch_no_filter(
      permissions,
      fs,
      &stat_info,
      &src_item,
      &dest_item,
      opts,
    )?;
  }

  Ok(())
}

fn cp_sync_mkdir_and_copy_no_filter(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src_mode: u32,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let dest_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;
  fs.mkdir_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path(), false, None)
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some("mkdir".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;

  cp_sync_copy_dir_no_filter(permissions, fs, src, dest, opts)?;
  set_dest_mode(fs, &dest_path.as_checked_path(), src_mode)?;
  Ok(())
}

fn cp_sync_on_dir_no_filter(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  stat_info: &CpCheckPathsSyncResult,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  if !stat_info.is_dest_exists {
    if try_clone_dir_no_filter(permissions, fs, src, dest, opts)? {
      return Ok(());
    }
    return cp_sync_mkdir_and_copy_no_filter(
      permissions,
      fs,
      stat_info.src_mode,
      src,
      dest,
      opts,
    );
  }

  cp_sync_copy_dir_no_filter(permissions, fs, src, dest, opts)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
fn try_clone_dir_no_filter(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<bool, FsError> {
  if opts.dereference
    || !opts.recursive
    || !opts.force
    || opts.error_on_exist
    || opts.preserve_timestamps
    || opts.verbatim_symlinks
    || opts.mode != 0
    || !cp_tree_only_regular_files_and_dirs(permissions, fs, src, dest)?
  {
    return Ok(false);
  }

  let src_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let dest_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;

  match clonefile_sync(
    &src_path.as_checked_path(),
    &dest_path.as_checked_path(),
  ) {
    Ok(()) => Ok(true),
    Err(_) => {
      if fs.exists_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path()) {
        fs.remove_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path(), true)
          .map_err(|err| {
            map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
              err,
              NodeFsErrorContext {
                path: Some(dest.to_string()),
                syscall: Some("rm".into()),
                ..Default::default()
              },
            )
          })?;
      }
      Ok(false)
    }
  }
}

#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
fn try_clone_dir_no_filter(
  _permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  _fs: &FileSystemRc,
  _src: &str,
  _dest: &str,
  _opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<bool, FsError> {
  Ok(false)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
fn cp_tree_only_regular_files_and_dirs(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
) -> Result<bool, FsError> {
  let src_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    src,
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
  )?;
  check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;

  let entries =
    fs.read_dir_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path())
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(src.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("opendir".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;

  for entry in entries {
    let src_item = Path::new(src)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();
    let dest_item = Path::new(dest)
      .join(&entry.name)
      .to_string_lossy()
      .to_string();

    let stat_info =
      check_paths_impl_sync(permissions, fs, &src_item, &dest_item, false)?;
    if stat_info.is_src_directory {
      if !cp_tree_only_regular_files_and_dirs(
        permissions,
        fs,
        &src_item,
        &dest_item,
      )? {
        return Ok(false);
      }
    } else if stat_info.is_src_file {
      check_cp_path_with_permissions(
        permissions,
        &src_item,
        OpenAccessKind::Read,
      )?;
      check_cp_path_with_permissions(
        permissions,
        &dest_item,
        OpenAccessKind::Write,
      )?;
    } else {
      return Ok(false);
    }
  }

  Ok(true)
}

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
fn clonefile_sync(
  src: &CheckedPath,
  dest: &CheckedPath,
) -> std::io::Result<()> {
  use std::ffi::CString;
  use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;

  let src = CString::new(src.as_os_str().as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
    std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, err)
  })?;
  let dest = CString::new(dest.as_os_str().as_bytes()).map_err(|err| {
    std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, err)
  })?;

  // SAFETY: `src` and `dest` are valid C strings.
  let result = unsafe { libc::clonefile(src.as_ptr(), dest.as_ptr(), 0) };
  if result == 0 {
    Ok(())
  } else {
    Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
  }
}

fn cp_sync_dispatch_no_filter(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  stat_info: &CpCheckPathsSyncResult,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  opts: CpOptions,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  if stat_info.is_src_directory && opts.recursive {
    return cp_sync_on_dir_no_filter(
      permissions,
      fs,
      stat_info,
      src,
      dest,
      opts,
    );
  } else if stat_info.is_src_directory {
    return Err(
      CpError::EIsDir {
        message: format!("{} is a directory (not copied)", src),
        path: src.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  } else if stat_info.is_src_file
    || stat_info.is_src_char_device
    || stat_info.is_src_block_device
  {
    op_node_cp_on_file_sync(permissions, fs, src, dest, stat_info, &opts)?;
    return Ok(());
  } else if stat_info.is_src_symlink {
    op_node_cp_on_link_sync(
      permissions,
      fs,
      src,
      dest,
      stat_info.is_dest_exists,
      opts.verbatim_symlinks,
    )?;
    return Ok(());
  } else if stat_info.is_src_socket {
    return Err(
      CpError::Socket {
        message: format!("cannot copy a socket file: {}", dest),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  } else if stat_info.is_src_fifo {
    return Err(
      CpError::Fifo {
        message: format!("cannot copy a FIFO pipe: {}", dest),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  Err(
    CpError::Unknown {
      message: format!("cannot copy an unknown file type: {}", dest),
      path: dest.to_string(),
    }
    .into(),
  )
}

