# &calcname; Tasks

This topic covers basic functions that you can perform with &calcname; regardless of the mode of operation. If you want help on a specific &calcname; button, choose On Item from the &calcname; Help menu, move the pointer to the button on which you need help, and click mouse button 1.

## Using &calcname;

1. - enternum

   - usekbd

   - onitem

   - accuracy

   - taskchngmodes

   - taskchangebase

   - taskchangedisp

   - taskchangetrig

   - viewmemreg

## Creating and Modifying Functions and Constants

1. - asciiHelp

   - functionHelp

   - constantHelp

   - selectconstant

## Performing Simple Mathematical Operations

1. - mathops

   - combops

   - reciprocal

   - sqrt

   - square

   - percent

   - chngsign

## Performing Financial Operations

1. - TermTask

   - intTask

   - PvTask

   - PmtTask

   - FvTask

   - CtrmTask

   - DdbTask

   - SlnTask

   - SydTask

## To Enter Numbers

You can enter numbers into the calculator in two ways:

- Typing the numbers from the keyboard

- Clicking mouse button 1 on the number buttons

For example, to enter the number 47.5, move the pointer into the &calcname; window and do one of the following:

- Type 47.5

- Click 4, 7, ., and 5 in succession.

Click Clr to clear the display window.

## To Display Keyboard Equivalents

For each &calcname; button there is a corresponding keyboard mnemonic that performs the same function. To display the mnemonics:

- Click the Keys button or press k.

The &calcname; button labels display both the mnemonic and the function, separated by a − where necessary. Note that some keyboard mnemonics are uppercase, and some are lowercase.

## To Set Accuracy

The numeric accuracy is two places by default. To set the accuracy you want:

1. Click Accuracy or press Shift a.

   The word "Accuracy" appears between the display window and the mode line.

2. Type the number of places you want for accuracy.

   The display shifts to show the requested number of places to the right of the point.

## To Change Modes

- Press mouse button 1 on the first menu button in the mode line below the display area.

- Choose one of the following modes:

  - Scientific (the default) &emdash;&sigspace; Provides scientific functions such as sine, cosine, and log

  - Financial &emdash;&sigspace; Provides financial functions such as payment and term

  - Logical &emdash;&sigspace; Provides Boolean logical operators such as And and Xnor

  The mode-dependent keys in the center of the Calculator change to reflect the mode you choose.

See Also

- "Changing Modes"

- "Scientific Mode Buttons"

- "Financial Mode Buttons"

- "Logical Mode Buttons"

## To Change the Numeric Base

1. Press mouse button 1 on the second option menu button in the mode line below the display area.

2. Choose the numeric base from the button menu:

   - Bin &emdash;&sigspace; Binary

   - Oct &emdash;&sigspace; Octal

   - Dec &emdash;&sigspace; Decimal

   - Hex &emdash;&sigspace; Hexadecimal

3. Click the second option menu button in the mode line below the display area.

4. Choose the numeric base you want from the option menu list.

## To Change the Display Mode for Operations

- Press mouse button 1 on the third option menu button in the mode line below the display area.

- Choose the display mode from the button menu:

  - Eng &emdash;&sigspace; Engineering

  - Fix &emdash;&sigspace; Fixed

  - Sci &emdash;&sigspace; Scientific

## To Change the Trigonometric Base for Operations

You can only choose a trigonometric base when Calculator is in Scientific mode (the default).

1. Press mouse button 1 on the fourth option menu button in the mode line below the display area.

2. Choose the trigonometric base from the button menu:

   - Deg &emdash;&sigspace; Degrees

   - Grad &emdash;&sigspace; Gradients

   - Rad &emdash;&sigspace; Radians

## To View Memory or Financial Registers

&calcname; has ten memory registers numbered 0 - 9 into which you can store and retrieve values.

When &calcname; is in Scientific or Logical mode, choose Memory Registers from the &calcname; Options menu to view the contents of these registers.

When &calcname; is in Financial mode, choose Financial Registers from the Options menu to view the contents of the financial registers.

## To Find Numeric Values of ASCII Characters

1. Choose ASCII Convert from the &calcname; Options menu. A dialog box appears:

2. Type the ASCII character for which you want the numeric equivalent value in the Character field.

3. Click Apply.

   The numeric value of the ASCII character appears in the &calcname; display window.

   For example, if you typed the letter A, the decimal value is 65. If you have Hexadecimal selected as the numeric base, the value is 41.

