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<sect1 id="faq">
    <title>Frequently Asked Questions</title>
    <para>This FAQ intends to complement the man pages by following a more
practical approach.</para>
    <para>If you think a QA should be added, please mail me it!</para>
    <qandaset>
	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>How does fcron handle system clock adjustments?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>
       First, you must understand that fcron determines, for each job, its next
time and date of execution. It then determines which of those jobs would be the
next to run and then, sleeps until that job should be run. In other words, fcron
doesn't wake up like Vixie cron each minute to check all job in case one should
be run ... and it avoids some problems associated with clock adjusts.</para>
		<para>
       This means that if the new time value is set into the past, fcron won't
run a particular job again. For instance, suppose the real time and system clock
are 3:00, so the next job cannot be scheduled to run before 3:00, as it would
have already been run and re-scheduled.</para>
		<para>
       First, suppose you set your system clock into the past, say to 2:00,
Presuming that the last run was shortly before 3:00. then fcron will sleep until
the next job should be executed. The execution time for a job is determined by
identifying the last time that the job ran and computing the next scheduled
time. This means that the next scheduled time must be on or after 3:01.
Therefore, in this example, fcron will not run a job for at least one
hour.</para>
		<para>
       Next, if you set the system time into the future, say to 4:00, fcron will
run every job scheduled between the old and the new time value once, regardless
of how many times it would have been scheduled. When fcron wakes up to run a job
after the time value has changed, it runs all the jobs which should have run
during the interval because they are scheduled to run in a past time.</para>
		<para>
       As special case is when "@xxx" style scheduling rules are involved, you
must consider the "adjustment-interval". The "adjustment-interval" is the time
difference between the original system time and the new system time. The concerned
jobs will run at "adjust-interval" too
early or too late depending of the nature of the adjust.</para>
		<para>
       To conclude, fcron behaves quite well for small clock adjusts. Each job
which should have run does so once, but not exactly at the correct time as if
the job were scheduled within the adjustment interval. But, if you have to make
a big change in the time and date, you should probably reset all the scheduled
"nextexe" by running "fcrontab -z" on all the fcrontabs.</para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>
	 <qandaentry>
	    <question>
	       <para>How does fcron handle daylight saving time changes?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
	       <para>There are two types of daylight saving time change: 
the remove-one-hour change (for instance, "at 3:00, it will be 2:00"), 
and the add-one-hour one (for instance, "at 2:00, it will be 3:00").
In both cases, fcron will run the job only once (more precisely, it won't
run the job twice as many as it should have).</para>
	       <para>In the first case, the official time changes as follow
(in order of real chronological time): [x, 2:00] -> i1: [2:00, 3:00]
 -> i2: [2:00, 3:00] -> [3:00, y]. i1 and i2 are the names of the two
intervals [2:00, 3:00]. For this kind of DST change, a job which should
run between 2:00 and 3:00 will run either in i1 or in i2, but not both.
Consequently, a job scheduled to run every day at 2:30 (for instance)
will be run only once. There is no way for a user to know if the job will
be run in i1 or i2.</para>
	       <para>In the second case, there is a gap in time:
the official time changes as follow (in order of real chronological time):
[x, 2:00] -> [3:00, y]. A job scheduled between 2:00 and 3:00 will get
run once, and only once, even if it should have been run several times.
For instance, a job which should have run every 10 minutes will run only
once, not 6 times, between 1:59 and 3:01. A job scheduled to run at
2:xx will run at 3:xx. For instance, if a job is scheduled to run
every day at 2:30, it will run at 3:30 the day of this kind of DST change.
</para>
	    </answer>
	 </qandaentry>
	 <qandaentry>
	    <question>
	       <para>How does fcron handle hardware suspend
		  (e.g. suspend to memory, or disk -- a.k.a. hibernate)?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
	       <para>fcron now fully supports suspend (to memory or disk).
               On resume it will adjust the task schedules accordingly, run runatresume tasks if any, and report non-execution of noticenotrun tasks.</para>
               <para>fcron will try to notice suspends by itself without external help.
	       On Linux it can do so reliably via system APIs, but on other OSes it will instead
               check if it wakes up later than it expected after a sleep.
               This is far from bullet-proof, as fcron may not notice
               the computer was suspended or under-estimate the suspend duration.
               This is because fcron can be woken up by external events such
               as receiving a signal or fcrondyn interation. There is also a risk
               fcron may be woken up before the suspend code has set the computer
               clock correctly after resume. If so, it may compute an incorrect
               the time and date of the execution of a job (please see the entry
               about system clock adjustment in the present FAQ).</para>
               <para>Because of this, on non-Linux systems it is recommended to explicitly 'tell' fcron
               about suspends and the precise suspend duration:</para>
		<orderedlist>
		    <listitem>
                        <para>send a SIGSTOP signal to fcron when going into suspend:
                        <programlisting>$ kill -STOP $(cat &fcron.pid;)</programlisting>.
                        This is to make sure it will read reschedule jobs before running any when the computer resumes.</para>
		    </listitem>
		    <listitem>
                        <para>Write the suspend duration as a number of seconds (written as a string) in the suspend file, e.g.
                        <programlisting>$ echo 2342 > &suspendfile;</programlisting></para>
		    </listitem>
		    <listitem>
                        <para>Wake up fcron and tell it to process the suspend file and reschedule tasks accordingly:
                        <programlisting>$ kill -CONT $(cat &fcron.pid;)</programlisting></para>
		    </listitem>
		</orderedlist>
	       <para>An example script implementing this for pm-utils and systemd is included: fcron.suspend.sh.
		Note that it is however not needed on Linux.  Contribution of equivalent scripts for other
		systems is welcome.</para>
	       <para>Alternatively you could have fcron stop on suspend and restart on resume.
               However the main drawback would then be that tasks running at the time of suspend
               would be run again at resume, even though they may not have been stopped and finish on resume
               (i.e. they would run twice, with a second instance started before the first one finishes).</para>
	    </answer>
	 </qandaentry>
	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>How can I prevent fcrontab from considering the first
"word" of my command line as a user name i.e. "runas(word)"?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>
      Suppose you have an user called "echo" (weird idea ... :)) ). If you use
the line '* * * * * echo "Hello!"' in root's fcrontab, "echo" will be
interpreted as "runas(echo)".</para>
		<para>To avoid that, put your command in quotes:
<programlisting>* * * * * 'echo "Hello!"'</programlisting> will work as
expected as quotes are allowed for the shell command but not for the user
name.</para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>

