[Contents]
Topics:

   DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
   OPTIONS OPTIONS
   Overview Overview
   Mouse Support Mouse Support

   Keys Keys
     Miscellenous Keys Miscellenous Keys
     Directory Panels Directory Panels
     Shell Command Line Shell Command Line
     General Movement Keys General Movement Keys
     Input Line Keys Input Line Keys

   Menu Bar Menu Bar
     Left and Right Menus Left and Right Menus
       Display Mode... Display Mode...
       Sort Order... Sort Order...
       Filter... Filter...
       Reread Reread
     File Menu File Menu
     Command Menu Command Menu
       Directory Tree Directory Tree
       Find File Find File
       Extension File Edit Extension File Edit
       Menu File Edit Menu File Edit
     Options Menu Options Menu
       Configuration Configuration
       Layout Layout
       Save Setup Save Setup

   Executing operating system commands Executing operating system commands
     Macro Substitution Macro Substitution
     Controlling Midnight Commander Controlling Midnight Commander
   Chmod Chmod
   Chown Chown
   File Operations File Operations
   Mask Rename Mask Rename
   Internal File Viewer Internal File Viewer
   Colors Colors
   Special Settings Special Settings

   FILES FILES
   AVAILABILITY AVAILABILITY
   SEE ALSO SEE ALSO
   AUTHORS AUTHORS
   BUGS BUGS
   License License
   QueryBox QueryBox
   Help Help
[DESCRIPTION]
DESCRIPTION

The Midnight Commander is a directory browser/file manager
for Unix-like operating systems.[OPTIONS]
OPTIONS


"-b" Forces black and white display.

"-c" Used to reverse the effect of -b. This does not
actually force ncurses into color mode; it is only used to
undo the effect of -b in macros.

"-C arg" Use to specify a different color set in the
command line. The format of arg is documented in the
ColorsColors section.

"-d" Disables mouse support.

"-f" Displays the compiled-in search paths for Midnight
Commander files.

"-P" At program end, the Midnight Commander will print the
last working directory; this, along with the shell
function below, will allow you to browse through your
directories and automatically move to the last directory
you were in (thanks to Torben Fjerdingstad for
contributing this function and the code which implements
this option).

mc ()
{
	MC=`/usr/local/bin/mc -P "$@"`
	[ -n "$MC" ] && cd "$MC" ;
	unset MC;
}

"-s" Turns off verbose operation. Also, verbose mode is
toggled off when running on slow terminals (less than 9600
bps).

"-u" Disables the use of a concurrent shell (only makes
sense if the Midnight Commander has been built with
concurrent shell support).

"-V" Displays the version of the program.

"-x" Forces xterm mode. Used when running on xterm-capable
terminals (two screen modes, and able to send mouse escape
sequences).

If specified, the first path name is the directory to show
in the selected panel; the second path name is the
directory to be shown in the other panel.

[Overview]
Overview

The screen of the Midnight Commander is divided into four
parts. Almost all of the screen space is taken up by two
directory panels. By default, the second bottommost line
of the screen is the shell command line, and the bottom
line shows the function key labels. The topmost line is
the menu bar line.Menu Bar The menu bar line isn't normally
visible, but appears if you click the topmost line with
the mouse or press the F9 key.

The Midnight Commander provides a view of two directories
at the same time. One of the panels is the current panel
(a selection bar is in the current panel). Almost all
operations take place on the current panel. Some file
operations like Rename and Copy by default use the
directory of the unselected panel as a destination (don't
worry, they always ask you for confirmation first). For
more information, see the sections on the Directory
Panels,Directory Panels the Left and Right MenusLeft and Right Menus and the File Menu.File Menu

You can execute system commands from the Midnight
Commander by simply typing them. Everything you type will
appear on the shell command line, and when you press Enter
the Midnight Commander will execute the command line you
typed; read the Shell Command LineShell Command Line and Input Line KeysInput Line Keys
sections to learn more about the command line.

[Mouse Support]
Mouse Support

The Midnight Commander comes with mouse support. It is
activated whenever you are running on an xterm terminal
(it even works if you take a telnet or rlogin connection
to another machine from the xterm) or if you are running
on a Linux console and have the gpm mouse server running.

When you left click on a file in the directory panels,
that file is selected; if you click with the right button,
the file is marked (or unmarked, depending on the previous
state).

Double-clicking on a file will try to execute the command
if it is an executable program; and if the extension fileExtension File
Edithas a program specified for the file's extension, the
specified program is executed.