/// Check if two stat results refer to the same file (same dev + ino).
fn are_identical_stat(
  src_stat: &deno_io::fs::FsStat,
  dest_stat: &deno_io::fs::FsStat,
) -> bool {
  match (dest_stat.ino, src_stat.ino) {
    (Some(dest_ino), Some(src_ino)) if dest_ino > 0 && dest_stat.dev > 0 => {
      dest_ino == src_ino && dest_stat.dev == src_stat.dev
    }
    _ => false,
  }
}

fn is_src_subdir(src: &str, dest: &str) -> bool {
  let src_resolved =
    std::path::absolute(src).unwrap_or_else(|_| PathBuf::from(src));
  let dest_resolved =
    std::path::absolute(dest).unwrap_or_else(|_| PathBuf::from(dest));

  let src_components = src_resolved.components().collect::<Vec<_>>();
  let dest_components = dest_resolved.components().collect::<Vec<_>>();

  src_components
    .iter()
    .enumerate()
    .all(|(i, c)| dest_components.get(i) == Some(c))
}

/// As this function attempts to get the absolute path of the target,
/// callers of this function should ensure that the permissions are granted
/// with at minimum using `.check_read_all()`.
fn cp_symlink_type(
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  target: &CheckedPathBuf,
  link_path: &CheckedPathBuf,
) -> Option<FsFileType> {
  #[cfg(windows)]
  {
    // Mirror node polyfill behavior: resolve target relative to the link
    // path, infer dir/file from stat, and default to file on any error.
    // https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/70f6b58ac655234435a99d72b857dd7b316d34bf/lib/fs.js#L1806-L1837
    if let Ok(absolute_target) = std::path::absolute(
      Path::new(link_path.as_os_str())
        .join("..")
        .join(target.as_os_str()),
    ) {
      let checked_target = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(absolute_target);
      let checked_target = checked_target.as_checked_path();
      if let Ok(stat) = fs.stat_sync(&checked_target)
        && stat.is_directory
      {
        return Some(FsFileType::Directory);
      }
    }

    Some(FsFileType::File)
  }

  #[cfg(not(windows))]
  {
    let _ = (fs, target, link_path);
    None
  }
}

#[allow(clippy::unused_async, reason = "sometimes it's async")]
async fn cp_create_symlink(
  state: &Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  target: String,
  link_path: String,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>();
    permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
    permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
  }
  let fs = fs.clone();
  maybe_spawn_blocking!(move || -> Result<(), FsError> {
    // PERMISSIONS: ok because we verified --allow-write and --allow-read above
    let oldpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&target));
    let newpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&link_path));
    let file_type = cp_symlink_type(&fs, &oldpath, &newpath);
    let oldpath = oldpath.as_checked_path();
    let newpath = newpath.as_checked_path();

    fs.symlink_sync(&oldpath, &newpath, file_type)
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(target),
            dest: Some(link_path),
            syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;
    Ok(())
  })
}

fn check_cp_path(
  state: &Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  path: &str,
  access_kind: OpenAccessKind,
) -> Result<CheckedPathBuf, FsError> {
  let state = state.borrow();
  let permissions = state.borrow::<PermissionsContainer>();
  check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, path, access_kind)
}

fn check_cp_path_with_permissions(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  path: &str,
  access_kind: OpenAccessKind,
) -> Result<CheckedPathBuf, FsError> {
  Ok(
    permissions
      .check_open(
        Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(path)),
        access_kind,
        Some("node:fs.cp"),
      )?
      .into_owned(),
  )
}

fn check_paths_impl_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  dereference: bool,
) -> Result<CpCheckPathsSyncResult, FsError> {
  let (src_stat_result, dest_result, syscall) = if dereference {
    let src_path =
      check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
    let dest_path =
      check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
    (
      fs.stat_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path()),
      fs.stat_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path()),
      "stat".to_string(),
    )
  } else {
    let src_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
      permissions,
      src,
      OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
    )?;
    let dest_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
      permissions,
      dest,
      OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
    )?;
    (
      fs.lstat_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path()),
      fs.lstat_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path()),
      "lstat".to_string(),
    )
  };

  let src_stat = src_stat_result.map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(src.to_string()),
        syscall: Some(syscall.to_string()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  let dest_stat = match dest_result {
    Ok(stat) => Some(stat),
    Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => None,
    Err(e) => {
      return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        e,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some(syscall),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      ));
    }
  };

  let src_dev = src_stat.dev;
  let src_ino = src_stat.ino.unwrap_or(0);

  if let Some(ref dest_stat) = dest_stat {
    if are_identical_stat(&src_stat, dest_stat) {
      return Err(
        CpError::EInval {
          message: "src and dest cannot be the same".to_string(),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
    if src_stat.is_directory && !dest_stat.is_directory {
      return Err(
        CpError::DirToNonDir {
          message: format!(
            "cannot overwrite non-directory {} with directory {}",
            dest, src
          ),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
    if !src_stat.is_directory && dest_stat.is_directory {
      return Err(
        CpError::NonDirToDir {
          message: format!(
            "cannot overwrite directory {} with non-directory {}",
            dest, src
          ),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
  }