	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>
       I have a job which usually terminates with a non-zero status. When it
does, I receive a email with the exit status even if the command had no output.
How can I avoid the email?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>
      You could disable email entirely by setting the "mail" option to "no". But,
if you still want to receive the standard output as email, you can add an command
which always evaluates to 0, like "/bin/true", after your primary command. This
will not affect your job nor create additional output. For example:</para>
		<programlisting>
* * * * * /a/non/zero/status/job ; /bin/true</programlisting>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>

	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>What does "loadavg" mean anyway?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>
      The "/proc/loadavg" file provides loadavg values. These values are (in
order): the system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes; a count of
the (active tasks/active processes); the pid of last process run;
		</para>
		<para>
      The active task count includes those processes marked as running or
uninterruptable. A load average is an estimate of the average number of
processes running within a specified period. The load averages are computed from
active task count. They are updated each time active task counts are taken.
		</para>
		<para>
<!-- It sure would be nice for some MathML here. --> 
The load average formula is: <programlisting>
loadavg(d,n) = active_task_cnt - (active_task_cnt - old_loadavg)*(1/exp(d/n)
</programlisting>
where: d is the time interval between active task count readings, typically every
5 seconds; n is the time over which the readings are averaged.
		</para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>

	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>How can I use fcrontab in scripts?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>
      You can use pipes with "<command>fcrontab -l</command>" (list the
fcrontab) and "<command>fcrontab -</command>" (read the new fcrontab from
input). For example: </para>
		<screen> <command>echo -e "`fcrontab -l | grep -v exim`\n0 * * * *	/usr/sbin/exim -q" | fcrontab -</command></screen>
		<para>
		  can be used to add a line. Another way to do it would be to:
list the fcrontab settings into a temporary file ("<command>fcrontab -l >
tmpfile</command>"); modify the temporary file ("<command>echo $LINE >>
tmpfile</command>"); replace the original fcrontab by the temporary; and
finally, remove the temporary file ("<command>fcrontab tmpfile ; rm -f
tmpfile</command>").
		</para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>