Also, it is possible to execute the commands assigned to
the function key labels by clicking on them.

If a mouse button is clicked on the top frame line of the
directory panel, it is scrolled one pageful backward.
Correspondingly, a click on the bottom frame line will
cause a scroll of one pageful forward. This frame line
method works also in the Help ViewerHelp and the Directory
Tree.Directory Tree

The default auto repeat rate for the mouse buttons is 400
milliseconds. This may be changed to other values by
editing the .mc.iniSave Setup file and changing the
mouse_repeat_rate parameter.

If you are running the Commander with the mouse support
(on a xterm or a Linux console with the gpm mouse server),
you can bypass the Commander and get the default mouse
behaviour (cutting and pasting text) by holding down the
Shift key.[]


[Keys]
Keys

Some commands in the Midnight Commander involve the use of
the Control (sometimes labeled CTRL or CTL) and the Meta
(sometimes labeled ALT or even Compose) keys. In this
manual we will use the following abbreviations:

C-<chr> means hold the Control key while typing the
character <chr>. Thus C-f would be: hold the Control key
and type f.

M-<chr> means hold the Meta or Alt key down while typing
<chr>. If there is no Meta or Alt key, type ESC, release
it, then type the character <chr>.

All input lines in the Midnight Commander use an
approximation to the GNU Emacs editor's key bindings.

There are many sections which tell about the keys. The
following are the most important.

The File MenuFile Menu section documents the keyboard shortcuts
for the commands appearing in the File menu. This section
includes the function keys. Most of these commands perform
some action, usually on the selected file or the tagged
files.

The Directory PanelsDirectory Panels section documents the keys which
select a file or tag files as a target for a later action
(the action is usually one from the file menu).

The Shell Command LineShell Command Line section list the keys which are
used for entering and editing command lines. Most of these
copy file names and such from the directory panels to the
command line (to avoid excessive typing) or access the
command line history.

Input Line KeysInput Line Keys are used for editing input lines. This
means both the command line and the input lines in the
query dialogs.

[Miscellenous Keys]
Miscellenous Keys

Here are some keys which don't fall into any of the other
categories:

Enter. If there is some text in the command line (the one
at the bottom of the panels), then that command is
executed. If there is no text in the command line then if
the selection bar is over a directory the Midnight
Commander does a chdir(2) to the selected directory and
reloads the information on the panel; if the selection is
an executable file then it is executed. Finally, if the
extension of the selected file name matches one of the
extensions in the extensions fileExtension File Edit then the corresponding
command is executed.

C-l. Repaint all the information in the Midnight
Commander.

C-x a. Toggle the auto mount/unmount feature.

C-x c. Run the ChmodChmod command on a file or on the tagged
files.

C-x o. Run the ChownChown command on the current file or on the
tagged files.

C-x l. Run the link command.

C-x s. Run the symbolic link command.

C-x m. On systems which allow users to mount filesystems,
mount the current mount point.

C-x u. On systems allowing users to unmount filesystems,
unmount the current mount point.

C-x i. Set the other panel display mode to information.

C-x h Run the "add directory to hotlist" command.[Directory Panels]
Directory Panels

This section lists the keys which operate on the directory
panels. If you want to know how to change the appearance
of the panels take a look at the section on Left and Right
Menus.Left and Right Menus

Tab, C-i. Change the current panel. The old other panel
becomes the new current panel and the old current panel
becomes the new other panel. The selection bar moves from
the old current panel to the new current panel.

Insert, C-t. In order to tag files you may use the Insert
key (the kich1 terminfo sequence) or the C-t (Control-t)
sequence. To untag files, just retag a tagged file.

M-g, M-h (or M-r), M-j. Used to select the top file in a
panel, the middle file and the bottom one, respectively.

C-s, M-s. Start a filename search in the directory
listing. When the search is active the keypresses will be
added to the search string instead of the command line. If
the "Show mini-status" option is enabled the search string
is shown on the mini-status line. When typing, the
selection bar will move to the next file starting with the
typed letters. The "backspace" or DEL keys can be used to
correct typing mistakes. If C-s is pressed again, the next
match is searched for.

C-\\ (control-backslash). Show the directory hotlist and
change to the selected directory. For more information see
the Command menu.Command Menu

+  (plus). This is used to select (tag) a group of files.
The Midnight Commander will prompt for a regular
expression describing the group. When Shell Patterns are
enabled, the regular expression is much like the regular
expressions in the shell (* standing for zero or more
characters and ? standing for one character). If Shell
Patterns is off, then the tagging of files is done with
normal regular expressions (see ed (1)).