4. Click Close when you are through.

## To Create or Delete a Function

## To Create a Function

1. 1. Choose Enter Function from the Options menu. The New Function dialog box appears:

   2. Type the number for the new function.

      To display the number of existing functions, press mouse button 3 on the Functions button in the Calculator. To create a new function, use the next available number up to a maximum of 10 (numbered 0 through 9). To modify an existing function, type its number.

      If a function already exists for the function number you typed, a dialog box appears asking whether you want to overwrite the existing function. Click Confirm to overwrite; Click Cancel to retain the existing function.

   3. Type a description of the function in the Description field (up to a maximum of 40 characters).

      For example, if you wanted to create a function that would find the area of a rectangle, you might describe it as "Area of a rectangle."

   4. Type the value for the function.

      For example, the function to find the area of a rectangle might put the values of length and width in memory register 1 and memory register 2, respectively, and put the result in memory register 3. The value for the function would then be R1

   5. R2 = S3.

      "R" stands for "register" and "S" stands for "store."

   6. Click OK.

## To Delete a Function

1. 1. Choose Enter Function from the Options menu.

   2. Type the function number in the dialog box that appears.

   3. Click OK without typing information in the Description or Value fields.

## To Add a Constant to the Constants List

1. Choose Enter Constant from the Options menu.

   The New Constant dialog box appears.

2. Type a number for the constant.

   To display the number of existing constants, press mouse button 3 on the Constants button in the Calculator. To add a new constant, use the next available number up to a maximum of 10 (numbered 0 through 9). To modify an existing constant, type its number.

3. Type a description for the constant in the Description field (up to a maximum of 40 characters).

   For example, if you wanted to add the constant for 5!, you might type "Five factorial" as the description.

4. Type the value for the constant.

   For 5!, you could type either 120 or 5

5. 4

6. 3

7. 2

8. 1.

9. Click OK.

   If a constant already exists for the constant number you typed, a dialog box appears asking whether you want to overwrite the existing constant. Click Confirm to overwrite; Click Cancel to retain the existing constant.

## To Get Help on a Specific Key

1. Choose On Item from the Help menu.

   The pointer changes to a ?.

2. Click the &calcname; button for which you want information.

## To Select a Constant Value

1. Click Constants.

   The word Constants appears in the mode line.

2. Click a number that represents the constant you want to use.

3. Click Constants with button 3 to see the active list of constants. There are ten default values:

   You can add your own constant values to the default list. See To Add a Constant to the Constants List.

4. Click the key of the constant number or type it from the keyboard.

   The value of the constant appears in the display and the word Constants disappears.

## To Perform Simple Mathematical Operations

1. Move the pointer into the Calculator window.

2. Type the first value.

3. Click the button (or type the key) for the mathematical operation you want to perform:

   - + &emdash;&sigspace; Addition

   - - &emdash;&sigspace; Subtraction

   - * &emdash;&sigspace; Multiplication

   - / &emdash;&sigspace; Division

   The operation indicator appears in the display window after the first value.

4. Type the second value.

5. Click the = button (or press the = key on the computer keyboard).

   The answer to the calculation appears in the display window.

See Also

combops

## To Perform Combined Operations

Calculations are performed from left to right, with no arithmetic precedence &emdash;&sigspace; for example, 2+3*4=20. To establish precedence, use parentheses &emdash;&sigspace; for example, 2+(3*4)=14.

## Example

1. You want to add 47.5 and 22.98, multiply that sum by 5, and the product of 47.5 and 22.98, and divide the total by 5. The precedence for this is ((47.5+22.98)*5+(47.5*22.98))/5=?

   1. Move the pointer into the &calcname; window.

   2. Click Clr to clear the display window.

   3. Click ( twice or press the ( key twice. A ( appears between the display window and the mode line.

   4. Enter 47.5.

   5. Click + or press the + key. Note that the ( stays visible between the display window and the mode line and the + appears in the display window following 47.5.

   6. Enter 22.98.

   7. Click ) or press the ) key.

   8. Click × &sigspace; or press the

   9. key. A &sigspace; × &sigspace appears in the display window after the ).

   10. Enter 5.

   11. Click + or press the + key. A + appears in the display window after the 5.

   12. Click ( or press the ( key.

   13. Enter 47.5.

   14. Click &sigspace; × &sigspace; or press the

   15. key. A &sigspace; × &sigspace; appears in the display window after the 47.5.

   16. Enter 22.98.

   17. Click ) twice or press the ) key twice. &calcname; performs the operations within the parentheses and displays the result 1443.95. The ( is no longer visible between the display window and the mode line.

   18. Click / or press the / button. A / appears between the display window and the mode line.

   19. Enter 5.

   20. Click = or press the = key.

       The answer, 288.79, appears in the display window.