  if src_stat.is_directory && is_src_subdir(src, dest) {
    return Err(
      CpError::EInval {
        message: format!(
          "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
          src, dest
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  Ok(CpCheckPathsSyncResult {
    src_dev,
    src_ino,
    src_mode: src_stat.mode,
    is_dest_exists: dest_stat.is_some(),
    is_src_directory: src_stat.is_directory,
    is_src_file: src_stat.is_file,
    is_src_char_device: src_stat.is_char_device,
    is_src_block_device: src_stat.is_block_device,
    is_src_symlink: src_stat.is_symlink,
    is_src_socket: src_stat.is_socket,
    is_src_fifo: src_stat.is_fifo,
  })
}

/// Validates src and dest paths for a cp operation.
/// Checks identity, directory type conflicts, and subdirectory relationships.
#[allow(clippy::unused_async, reason = "sometimes async depending on cfg")]
async fn check_paths_impl(
  state: &Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  dereference: bool,
) -> Result<CpCheckPathsResult, FsError> {
  let open_access_kind = if dereference {
    OpenAccessKind::Read
  } else {
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow
  };

  let src_path = check_cp_path(state, src, open_access_kind)?;
  let dest_path = check_cp_path(state, dest, open_access_kind)?;

  let fs = fs.clone();
  let (src_stat_result, dest_result, syscall) =
    maybe_spawn_blocking!(move || -> (FsResult<_>, FsResult<_>, String) {
      let src_path = src_path.as_checked_path();
      let dest_path = dest_path.as_checked_path();
      if dereference {
        (
          fs.stat_sync(&src_path),
          fs.stat_sync(&dest_path),
          "stat".to_string(),
        )
      } else {
        (
          fs.lstat_sync(&src_path),
          fs.lstat_sync(&dest_path),
          "lstat".to_string(),
        )
      }
    });

  let src_stat = src_stat_result.map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(src.to_string()),
        syscall: Some(syscall.clone()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  let dest_stat = match dest_result {
    Ok(stat) => Some(stat),
    Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => None,
    Err(e) => {
      return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        e,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some(syscall),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      ));
    }
  };

  let src_dev = src_stat.dev;
  let src_ino = src_stat.ino.unwrap_or(0);

  if let Some(ref dest_stat) = dest_stat {
    if are_identical_stat(&src_stat, dest_stat) {
      return Err(
        CpError::EInval {
          message: "src and dest cannot be the same".to_string(),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
    if src_stat.is_directory && !dest_stat.is_directory {
      return Err(
        CpError::DirToNonDir {
          message: format!(
            "cannot overwrite non-directory {} with directory {}",
            dest, src
          ),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
    if !src_stat.is_directory && dest_stat.is_directory {
      return Err(
        CpError::NonDirToDir {
          message: format!(
            "cannot overwrite directory {} with non-directory {}",
            dest, src
          ),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    }
  }

  if src_stat.is_directory && is_src_subdir(src, dest) {
    return Err(
      CpError::EInval {
        message: format!(
          "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
          src, dest
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  Ok(CpCheckPathsResult {
    src_dev,
    src_ino,
    stat_info: compact_stat_info(&src_stat, dest_stat.is_some()),
  })
}

/// Validates src and dest paths for recursive cp operations.
/// Returns stat info for the source file
#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[bigint]
pub async fn op_node_cp_check_paths_recursive(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] src: String,
  #[string] dest: String,
  dereference: bool,
) -> Result<u64, FsError> {
  let fs = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone()
  };

  let result = check_paths_impl(&state, &fs, &src, &dest, dereference).await?;

  Ok(result.stat_info)
}

/// Validates src and dest paths, checks parent paths, and ensures
/// parent directory exists
/// Returns stat info for the source file
#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[bigint]
pub async fn op_node_cp_validate_and_prepare(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] src: String,
  #[string] dest: String,
  dereference: bool,
) -> Result<u64, FsError> {
  let fs = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone()
  };

  let check_result =
    check_paths_impl(&state, &fs, &src, &dest, dereference).await?;

  check_parent_paths_impl(
    &state,
    &fs,
    &src,
    check_result.src_dev,
    check_result.src_ino,
    &dest,
  )
  .await?;

  ensure_parent_dir_impl(&state, &fs, &dest).await?;

  Ok(check_result.stat_info)
}

/// Validates src and dest paths, checks parent paths, and ensures
/// parent directory exists for cpSync.
/// Returns stat info for the source file.
fn op_node_cp_validate_and_prepare_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  dereference: bool,
) -> Result<CpCheckPathsSyncResult, FsError> {
  let check_result =
    check_paths_impl_sync(permissions, fs, src, dest, dereference)?;

  check_parent_paths_impl_sync(
    permissions,
    fs,
    src,
    check_result.src_dev,
    check_result.src_ino,
    dest,
  )?;

  ensure_parent_dir_impl_sync(permissions, fs, dest)?;