\\ (backslash). Use the "\" key to unselect a group of
files. This is the opposite of the Plus key.

up-key, C-p. Move the selection bar to the previous entry
in the panel.

down-key, C-n. Move the selection bar to the next entry in
the panel.

home, a1, M-<. Move the selection bar to the first entry
in the panel.

end, c1, M->. Move the selection bar to the last entry in
the panel.

next-page, C-v. Move the selection bar one page down.

prev-page, M-v. Move the selection bar one page up.

[Shell Command Line]
Shell Command Line

This section lists keys which are useful to avoid
excessive typing when entering shell commands.

M-Enter. Copy the currently selected file name to the
command line.

M-Tab. Copy the currently selected file name in the
unselected panel to the command line.

C-x t, C-x C-t. Copy the tagged files (or if there are no
tagged files, the selected file) of the current panel (C-x
t) or of the other panel (C-x C-t) to the command line.

C-x p, C-x C-p. The first key sequence copies the current
path name to the command line, and the second one copies
the unselected panel's path name to the command line.

C-q. The quote command can be used to insert characters
that are otherwise interpreted by the Midnight Commander
(like the +)

M-p, M-n. Use these keys to browse through the command
history. M-p takes you to the last entry, M-n takes you to
the next one.

[General Movement Keys]
General Movement Keys

The help viewer, the file viewer and the directory tree
use common code to handle moving. Therefore they accept
exactly the same keys. Each of them also accepts some keys
of its own.

Other parts of the Midnight Commander use some of the same
movement keys, so this section may be of use for those
parts too.

Up, C-p. Moves one line backward.

Down, C-n. Moves one line forward.

Prev Page, Page Up, M-v. Moves one pageful backward.

Next Page, Page Down, C-v. Moves one pageful forward.

Home, A1. Moves to the beginning.

End, C1. Move to the end.

The help viewer and the file viewer accept the following
keys in addition the to ones mentioned above:

b, C-b, C-h, Backspace, Delete. Moves one pageful
backward.

Space bar. Moves one pageful forward.

u, d. Moves one half of a page backward or forward.

g, G. Moves to the beginning or to the end.

[Input Line Keys]
Input Line Keys

The input lines (they are used for the command lineShell Command Line and
for the query dialogs in the program) accept these keys:

C-a puts the cursor at the beginning of line.

C-e puts the cursor at the end of the line.

C-b, move-left move the cursor one position left.

C-f, move-right move the cursor one position right.

M-f moves one word forward.

M-b moves one word backward.

C-h, backspace delete the previous character.

C-d, Delete delete the character in the point (over the
cursor).

C-@ sets the mark for cutting.

C-w copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a
kill buffer and removes the text from the input line.

M-w copies the text between the cursor and the mark to a
kill buffer.

C-y yanks back the contents of the kill buffer.

C-k kills the text from the cursor to the end of the line.

M-C-h, M-Backspace delete one word backward.

[]


[Menu Bar]
Menu Bar

The menu bar pops up when you press F9 or click the mouse
on the top row of the screen. The menu bar has five menus:
"Left", "File", "Command", "Options" and "Right".

The Left and Right MenusLeft and Right Menus allow you to modify the
appearance of the left and right directory panels.

The File MenuFile Menu lists the actions you can perform on the
currently selected file or the tagged files.

The Command MenuCommand Menu lists the actions which are more general
and bear no relation to the currently selected file or the
tagged files.

The Options MenuOptions Menu has some options which may be toggled on
and off.

[Left and Right Menus]
Left and Right Menus

The outlook of the directory panels can be changed from
the "Left" and "Right" menus.

There are seven different views which can be selected and
six sort orders as well as two special commands.

[Display Mode...]
Display Mode...

The seven directory views are Full, Brief, Long, Info,
Tree, Quick and User. The full directory view shows the
file name, the size of the file and the modification time.

The brief view shows only the file name and it has two
columns (therefore showing twice as many files as other
views). The long view is similar to the output of "ls -l"
command. The long view takes the whole screen width.

The info and tree views are special in that they don't
display files. (Currently the info view is yet to be
documented.) The tree view is quite similar to the
directory treeDirectory Tree feature. See the section about it for more
information.

If you choose the "User" display format, then you have to
specify the display format.

The user display format must start with a panel size
specifier. This may be "half" or "full", and they specify
a half screen panel and a full screen panel respectively.