	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>Can I use fcron from time to time, for instance in a
script?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>Let's suppose you use fcron in your ppp-up script. Fcron
can permit you to run some jobs at connection startup, but not at each
connection, like it would be if the job was run directly by the ppp-up script:
for instance, only once every week.</para>
		<para><example>
			<title>Using fcron in a script: running a job once
every day, week, etc, at dialup connection</title>
			<para>You can use a script like:</para>
			<programlisting>
# A ppp-up script ... 
# run the jobs pending, then returns: 
fcron -f -y -o
</programlisting>
			<para>in conjunction with a fcrontab file like:</para>
			<programlisting>
# a fcrontab file ... 
%random(no),weekly,stdout * * /a/command/to/download/latest/mozilla/release 
%monthly,stdout * * * /update/junkbuster/config/files
</programlisting>
		    </example></para>
		<para>You can also use fcron to run some jobs until the end of
the connection. For instance, you can make fetchmail retrieve emails more often
during connection: we suppose that it is configured to retrieve mails every
hour, which launches a dialup connection if necessary, and we want it to check
for mails every 5 minutes while connected.</para>
		<para><example>
			<title>Using fcron in a script: running a job until the
end of the connection</title>
			<para>ppp-up script:</para>
			<programlisting>
# A ppp-up script ... 
# run fcron at the beginning of the connection: 
fcron -b
</programlisting>
			<para>ppp-down script:</para>
			<programlisting>
# A ppp-down script ... 
# stop fcron at the end of the connection: 
# -- Warning: killall may have unwanted effect on non linux systems -- 
killall -TERM fcron
</programlisting>
			<para>the fcrontab:</para>
			<programlisting>
# a fcrontab file ... 
@volatile,first(0) 5 fetchmail
</programlisting>
		    </example></para>

		<para>If you run fcron in several scripts, or if you run fcron
as a daemon and want also to run fcron in scripts, then you should use fcron,
fcrontab and fcrondyn's <option>--configfile</option>.</para>
		<para>For more details, see fcron's command line arguments
&argonce;, <option>--nosyslog</option>,
&argfirstsleep; and <option>--configfile</option> in <link
linkend="fcron.8">&fcron;(8)</link>, and fcrontab's options &optvolatile;,
&optstdout;, &optfirst; in <link
linkend="fcrontab.5">&fcrontab;(5)</link></para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>
	
	<qandaentry>
	    <question>
		<para>Can I run fcron without root's privileges?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
		<para>Yes, you can. To do that, see the
following instructions, but please note that fcrondyn currently does *not* work
without root privileges.</para>
		<orderedlist>
		    <listitem>
			<para>First, create a directory where you'll install fcron,
 and some subdirectories:</para>
			<screen><prompt>bash$
</prompt> <command>mkdir /home/thib/fcron</command>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <command>cd /home/thib/fcron</command>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <command>mkdir doc man spool</command></screen>
		    </listitem>
		    <listitem>
			<para>Then, run configure with option 
<option>--with-run-non-privileged</option>, set all user names and groups to yours,
and set appropriately the paths:</para>
			<para><warning>
			    <para>This option allows a non privileged user to run
	fcron. When used, fcron does not change its rights before running a job
	(i.e., if joe runs fcron, every job will run as joe).  It means that
	<emphasis>YOU SHOULD NOT RUN FCRON AS A PRIVILEGED USER WHEN COMPILED
	WITH THIS OPTION</emphasis> or you'll have a serious security
	hole.</para> </warning></para>
			<screen><prompt>bash$
</prompt> <command>./configure --with-run-non-privileged --with-rootname=thib
--with-rootgroup=thib --with-username=thib --with-groupname=thib
--with-etcdir=/home/thib/fcron --with-piddir=/home/thib/fcron
--with-fifodir=/home/thib/fcron --with-spooldir=/home/thib/fcron/spool
--with-docdir=/home/thib/fcron/doc --prefix=/home/thib/fcron</command></screen>
		    </listitem>
		</orderedlist>
		<para>The rest of the installation is described in the
<link linkend="install">install file</link>.</para>
	    </answer>
	</qandaentry>