  Ok(check_result)
}

#[op2(fast, reentrant, stack_trace)]
pub fn op_node_cp_sync<'a>(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  scope: &mut v8::PinScope<'a, '_>,
  #[string] src: &str,
  #[string] dest: &str,
  dereference: bool,
  recursive: bool,
  force: bool,
  error_on_exist: bool,
  preserve_timestamps: bool,
  verbatim_symlinks: bool,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
  filter: v8::Local<'a, v8::Value>,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, permissions) = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    (
      state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(),
      state.borrow::<PermissionsContainer>().clone(),
    )
  };

  let stat_info = op_node_cp_validate_and_prepare_sync(
    &permissions,
    &fs,
    src,
    dest,
    dereference,
  )?;

  let filter = v8::Local::<v8::Function>::try_from(filter).ok();

  let options = CpOptions {
    dereference,
    recursive,
    force,
    error_on_exist,
    preserve_timestamps,
    verbatim_symlinks,
    mode,
  };

  if filter.is_none() {
    cp_sync_dispatch_no_filter(
      &permissions,
      &fs,
      &stat_info,
      src,
      dest,
      options,
    )?;
    return Ok(());
  }

  let opts = CpSyncOptions { options, filter };

  match cp_sync_dispatch(&permissions, &fs, scope, &stat_info, src, dest, opts)?
  {
    // Treat JsException as success here so the pending V8 exception can propagate
    // naturally, preserving the original JS stack instead of rethrowing from Rust.
    CpSyncRunStatus::Completed | CpSyncRunStatus::JsException => Ok(()),
  }
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
#[allow(
  clippy::unused_async,
  reason = "maybe_spawn_blocking awaits with sync_fs"
)]
pub async fn op_node_cp_fast(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] src: String,
  #[string] dest: String,
  recursive: bool,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let (fs, permissions) = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    (
      state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone(),
      state.borrow::<PermissionsContainer>().clone(),
    )
  };

  let opts = CpOptions {
    dereference: false,
    recursive,
    force: true,
    error_on_exist: false,
    preserve_timestamps: false,
    verbatim_symlinks: false,
    mode: 0,
  };

  maybe_spawn_blocking!(move || -> Result<(), FsError> {
    let stat_info = op_node_cp_validate_and_prepare_sync(
      &permissions,
      &fs,
      &src,
      &dest,
      opts.dereference,
    )?;
    cp_sync_dispatch_no_filter(&permissions, &fs, &stat_info, &src, &dest, opts)
  })
}

/// Recursively check if dest parent is a subdirectory of src.
/// It works for all file types including symlinks since it
/// checks the src and dest inodes. It starts from the deepest
/// parent and stops once it reaches the src parent or the root path.
async fn check_parent_paths_impl(
  state: &Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  src_dev: u64,
  src_ino: u64,
  dest: &str,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let src_parent = Path::new(src)
    .parent()
    .map(Cow::Borrowed)
    .unwrap_or_default();
  let src_parent = deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(
    fs.realpath_sync(&CheckedPath::unsafe_new(Cow::Borrowed(&src_parent)))
      .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
        fs.cwd()
          .map(|cwd| cwd.join(&src_parent))
          .unwrap_or_else(|_| src_parent.into_owned())
      }),
  );

  let mut current = Path::new(dest)
    .parent()
    .map(|p| p.to_path_buf())
    .unwrap_or_default();
  current = deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(
    fs.realpath_sync(&CheckedPath::unsafe_new(Cow::Borrowed(&current)))
      .unwrap_or_else(|_| std::path::absolute(&current).unwrap_or(current)),
  );

  loop {
    if current == src_parent {
      return Ok(());
    }

    // Check if current is the root
    if current.parent().is_none() || current.parent() == Some(&current) {
      return Ok(());
    }

    let current_str = current.to_string_lossy();
    let checked_path =
      match check_cp_path(state, &current_str, OpenAccessKind::Read) {
        Ok(p) => p,
        // When read permission is ignored, the check returns NotFound.
        // Treat it like a non-existent directory: stop walking.
        Err(FsError::Permission(e))
          if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound =>
        {
          return Ok(());
        }
        Err(e) => return Err(e),
      };
    let stat_result = fs.stat_async(checked_path).await;
    match stat_result {
      Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(()),
      Err(e) => {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          e,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(current_str.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("stat".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
      Ok(dest_stat) => {
        // Check if src and current parent are identical (same dev + ino)
        if let Some(dest_ino) = dest_stat.ino
          && dest_ino == src_ino
          && dest_stat.dev == src_dev
        {
          return Err(
            CpError::EInval {
              message: format!(
                "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
                src, dest
              ),
              path: dest.to_string(),
            }
            .into(),
          );
        }
      }
    }

    current = match current.parent() {
      Some(p) => p.to_path_buf(),
      None => return Ok(()),
    };
  }
}

fn check_parent_paths_impl_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  src_dev: u64,
  src_ino: u64,
  dest: &str,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let src_parent = Path::new(src)
    .parent()
    .map(Cow::Borrowed)
    .unwrap_or_default();
  let src_parent = deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(
    fs.realpath_sync(&CheckedPath::unsafe_new(Cow::Borrowed(&src_parent)))
      .unwrap_or_else(|_| {
        fs.cwd()
          .map(|cwd| cwd.join(&src_parent))
          .unwrap_or_else(|_| src_parent.into_owned())
      }),
  );