After the panel size, you may specify the two columns mode
on the panel, this is done by adding the number "2" to the
user format string.

After this you add the name of the fields with an optional
size specifier. This are the available fields you may
display:

name, displays the file name.

size, displays the file size.

type, displays a one character field type. This character
is the same that is displayed by ls with the -F flag. An
asterisk for executable files, a slash for directories, an
at-sign for links and an equal sign for sockets.

mtime, file's last modification time.

atime, file's last access time.

ctime, file's creation time.

perm, a string representing the current permission bits of
the file.

mode, an octal value with the current permission bits of
the file.

nlink, the number of links to the file.

owner, the owner of the file.

group, the group of the file.

inode, the inode of the file.

Also you may use these field names for arranging the
display: space, a space in the display format.

mark, An asterisk if the file is tagged, a space if it's
not.

|, This character is used to add a vertical line to the
display format.

To force one field to a fixed size (a size specifier), you
just add a ':' and then the number of characters you want
the field to have.

For example, the Full display corresponds to this format:

half type,name,|,size,|,mtime

And the Long display corresponds to this format:

full
perm,space,nlink,space,owner,space,group,space,size,space,
mtime,space,name

This is a nice user display format:

half name,|,size:7,|,type,mode:3

[Sort Order...]
Sort Order...

The six sort orders are by name, by extension, by time, by
size, by inode and unsorted. In the Sort order dialox box
you can choose the sort order and you may also specify if
you want to sort in reverse order by checking the reverse
box.

By default directories are sorted before files but this
can be changed from the Options menuOptions Menu (option "miX all
files" ).

[Filter...]
Filter...

The filter command allows you to specify a shell pattern
(for example "*.tar.gz" ) which the files must match to be
shown. Regardless of the filter pattern, the directories
and the links to directories are always shown in the
directory panel.

[Reread]
Reread

As the name implies, the reread command rereads the list
of files in the directory. It is useful if other processes
have created or removed files.

[File Menu]
File Menu

The Midnight Commander uses the F1 - F10 keys as keyboard
shortcuts for commands appearing in the file menu. The
escape sequences for the Fkeys are ncurses' kf1 trough
kf10. On terminals without function key support, you can
achieve the same functionality by pressing the ESC key and
then a number in the range 1 through 9 and 0
(corresponding to F1 to F9 and F10 respectively).

The File menu has the following commands (keyboard
shortcuts in parentheses):

Help (F1)

Invokes the built-in hypertext help viewer. Inside the
help viewer,Help you can use the Tab key to select the next
link and the Enter key to follow that link. The keys Space
and Backspace are used to move forward and backward in a
help page. Press F1 again to get the full list of accepted
keys.

Menu (F2)

Invoke the user menu.Menu File Edit The user menu provides an easy way
to provide users with a menu and add extra features to the
Midnight Commander.

View (F3)

View the currently selected file. By default this invokes
the Internal File ViewerInternal File Viewer but if the option "Use internal
view" is off, it invokes an external file viewer specified
by the PAGER environment variable. If PAGER is undefined,
the "view" command is invoked.

Edit (F4)

Currently it invokes the "vi" editor or the editor
specified in the EDITOR environment variable.

Copy (F5)

Pop up an input dialog that defaults to the directory in
the non-selected panel and copies the currently selected
file (or the tagged files, if there is at least one file
tagged) to the directory specified by the user in the
input dialog. During this process, you can press C-c or
ESC to abort the operation.

Link (C-x l)

Create a hard link to the current file.

SymLink (C-x s)

Create a symbolic link to the current file. To those of
you who don't know what links are: creating a link to a
file is a bit like copying the file, but both the source
filename and the destination filename represent the same
file image. For example, if you edit one of these files,
all changes you make will appear in both files. Some
people call links aliases or shortcuts.

A hard link appears as a real file. After making it, there
is no way of telling which one is the original and which
is the link. If you delete either one of them the other
one is still intact. It is very difficult to notice that
the files represent the same image. Use hard links when
you don't even want to know.

A symbolic link is a reference to the name of the original
file. If the original file is deleted the symbolic link is
useless. It is quite easy to notice that the files
represent the same image. The Midnight Commander shows an
"@"-sign in front of the file name if it is a symbolic
link to somewhere. The original file where the link points
is shown on mini-status line if the "Show mini-status"
option is enabled. Use symbolic links when you want to
avoid the confusion that can be caused by hard links.

