9 PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

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9 PEP 352: Exceptions as New-Style Classes

Exception classes can now be new-style classes, not just classic classes, and the built-in `Exception` class and all the standard built-in exceptions (`NameError`, `ValueError`, etc.) are now new-style classes.

The inheritance hierarchy for exceptions has been rearranged a bit. In 2.5, the inheritance relationships are:

    BaseException       # New in Python 2.5
    |- KeyboardInterrupt
    |- SystemExit
    |- Exception
       |- (all other current built-in exceptions)

This rearrangement was done because people often want to catch all exceptions that indicate program errors. `KeyboardInterrupt` and `SystemExit` aren't errors, though, and usually represent an explicit action such as the user hitting Control-C or code calling `sys.exit()`. A bare `except:` will catch all exceptions, so you commonly need to list `KeyboardInterrupt` and `SystemExit` in order to re-raise them. The usual pattern is:

    try:
        ...
    except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
        raise
    except:
        # Log error...
        # Continue running program...

In Python 2.5, you can now write `except Exception` to achieve the same result, catching all the exceptions that usually indicate errors but leaving `KeyboardInterrupt` and `SystemExit` alone. As in previous versions, a bare `except:` still catches all exceptions.

The goal for Python 3.0 is to require any class raised as an exception to derive from `BaseException` or some descendant of `BaseException`, and future releases in the Python 2.x series may begin to enforce this constraint. Therefore, I suggest you begin making all your exception classes derive from `Exception` now. It's been suggested that the bare `except:` form should be removed in Python 3.0, but Guido van Rossum hasn't decided whether to do this or not.

Raising of strings as exceptions, as in the statement `raise "Error occurred"`, is deprecated in Python 2.5 and will trigger a warning. The aim is to be able to remove the string-exception feature in a few releases.

See Also:

PEP 352, Required Superclass for Exceptions
  PEP written by Brett Cannon and Guido van Rossum; implemented by Brett Cannon.