  let mut current = Path::new(dest)
    .parent()
    .map(|p| p.to_path_buf())
    .unwrap_or_default();
  current = deno_path_util::strip_unc_prefix(
    fs.realpath_sync(&CheckedPath::unsafe_new(Cow::Borrowed(&current)))
      .unwrap_or_else(|_| std::path::absolute(&current).unwrap_or(current)),
  );

  loop {
    if current == src_parent {
      return Ok(());
    }

    // Check if current is the root
    if current.parent().is_none() || current.parent() == Some(&current) {
      return Ok(());
    }

    let current_str = current.to_string_lossy();
    let checked_path = match check_cp_path_with_permissions(
      permissions,
      &current_str,
      OpenAccessKind::Read,
    ) {
      Ok(p) => p,
      // When read permission is ignored, the check returns NotFound.
      // Treat it like a non-existent directory: stop walking.
      Err(FsError::Permission(e))
        if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound =>
      {
        return Ok(());
      }
      Err(e) => return Err(e),
    };
    match fs.stat_sync(&checked_path.as_checked_path()) {
      Err(e) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(()),
      Err(e) => {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          e,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(current_str.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("stat".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
      Ok(dest_stat) => {
        // Check if src and current parent are identical (same dev + ino)
        if let Some(dest_ino) = dest_stat.ino
          && dest_ino == src_ino
          && dest_stat.dev == src_dev
        {
          return Err(
            CpError::EInval {
              message: format!(
                "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
                src, dest
              ),
              path: dest.to_string(),
            }
            .into(),
          );
        }
      }
    }

    current = match current.parent() {
      Some(p) => p.to_path_buf(),
      None => return Ok(()),
    };
  }
}

/// Ensures the parent directory of `dest` exists, creating it recursively
/// if needed.
async fn ensure_parent_dir_impl(
  state: &Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  dest: &str,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let dest_parent = Path::new(dest)
    .parent()
    .map(|p| p.to_path_buf())
    .unwrap_or_default();

  let parent_str = dest_parent.to_string_lossy();
  let checked_parent = check_cp_path(state, &parent_str, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let exists = fs.exists_async(checked_parent).await.map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(parent_str.to_string()),
        syscall: Some("exists".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;
  if !exists {
    let checked_parent =
      check_cp_path(state, &parent_str, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;
    fs.mkdir_async(checked_parent, true, None)
      .await
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(parent_str.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("mkdir".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;
  }
  Ok(())
}

fn ensure_parent_dir_impl_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  dest: &str,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let dest_parent = Path::new(dest)
    .parent()
    .map(|p| p.to_path_buf())
    .unwrap_or_default();

  let parent_str = dest_parent.to_string_lossy();
  let checked_parent = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    &parent_str,
    OpenAccessKind::Read,
  )?;
  let exists = fs.exists_sync(&checked_parent.as_checked_path());

  if !exists {
    let checked_parent = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
      permissions,
      &parent_str,
      OpenAccessKind::Write,
    )?;
    fs.mkdir_sync(&checked_parent.as_checked_path(), true, None)
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(parent_str.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("mkdir".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;
  }

  Ok(())
}

fn handle_timestamps_and_mode(
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src_path: &CheckedPath,
  dest_path: &CheckedPath,
  src_mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  // Make sure the file is writable before setting the timestamp
  // otherwise open fails with EPERM when invoked with 'r+' (through utimes call)
  if file_is_not_writable(src_mode) {
    let mode = src_mode | 0o200;
    set_dest_mode(fs, dest_path, mode)?;
  }

  // Set timestamps from a fresh stat of src (atime is modified by read).
  set_dest_timestamps_and_mode(fs, src_path, dest_path, src_mode)?;
  Ok(())
}

fn file_is_not_writable(mode: u32) -> bool {
  (mode & 0o200) == 0
}

fn cp_mode_has_copyfile_excl(mode: u32) -> bool {
  let copyfile_excl = UV_FS_COPYFILE_EXCL as u32;
  (mode & copyfile_excl) == copyfile_excl
}

fn set_dest_mode(
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  dest_path: &CheckedPath,
  mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  if mode == 0 {
    return Ok(());
  }

  fs.chmod_sync(dest_path, mode as _).map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
        syscall: Some("chmod".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;
  Ok(())
}

fn set_dest_timestamps_and_mode(
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src_path: &CheckedPath,
  dest_path: &CheckedPath,
  src_mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  // Re-stat src to get fresh atime/mtime
  let src_stat = fs.stat_sync(src_path).map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(src_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
        syscall: Some("stat".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  if let (Some(atime), Some(mtime)) = (src_stat.atime, src_stat.mtime) {
    // FsStat stores times as i64 milliseconds since the Unix epoch (negative
    // for pre-1970). Use Euclidean division so the nanosecond remainder is
    // always non-negative, matching the POSIX timespec convention.
    let atime_secs = atime.div_euclid(1000);
    let atime_nanos = (atime.rem_euclid(1000) * 1_000_000) as u32;
    let mtime_secs = mtime.div_euclid(1000);
    let mtime_nanos = (mtime.rem_euclid(1000) * 1_000_000) as u32;
    fs.utime_sync(dest_path, atime_secs, atime_nanos, mtime_secs, mtime_nanos)
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
            syscall: Some("utime".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;
  }