## To Find a Reciprocal

1. Move the pointer into the &calcname; window.

2. Type the value for which you want to find the reciprocal.

3. Click 1/x or press r.

   The answer appears in the display window.

## To Find a Square Root

1. Move the pointer into the &calcname; window.

2. Type the value for which you want to find the square root.

3. Click Sqrt or press s.

   The answer appears in the display window.

## To Square a Number

1. Move the pointer into the &calcname; window.

2. Type the value you want to square.

3. Click x^2 or press @.

   The answer appears in the display window.

## To Find a Given Percentage

1. Move the pointer into the &calcname; window.

2. Type the value from which you want to find a percentage.

3. Click % or press % on your keyboard.

4. Type the percentage you want to find.

   The answer appears in the display window.

## To Change the Sign of the Displayed Value

- Click +/- or press Shift c.

  The sign changes. Note that + is not displayed.

## To Calculate the Number of Payment Periods

You can calculate the number of payments of an ordinary annuity necessary to accumulate a future value with a constant interest rate.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the payment amount and click Pmt.

4. Type the future value amount and click Fv.

5. Type the interest amount and click i%Yr.

6. Type the number of payments per year and click P/YR.

7. Click Term.

The time needed to accumulate the desired future value appears in the display window.

## Example

1. Suppose you deposit $2000 into a savings account each June. At an interest rate of 4.5%, how long will it take for you to have $25,000 in your account?

   1. Type 2000 and click +/− (The payment is a debit and therefore should be negative).

   2. Click Pmt.

   3. Type 25000 and click Fv.

   4. Type 4.5 and click i%Yr.

   5. Type 1 and click P/YR

   6. Click Term

   The result, 10.14, indicates that it will take slightly more than 10 years to accumulate $25,000 in the account.

## To Calculate Periodic Interest Rate

You can calculate periodic interest rate.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the amount current invested (the present value) and click Pv.

4. Type the maturity value and click Fv.

5. Type the number of months of the period and click Term.

6. Type the number of payments per year and click P/YR.

7. Click i%Yr.

   The interest rate appears in the display window.

You can increase the accuracy by clicking the Accuracy button and then clicking the desired decimal precision.

## Example

1. Suppose you invested $25,000 in a bond. The bond matures in ten years, and has a maturity value of $60,000. What is the periodic interest rate for your investment?

   1. Enter 25000 and click Pv.

   2. Enter 60000 and click Fv.

   3. Enter 120 and click Term.

   4. Enter 1 and click P/YR.

   5. Click i%Yr.

   The interest rate is 8.79%.

## To Calculate the Present Value of an Investment

You can calculate the present value of an investment.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the payment amount, click +/−; and click Pmt.

4. Type the yearly compounded interest rate and click i%Yr.

5. Type the term of the investment and click Term.

6. Type the number of payments per year and click P/YR.

7. Click Pv.

## Example

1. Assume that you won $1,000,000. You have the option of a lump sum payment of $400,000 or $50,000 once a year for twenty years. If you select the latter, you intend to invest the entire amount at a rate of 9% compounded annually. Which option is worth more in today's dollars?

   1. Type 50000 and click +/−.

   2. Click Pmt.

   3. Type 9 and click i%Yr.

   4. Type 20 and click Term.

   5. Type 1 and click P/YR.

   6. Click Pv.

   The result is 456427.28, which means that $1,000,000 paid over 20 years in $50,000 installments is worth $456,427.28 in today's dollars.

## To Calculate the Periodic Payment of a Loan

You can calculate the amount of the periodic payment of a loan.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the loan amount, click +/− and click Pv.

4. Type the interest rate and click i%Yr.

5. Type the term of the loan and click Term.

6. Type the number of payments per year and click P/YR.

7. Click Pmt.

## Example

1. You are considering buying a new home. You need to borrow $120,000 at 11% for thirty years. What is the monthly payment?

   1. Type 120000 and click +/−.

   2. Click Pv.

   3. Type 11 and click i%Yr.

   4. Type 360 and click Term.

   5. Type 12 and click P/YR.

   6. Click Pmt.

   The result, 1142.79, is the amount of your monthly payment.

## To Calculate the Future Value of an Investment

You can calculate the future value of an investment.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the investment amount, click +/− and click Pmt.

4. Type the interest amount and click i%Yr.

5. Type the term of the investment and click Term.

6. Type the number of payments per year and click P/YR.

7. Click Fv.

## Example

1. Suppose you invest $5,000 in a savings account each year for twenty years. The account pays 8% interest compounded annually. What will the value of your account be at the end of twenty years?