	 <qandaentry>
	    <question>
	       <para>Has fcron some incompatibilities with Vixie cron?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
	       <para>As far as I know, fcron supports Vixie cron's crontab syntax
		  fully. You should be able to use a crontab
                  with fcron with no modification (if not please
		  contact me at &email;).</para>
	       <para>The main problem is about the management of the system (f)crontab.
		  Vixie cron monitors the changes on /etc/crontab every minute,
		  and automatically takes into account the changes if any.
		  As for now, fcron does not do that by itself.
                  Fcron does not support the
		  /etc/cron.d/ directory either, as it is just an extension to the /etc/crontab
		  file.
		  However /etc/cron.{daily,weekly,monthly} directories will work
		  in fcron just fine: they are supported through the run-parts program, just as Vixie cron).</para>
	       <para>So if you want to replace Vixie cron by fcron transparently,
		  all you have to do is create a /usr/bin/crontab link to
		  /usr/bin/fcrontab, and reinstall the system (f)crontab
	          with 'fcrontab /etc/crontab' every time you modify it
		  (if you needed some more work than that, please let me know!).</para>
	       <para>You can also use the script script/check_system_crontabs
		  to monitor for system (f)crontab changes, i.e. changes to /etc/(f)crontab
                  and /etc/cron.d/. When it detects a change, it will generate
                  a new system fcrontab, and install it automatically.
                  Should you choose to use that script, please take
		  a look at the beginning of the script: you will find insctructions
		  on how to use it -- and a few warnings you should pay attention to.
		  With this script, the fcron's behavior should be very similar
		  to Vixie cron regarding /etc/crontab and /etc/cron.d/.
	       </para>
	    </answer>
	 </qandaentry>
	 <qandaentry>
	    <question>
	       <para>How can I emulate an anacron entry?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
	       <para>As anacron, fcron does not assume that the system runs permanently.
		  Thus, fcron features similar functionalities to anacron, but it
		  has different means to achieve it, in other words other ways to define
		  when a job should run. Fcron is in general much more flexible
		  than anacron.
                  The best thing to do is to have look at
		  <link linkend="fcrontab.5">&fcrontab;(5),</link> and choose the
		  type of line which is the most appropriate for your needs (this is
		  likely to be a @-line or a %-line).</para>
               <para>On a Debian/Ubuntu, the default /etc/anacrontab looks like:</para>
<programlisting>1       5       cron.daily       nice run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily
7       10      cron.weekly      nice run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly
@monthly        15      cron.monthly nice run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly
</programlisting>
               <para>A close fcron equivalent would be (see &optserial;):</para>
<programlisting># Run once a day/week/month, and ensure only one of those tasks is run at a time:
!reset
!serial,nice(10)
%daily * * run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily
%weekly * * run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly
%monthly * * * run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly</programlisting>
               <para>Or you could go for something a bit more specific (see &optlavg;, &optnoticenotrun;):</para>
<programlisting># Only run the tasks out of office-hours when the system load is low
# and send an email to the user if fcron couldn't run the job:
!reset
!serial,lavg(0.5,1,1.5),noticenotrun,nice(10),mailto(admin@yourdomain.com)
%daily * 0-9,18-23 run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily
%weekly * 0-9,18-23 run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly
%monthly * 0-9,18-23 * run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly</programlisting>
	       <para>Also, if you do want to emulate an anacron entry of the form:</para>
	       <programlisting>0 delay job-identity /your/command</programlisting>
	       <para>then you can use something as:</para>
	       <programlisting>@runonce delay /your/command</programlisting>
	    </answer>
	 </qandaentry>
	 <qandaentry>
	    <question>
	       <para>How can I emulate a Vixie cron @reboot entry?</para>
	    </question>
	    <answer>
	       <para>No need to emulate any more, as
                <link linkend="fcrontab.5.shortcuts">Vixie cron shortcuts</link>,
                 including @reboot, are now supported by fcron!</para>
	    </answer>
	 </qandaentry>
    </qandaset>
</sect1>

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