  set_dest_mode(fs, dest_path, src_mode)?;
  Ok(())
}

/// Handle copying a single file.
///
/// If dest does not exist, copies src to dest directly.
/// If dest exists and force is true, removes dest and copies.
/// If dest exists and error_on_exist is true, returns an EExist error.
/// Otherwise does nothing.
///
/// When preserve_timestamps is true, copies the timestamps from src to dest
/// and ensures the file is writable before doing so.
#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_cp_on_file(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] src: String,
  #[string] dest: String,
  #[smi] src_mode: u32,
  dest_exists: bool,
  force: bool,
  error_on_exist: bool,
  preserve_timestamps: bool,
  #[smi] mode: u32,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let fs = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone()
  };

  if dest_exists {
    if force {
      // Remove dest, then copy
      let dest_path = check_cp_path(&state, &dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;
      fs.remove_async(dest_path, false).await.map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(dest.clone()),
            syscall: Some("unlink".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })?;
    } else if error_on_exist {
      return Err(
        CpError::EExist {
          message: format!("{} already exists", dest),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    } else {
      // Neither force nor errorOnExist: do nothing
      return Ok(());
    }
  }

  // Copy file: read from src, write to dest
  if cp_mode_has_copyfile_excl(mode) {
    let dest_path = check_cp_path(&state, &dest, OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow)?;
    match fs.lstat_async(dest_path.clone()).await {
      Ok(_) => {
        return Err(
          CpError::EExist {
            message: format!("{} already exists", dest),
            path: dest.to_string(),
          }
          .into(),
        );
      }
      Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
      Err(err) => {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(dest.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("lstat".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
    }
  }

  let src_path = check_cp_path(&state, &src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let dest_path = check_cp_path(&state, &dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;

  maybe_spawn_blocking!(move || -> Result<(), FsError> {
    fs.copy_file_sync(
      &src_path.as_checked_path(),
      &dest_path.as_checked_path(),
    )
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(src_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
          dest: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
          syscall: Some("copyfile".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;
    if preserve_timestamps {
      handle_timestamps_and_mode(
        &fs,
        &src_path.as_checked_path(),
        &dest_path.as_checked_path(),
        src_mode,
      )?;
    } else {
      set_dest_mode(&fs, &dest_path.as_checked_path(), src_mode)?;
    }
    Ok(())
  })
}

fn op_node_cp_on_file_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  stat_info: &CpCheckPathsSyncResult,
  opts: &CpOptions,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  if stat_info.is_dest_exists {
    if opts.force {
      // Remove dest, then copy.
      let dest_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
        permissions,
        dest,
        OpenAccessKind::Write,
      )?;
      fs.remove_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path(), false)
        .map_err(|err| {
          map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
            err,
            NodeFsErrorContext {
              path: Some(dest.to_string()),
              syscall: Some("unlink".into()),
              ..Default::default()
            },
          )
        })?;
    } else if opts.error_on_exist {
      return Err(
        CpError::EExist {
          message: format!("{} already exists", dest),
          path: dest.to_string(),
        }
        .into(),
      );
    } else {
      // Neither force nor errorOnExist: do nothing.
      return Ok(());
    }
  }

  if cp_mode_has_copyfile_excl(opts.mode) {
    let dest_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
      permissions,
      dest,
      OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
    )?;
    match fs.lstat_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path()) {
      Ok(_) => {
        return Err(
          CpError::EExist {
            message: format!("{} already exists", dest),
            path: dest.to_string(),
          }
          .into(),
        );
      }
      Err(err) if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
      Err(err) => {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(dest.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("lstat".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
    }
  }

  let src_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let dest_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, dest, OpenAccessKind::Write)?;

  fs.copy_file_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path(), &dest_path.as_checked_path())
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(src.to_string()),
          dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some("copyfile".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;

  if opts.preserve_timestamps {
    handle_timestamps_and_mode(
      fs,
      &src_path.as_checked_path(),
      &dest_path.as_checked_path(),
      stat_info.src_mode,
    )?;
  } else {
    set_dest_mode(fs, &dest_path.as_checked_path(), stat_info.src_mode)?;
  }

  Ok(())
}

#[op2(stack_trace)]
pub async fn op_node_cp_on_link(
  state: Rc<RefCell<OpState>>,
  #[string] src: String,
  #[string] dest: String,
  dest_exists: bool,
  verbatim_symlinks: bool,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let fs = {
    let state = state.borrow();
    state.borrow::<FileSystemRc>().clone()
  };

  let src_path = check_cp_path(&state, &src, OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow)?;
  let resolved_src_buf =
    fs.read_link_async(src_path.clone()).await.map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(src.clone()),
          syscall: Some("readlink".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;
  let mut resolved_src = resolved_src_buf.to_string_lossy().to_string();

