Thermostats
===========

Thermostatting means controlling the temperature of particles in an MD
simulation.  :doc:`Barostatting <Howto_barostat>` means controlling
the pressure.  Since the pressure includes a kinetic component due to
particle velocities, both these operations require calculation of the
temperature.  Typically a target temperature (T) and/or pressure (P)
is specified by the user, and the thermostat or barostat attempts to
equilibrate the system to the requested T and/or P.

Thermostatting in LAMMPS is performed by :doc:`fixes <fix>`, or in one
case by a pair style.  Several thermostatting fixes are available:
Nose-Hoover (nvt), Berendsen, CSVR, Langevin, and direct rescaling
(temp/rescale).  Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) thermostatting
can be invoked via the *dpd/tstat* pair style:

* :doc:`fix nvt <fix_nh>`
* :doc:`fix nvt/sphere <fix_nvt_sphere>`
* :doc:`fix nvt/asphere <fix_nvt_asphere>`
* :doc:`fix nvt/sllod <fix_nvt_sllod>`
* :doc:`fix temp/berendsen <fix_temp_berendsen>`
* :doc:`fix temp/csvr <fix_temp_csvr>`
* :doc:`fix ffl <fix_ffl>`
* :doc:`fix gjf <fix_gjf>`
* :doc:`fix gld <fix_gld>`
* :doc:`fix gle <fix_gle>`
* :doc:`fix langevin <fix_langevin>`
* :doc:`fix temp/rescale <fix_temp_rescale>`
* :doc:`pair_style dpd/tstat <pair_dpd>`
* :doc:`pair_style dpd/ext/tstat <pair_dpd_ext>`

:doc:`Fix nvt <fix_nh>` only thermostats the translational velocity of
particles.  :doc:`Fix nvt/sllod <fix_nvt_sllod>` also does this,
except that it subtracts out a velocity bias due to a deforming box
and integrates the SLLOD equations of motion.  See the :doc:`Howto
nemd <Howto_nemd>` page for further details.  :doc:`Fix nvt/sphere
<fix_nvt_sphere>` and :doc:`fix nvt/asphere <fix_nvt_asphere>`
thermostat not only translation velocities but also rotational
velocities for spherical and aspherical particles.

.. note::

   A recent (2017) book by :ref:`(Daivis and Todd) <Daivis-thermostat>`
   discusses use of the SLLOD method and non-equilibrium MD (NEMD)
   thermostatting generally, for both simple and complex fluids,
   e.g. molecular systems.  The latter can be tricky to do correctly.

DPD thermostatting alters pairwise interactions in a manner analogous
to the per-particle thermostatting of :doc:`fix langevin
<fix_langevin>`.

Any of the thermostatting fixes can be instructed to use custom
temperature computes that remove bias which has two effects: first,
the current calculated temperature, which is compared to the requested
target temperature, is calculated with the velocity bias removed;
second, the thermostat adjusts only the thermal temperature component
of the particle's velocities, which are the velocities with the bias
removed.  The removed bias is then added back to the adjusted
velocities.  See the doc pages for the individual fixes and for the
:doc:`fix_modify <fix_modify>` command for instructions on how to
assign a temperature compute to a thermostatting fix.

For example, you can apply a thermostat only to atoms in a spatial
region by using it in conjunction with :doc:`compute temp/region
<compute_temp_region>`.  Or you can apply a thermostat to only the x
and z components of velocity by using it with :doc:`compute
temp/partial <compute_temp_partial>`.  Of you could thermostat only
the thermal temperature of a streaming flow of particles without
affecting the streaming velocity, by using :doc:`compute temp/profile
<compute_temp_profile>`.

Below is a list of custom temperature computes that can be used like
that:

* :doc:`compute_temp_asphere`
* :doc:`compute_temp_body`
* :doc:`compute_temp_chunk`
* :doc:`compute_temp_com`
* :doc:`compute_temp_deform`
* :doc:`compute_temp_partial`
* :doc:`compute_temp_profile`
* :doc:`compute_temp_ramp`
* :doc:`compute_temp_region`
* :doc:`compute_temp_rotate`
* :doc:`compute_temp_sphere`

.. note::

   Not all thermostat fixes perform time integration, meaning they update
   the velocities and positions of particles due to forces and velocities
   respectively.  The other thermostat fixes only adjust velocities; they
   do NOT perform time integration updates.  Thus, they should be used in
   conjunction with a constant NVE integration fix such as these:

* :doc:`fix nve <fix_nve>`
* :doc:`fix nve/sphere <fix_nve_sphere>`
* :doc:`fix nve/asphere <fix_nve_asphere>`

Thermodynamic output, which can be setup via the :doc:`thermo_style
<thermo_style>` command, often includes temperature values.  As
explained on the page for the :doc:`thermo_style <thermo_style>`
command, the default temperature is setup by the thermo command
itself.  It is NOT the temperature associated with any thermostatting
fix you have defined or with any compute you have defined that
calculates a temperature.  The doc pages for the thermostatting fixes
explain the ID of the temperature compute they create.  Thus if you
want to view these temperatures, you need to specify them explicitly
via the :doc:`thermo_style custom <thermo_style>` command.  Or you can
use the :doc:`thermo_modify <thermo_modify>` command to re-define what
temperature compute is used for default thermodynamic output.

----------

.. _Daivis-thermostat:

**(Daivis and Todd)** Daivis and Todd, Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics (book),
Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139017848, (2017).