   1. Enter 5000 and click +/−.

   2. Click Pmt.

   3. Enter 8 and click i%Yr.

   4. Enter 20 and click Term.

   5. Enter 1 and click P/YR.

   6. Enter 0 and click Pv.

   7. Click Fv.

   The result, 228809.82, is the amount you'll have in your account after twenty years.

## To Calculate the Number of Compounding Periods

Use Ctrm to calculate the number of compounding periods needed for an investment of present value to increase to a future value, earning a fixed interest rate per compounding period.

1. Calculator must be in Financial mode. If the first mode menu button under the display area reads either Scientific or Logical, press mouse button 1 on the menu button and choose Financial.

2. Click CLRfregs to clear the financial registers.

3. Type the payment amount and click Pv.

4. Type the target future value and click Fv.

5. Type the compounding interest rate and click i%Yr.

6. Click Ctrm.

## Example

1. Suppose you deposit $10,000 in an account that pays 6.5% interest, compounded monthly. You'd like to know how long it will take for your account to increase to $20,000.

   1. Enter 10000 and click Pv.

   2. Enter 20000 and click Fv.

   3. Enter 6.5 and click i%Yr.

   4. Click Ctrm.

   The result, 128.31, tells you that it will take 128.31 months, or more than ten years.

## To Calculate Depreciation Using Double-Declining Balance

Use Ddb to calculate the depreciation allowance on an asset for a specified period of time using the double-declining balance method.

Depreciation functions use the calculator memory registers, not the financial registers. Certain values must be in specific memory registers when you use the depreciation functions. For Ddb, the values and the corresponding memory registers are:

- Memory Register 0 - Amount paid for the asset

- Memory Register 1 - Salvage value at the end of useful life

- Memory Register 2 - Useful life of the asset

- Memory Register 3 - Time period for depreciation allowance

## Example,

1. Suppose you bought a new printer for $5000 three years ago. The useful life of the printer is ten years, and the salvage value at that time is $500. You'd like to know the depreciation expense for this year, using the double-declining balance method.

   1. Type 5000.

   2. Click Store and then click 0 to place the amount paid for the printer in memory register 0.

   3. Type 500.

   4. Click Store and then click 1 to place the salvage value in memory register 1.

   5. Type 10.

   6. Click Store and then click 2 to place the useful life in memory register 2.

   7. Type 3.

   8. Click Store and then click 3 to place the time period (this year) for the depreciation allowance in memory register 3.

   9. Click Ddb.

   The result, 640.00, tells you that the depreciation expense for the third year is $640.00.

## To Calculate Straight-Line Depreciation

Use Sln to calculate the straight-line depreciation allowance on an asset for one period.

Depreciation functions use the calculator memory registers, not the financial registers, and when using the depreciation functions, certain values must be in specific memory registers. For Sln, the values and the corresponding memory registers are:

- Memory Register 0 - Amount paid for the asset

- Memory Register 1 - Salvage value at the end of useful life

- Memory Register 2 - Useful life of the asset

## Example,

1. Suppose you bought a new printer for $5000 three years ago. The useful life of the printer is ten years, and the salvage value at that time is $500. You'd like to know the yearly depreciation expense using the straight-line method.

   1. Type 5000.

   2. Click Store and then click 0 to place the amount paid for the printer in memory register 0.

   3. Type 500.

   4. Click Store and then click 1 to place the salvage value in memory register 1.

   5. Enter 10.

   6. Click Store and then click 2 to place the useful life in memory register 2.

   7. Click Sln.

   The result, 450.00, tells you that the yearly depreciation expense is $450.00.

## To Calculate Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Depreciation

Use Syd to calculate the sum-of-the-year's-digits depreciation.

Depreciation functions use the calculator memory registers, not the financial registers, and when using the depreciation functions, certain values must be in specific memory registers. For Syd, the values and the corresponding memory registers are:

- Memory Register 0 - Amount paid for the asset

- Memory Register 1 - Salvage value at the end of useful life

- Memory Register 2 - Useful life of the asset

- Memory Register 3 - Time period for depreciation allowance

## Example

1. Suppose you bought a new printer for $5000 three years ago. The useful life of the printer is ten years, and the salvage value at that time is $500. You'd like to know the yearly depreciation expense for this year, using the sum-of-the-years'-digits method.

   1. Type 5000.

   2. Click Store and then click 0 to place the amount paid for the printer in memory register 0.

   3. Enter 500.

   4. Click Store and then click 1 to place the salvage value in memory register 1.

   5. Enter 10.

   6. Click Store and then click 2 to place the useful life in memory register 2.

   7. Enter 3.

   8. Click Syd.

   The result, 654.55, tells you that the yearly depreciation expense for the third year is $654.55.