  // Resolve relative symlink targets
  if !verbatim_symlinks
    && !Path::new(&resolved_src).is_absolute()
    && let Some(parent) = Path::new(&src).parent()
  {
    resolved_src = parent.join(&resolved_src).to_string_lossy().to_string();
  }

  if !dest_exists {
    cp_create_symlink(&state, &fs, resolved_src.to_string(), dest).await?;
    return Ok(());
  }

  // Dest exists — try to read it as a symlink
  let dest_path = check_cp_path(&state, &dest, OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow)?;
  let resolved_dest_result = fs.read_link_async(dest_path).await;
  let resolved_dest = match resolved_dest_result {
    Ok(p) => {
      let s = p.to_string_lossy().to_string();
      // If relative, resolve against dirname(dest)
      if !Path::new(&s).is_absolute() {
        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(&dest).parent() {
          parent.join(&s).to_string_lossy().to_string()
        } else {
          s
        }
      } else {
        s
      }
    }
    Err(e) => {
      let kind = e.kind();
      // EINVAL or UNKNOWN means dest is a regular file/directory, not a symlink
      if kind == std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput
        || kind == std::io::ErrorKind::Other
      {
        cp_create_symlink(
          &state,
          &fs,
          resolved_src.to_string(),
          dest.to_string(),
        )
        .await?;
        return Ok(());
      }

      #[cfg(windows)]
      {
        use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT;

        let os_error = e.into_io_error();
        let Some(errno) = os_error.raw_os_error() else {
          return Err(FsError::Io(os_error));
        };

        let errno = errno as u32;
        if errno != ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT {
          return Err(
            NodeFsError {
              os_errno: errno as _,
              context: NodeFsErrorContext {
                path: Some(resolved_src),
                dest: Some(dest),
                syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
                ..Default::default()
              },
            }
            .into(),
          );
        }

        return cp_create_symlink(
          &state,
          &fs,
          resolved_src.to_string(),
          dest.to_string(),
        )
        .await;
      }
      #[cfg(not(windows))]
      {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          e,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(resolved_src),
            dest: Some(dest),
            syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
    }
  };

  // Check subdirectory relationships
  let src_path = check_cp_path(&state, &src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let src_stat = fs.stat_async(src_path).await.map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(src),
        syscall: Some("stat".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  let src_is_dir = src_stat.is_directory;
  if src_is_dir && is_src_subdir(&resolved_src, &resolved_dest) {
    return Err(
      CpError::EInval {
        message: format!(
          "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
          resolved_src, resolved_dest
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  // Do not copy if src is a subdir of dest since unlinking
  // dest would remove src contents and create a broken symlink.
  if src_is_dir && is_src_subdir(&resolved_dest, &resolved_src) {
    return Err(
      CpError::SymlinkToSubdirectory {
        message: format!(
          "cannot overwrite {} with {}",
          resolved_dest, resolved_src
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  {
    let mut state = state.borrow_mut();
    let permissions = state.borrow_mut::<PermissionsContainer>();
    permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.cp")?;
    permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.cp")?;
  }

  // Unlink dest and create new symlink
  maybe_spawn_blocking!(move || -> Result<(), FsError> {
    let src_path_buf = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&resolved_src));
    let dest_path_buf = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&dest));
    let src_path = src_path_buf.as_checked_path();
    let dest_path = dest_path_buf.as_checked_path();

    fs.remove_sync(&dest_path, false).map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
          syscall: Some("unlink".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;

    let file_type = cp_symlink_type(&fs, &src_path_buf, &dest_path_buf);
    fs.symlink_sync(&src_path, &dest_path, file_type)
      .map_err(|err| {
        map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          err,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(src_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
            dest: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
            syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        )
      })
  })
}

fn op_node_cp_on_link_sync(
  permissions: &PermissionsContainer,
  fs: &FileSystemRc,
  src: &str,
  dest: &str,
  dest_exists: bool,
  verbatim_symlinks: bool,
) -> Result<(), FsError> {
  let src_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    src,
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
  )?;
  let resolved_src_buf = fs
    .read_link_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path())
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(src.to_string()),
          syscall: Some("readlink".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;
  let mut resolved_src = resolved_src_buf.to_string_lossy().to_string();

  // Resolve relative symlink targets.
  if !verbatim_symlinks
    && !Path::new(&resolved_src).is_absolute()
    && let Some(parent) = Path::new(src).parent()
  {
    resolved_src = parent.join(&resolved_src).to_string_lossy().to_string();
  }

  if !dest_exists {
    permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
    permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.symlink")?;

    let oldpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&resolved_src));
    let newpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(dest));
    let file_type = cp_symlink_type(fs, &oldpath, &newpath);
    fs.symlink_sync(
      &oldpath.as_checked_path(),
      &newpath.as_checked_path(),
      file_type,
    )
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(resolved_src),
          dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
          syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })?;
    return Ok(());
  }

