# Reference

The entries in this Reference are meant to provide in reasonable length an authoritative, complete, and formal summary about their respective subjects. More information about the use of PostgreSQL, in narrative, tutorial, or example form, can be found in other parts of this book. See the cross-references listed on each reference page.

The reference entries are also available as traditional man pages.

## SQL Commands

This part contains reference information for the SQL commands supported by PostgreSQL. By SQL the language in general is meant; information about the standards conformance and compatibility of each command can be found on the respective reference page.

&abort; &alterAggregate; &alterCollation; &alterConversion; &alterDatabase; &alterDefaultPrivileges; &alterDomain; &alterEventTrigger; &alterExtension; &alterForeignDataWrapper; &alterForeignTable; &alterFunction; &alterGroup; &alterIndex; &alterLanguage; &alterLargeObject; &alterMaterializedView; &alterOperator; &alterOperatorClass; &alterOperatorFamily; &alterPolicy; &alterProcedure; &alterPublication; &alterRole; &alterRoutine; &alterRule; &alterSchema; &alterSequence; &alterServer; &alterStatistics; &alterSubscription; &alterSystem; &alterTable; &alterTableSpace; &alterTSConfig; &alterTSDictionary; &alterTSParser; &alterTSTemplate; &alterTrigger; &alterType; &alterUser; &alterUserMapping; &alterView; &analyze; &begin; &call; &checkpoint; &close; &cluster; &commentOn; &commit; &commitPrepared; ©Table; &createAccessMethod; &createAggregate; &createCast; &createCollation; &createConversion; &createDatabase; &createDomain; &createEventTrigger; &createExtension; &createForeignDataWrapper; &createForeignTable; &createFunction; &createGroup; &createIndex; &createLanguage; &createMaterializedView; &createOperator; &createOperatorClass; &createOperatorFamily; &createPolicy; &createProcedure; &createPublication; &createRole; &createRule; &createSchema; &createSequence; &createServer; &createStatistics; &createSubscription; &createTable; &createTableAs; &createTableSpace; &createTSConfig; &createTSDictionary; &createTSParser; &createTSTemplate; &createTransform; &createTrigger; &createType; &createUser; &createUserMapping; &createView; &deallocate; &declare; &delete; &discard; &do; &dropAccessMethod; &dropAggregate; &dropCast; &dropCollation; &dropConversion; &dropDatabase; &dropDomain; &dropEventTrigger; &dropExtension; &dropForeignDataWrapper; &dropForeignTable; &dropFunction; &dropGroup; &dropIndex; &dropLanguage; &dropMaterializedView; &dropOperator; &dropOperatorClass; &dropOperatorFamily; &dropOwned; &dropPolicy; &dropProcedure; &dropPublication; &dropRole; &dropRoutine; &dropRule; &dropSchema; &dropSequence; &dropServer; &dropStatistics; &dropSubscription; &dropTable; &dropTableSpace; &dropTSConfig; &dropTSDictionary; &dropTSParser; &dropTSTemplate; &dropTransform; &dropTrigger; &dropType; &dropUser; &dropUserMapping; &dropView; &end; &execute; &explain; &fetch; &grant; &importForeignSchema; &insert; &listen; &load; &lock; &merge; &move; ¬ify; &prepare; &prepareTransaction; &reassignOwned; &refreshMaterializedView; &reindex; &releaseSavepoint; &reset; &revoke; &rollback; &rollbackPrepared; &rollbackTo; &savepoint; &securityLabel; &select; &selectInto; &set; &setConstraints; &setRole; &setSessionAuth; &setTransaction; &show; &startTransaction; &truncate; &unlisten; &update; &vacuum; &values;

## PostgreSQL Client Applications

This part contains reference information for PostgreSQL client applications and utilities. Not all of these commands are of general utility; some might require special privileges. The common feature of these applications is that they can be run on any host, independent of where the database server resides.

When specified on the command line, user and database names have their case preserved — the presence of spaces or special characters might require quoting. Table names and other identifiers do not have their case preserved, except where documented, and might require quoting.

&clusterdb; &createdb; &createuser; &dropdb; &dropuser; &ecpgRef; &pgamcheck; &pgBasebackup; &pgbench; &pgCombinebackup; &pgConfig; &pgDump; &pgDumpall; &pgIsready; &pgReceivewal; &pgRecvlogical; &pgRestore; &pgVerifyBackup; &psqlRef; &reindexdb; &vacuumdb;

## PostgreSQL Server Applications

This part contains reference information for PostgreSQL server applications and support utilities. These commands can only be run usefully on the host where the database server resides. Other utility programs are listed in reference-client.

&initdb; &pgarchivecleanup; &pgChecksums; &pgControldata; &pgCreateSubscriber; &pgCtl; &pgResetwal; &pgRewind; &pgtestfsync; &pgtesttiming; &pgupgrade; &pgwaldump; &pgwalsummary; &postgres;