  // Dest exists — try to read it as a symlink.
  let dest_path = check_cp_path_with_permissions(
    permissions,
    dest,
    OpenAccessKind::ReadNoFollow,
  )?;
  let resolved_dest_result = fs.read_link_sync(&dest_path.as_checked_path());
  let resolved_dest = match resolved_dest_result {
    Ok(p) => {
      let s = p.to_string_lossy().to_string();
      // If relative, resolve against dirname(dest).
      if !Path::new(&s).is_absolute() {
        if let Some(parent) = Path::new(dest).parent() {
          parent.join(&s).to_string_lossy().to_string()
        } else {
          s
        }
      } else {
        s
      }
    }
    Err(e) => {
      let kind = e.kind();
      // EINVAL or UNKNOWN means dest is a regular file/directory, not a symlink.
      if kind == std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput
        || kind == std::io::ErrorKind::Other
      {
        permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
        permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.symlink")?;

        let oldpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&resolved_src));
        let newpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(dest));
        let file_type = cp_symlink_type(fs, &oldpath, &newpath);
        fs.symlink_sync(
          &oldpath.as_checked_path(),
          &newpath.as_checked_path(),
          file_type,
        )
        .map_err(|err| {
          map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
            err,
            NodeFsErrorContext {
              path: Some(resolved_src.clone()),
              dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
              syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
              ..Default::default()
            },
          )
        })?;
        return Ok(());
      }

      #[cfg(windows)]
      {
        use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT;

        let os_error = e.into_io_error();
        let Some(errno) = os_error.raw_os_error() else {
          return Err(FsError::Io(os_error));
        };

        let errno = errno as u32;
        if errno != ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT {
          return Err(
            NodeFsError {
              os_errno: errno as _,
              context: NodeFsErrorContext {
                path: Some(resolved_src),
                dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
                syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
                ..Default::default()
              },
            }
            .into(),
          );
        }

        permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
        permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.symlink")?;

        let oldpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&resolved_src));
        let newpath = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(dest));
        let file_type = cp_symlink_type(fs, &oldpath, &newpath);
        fs.symlink_sync(
          &oldpath.as_checked_path(),
          &newpath.as_checked_path(),
          file_type,
        )
        .map_err(|err| {
          map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
            err,
            NodeFsErrorContext {
              path: Some(resolved_src.clone()),
              dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
              syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
              ..Default::default()
            },
          )
        })?;
        return Ok(());
      }
      #[cfg(not(windows))]
      {
        return Err(map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
          e,
          NodeFsErrorContext {
            path: Some(resolved_src),
            dest: Some(dest.to_string()),
            syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
            ..Default::default()
          },
        ));
      }
    }
  };

  // Check subdirectory relationships.
  let src_path =
    check_cp_path_with_permissions(permissions, src, OpenAccessKind::Read)?;
  let src_stat = fs.stat_sync(&src_path.as_checked_path()).map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(src.to_string()),
        syscall: Some("stat".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  let src_is_dir = src_stat.is_directory;
  if src_is_dir && is_src_subdir(&resolved_src, &resolved_dest) {
    return Err(
      CpError::EInval {
        message: format!(
          "cannot copy {} to a subdirectory of self {}",
          resolved_src, resolved_dest
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  // Do not copy if src is a subdir of dest since unlinking
  // dest would remove src contents and create a broken symlink.
  if src_is_dir && is_src_subdir(&resolved_dest, &resolved_src) {
    return Err(
      CpError::SymlinkToSubdirectory {
        message: format!(
          "cannot overwrite {} with {}",
          resolved_dest, resolved_src
        ),
        path: dest.to_string(),
      }
      .into(),
    );
  }

  let dest_path = {
    permissions.check_open(
      Cow::Owned(PathBuf::from(dest)),
      OpenAccessKind::Write,
      Some("node:fs.rm"),
    )?
  };

  fs.remove_sync(&dest_path, false).map_err(|err| {
    map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
      err,
      NodeFsErrorContext {
        path: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
        syscall: Some("unlink".into()),
        ..Default::default()
      },
    )
  })?;

  permissions.check_write_all("node:fs.symlink")?;
  permissions.check_read_all("node:fs.symlink")?;

  let src_path_buf = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(PathBuf::from(&resolved_src));
  let dest_path_buf = CheckedPathBuf::unsafe_new(dest_path.to_path_buf());
  let src_path = src_path_buf.as_checked_path();

  let file_type = cp_symlink_type(fs, &src_path_buf, &dest_path_buf);
  fs.symlink_sync(&src_path, &dest_path, file_type)
    .map_err(|err| {
      map_fs_error_to_node_fs_error(
        err,
        NodeFsErrorContext {
          path: Some(src_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
          dest: Some(dest_path.to_string_lossy().to_string()),
          syscall: Some("symlink".into()),
          ..Default::default()
        },
      )
    })
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
  use super::is_src_subdir;

  #[test]
  fn test_is_src_subdir() {
    let base = std::env::temp_dir().join("deno_is_src_subdir_test");
    let src = base.join("src");
    let child = src.join("child");
    let sibling = base.join("sibling");

    let src = src.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
    let child = child.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
    let sibling = sibling.to_string_lossy().into_owned();

    assert!(is_src_subdir(&src, &child));
    assert!(is_src_subdir(&src, &src));
    assert!(!is_src_subdir(&src, &sibling));
    assert!(!is_src_subdir(&child, &src));
  }
}