Rename/Move (F6)

Pop up an input dialog that defaults to the directory in
the non-selected panel and moves the currently selected
file (or the tagged files if there is at least one tagged
file) to the directory specified by the user in the input
dialog. During the process, you can press C-c or ESC to
abort the operation.

Mask rename (C-x r)

See the separate section on mask rename.Mask Rename

Mkdir (F7)

Pop up an input dialog and creates the directory
specified.

Delete (F8)

Delete the currently selected file or the tagged files in
the currently selected panel. During the process, you can
press C-c or ESC to abort the operation.

Select group (+)

This is used to select (tag) a group of files. The
Midnight Commander will prompt for a regular expression
describing the group. When Shell Patterns are enabled, the
regular expression is much like the filename globbing in
the shell (* standing for zero or more characters and ?
standing for one character). If Shell Patterns is off,
then the tagging of files is done with normal regular
expressions (see ed (1)).

To mark directories instead of files, the expression must
start or end with a '/'.

Unselect group (\\)

Used for unselecting a group of files. This is the
opposite of the "Select group" command.

Quit (F10)

Terminate the Midnight Commander

[Command Menu]
Command Menu

The Directory treeDirectory Tree command shows a tree figure of the
directories. The Find fileFind File command allows you to search
for a specific file. The "Swap panels" command swaps the
contents of the two directory panels. The "Panels on/off"
command shows the output of the last shell command. This
works only on xterm and on Linux console. The "Compare
directories" (C-x d) command compares the panels with each
other. Files which don't exist in the other panel or are
newer than the corresponding file in the other panel are
tagged. You can then use the Copy (F5) command to make the
panels identical.

The Command history command shows a list of typed
commands. The selected command is copied to the command
line. The command history can also be accessed by typing
M-p or M-n. The Add to hotlist command (C-x h) adds the
current directory into the directory hotlist. The user is
prompted for a label for the directory. The Directory
hotlist command shows the labels of the directories in the
directory hotlist. The Midnight Commander will change to
the directory corresponding to the selected label.

The Extension file editExtension File Edit command allows you to specify
programs to executed when you try to execute files with
certain extensions (filename endings). The Menu file editMenu File
Editcommand may be used for editing the user menu (which
appears by pressing F2).

[Directory Tree]
Directory Tree

The Directory Tree command shows a tree figure of the
directories. You can select a directory from the figure
and the Midnight Commander will change to that directory.

There are two ways to invoke the tree. The real directory
tree command is available from Commands menu. The other
way is to select tree view from the Left or Right menu.

In order to get rid of long delays the Midnight Commander
creates the tree figure by scanning only a small subset of
all the directories. If the directory which you want to
see is missing, move to its parent directory and press C-r
(or F2).

You can use the following keys:

General movement keysGeneral Movement Keys are accepted.

Enter. In the directory tree, exits the directory tree and
changes to this directory in the current panel. In the
tree view, changes to this directory in the other panel
and stays in tree view mode in the current panel.

C-r, F2 (Rescan). Rescan this directory. Use this when the
tree figure is out of date: it is missing subdirectories
or shows some subdirectories which don't exist any more.

F3 (Forget). Delete this directory from the tree figure.
Use this to remove clutter from the figure. If you want
the directory back to the tree figure press F2 in its
parent directory.

F4 (Static/Dynamic). Toggle between the dynamic navigation
mode (default) and the static navigation mode.

In the static navigation mode you can use the Up and Down
keys to select a directory. All known directories are
shown.

In the dynamic navigation mode you can use the Up and Down
keys to select a sibling directory, the Left key to move
to the parent directory, and the Right key to move to a
child directory. Only the parent, sibling and children
directories are shown, others are left out. The tree
figure changes dynamically as you traverse.

F5 (Copy). Copy the directory.

F6 (RenMov). Move the directory.

F7 (Mkdir). Make a new directory below this directory.

F8 (Delete). Delete this directory from the file system.

C-s, M-s. Search the next directory matching the search
string. If there is no such directory these keys will move
one line down.

C-h, Backspace. Delete the last character of the search
string.

Any other character. Add the character to the search
string and move to the next directory which starts with
these characters. In the tree view you must first activate
the search mode by pressing C-s. The search string is
shown in the mini status line.

The following actions are available only in the directory
tree. They aren't supported in the tree view.

F1 (Help). Invoke the help viewer and show this section.

Esc, F10. Exit the directory tree. Do not change the
directory.

The mouse is supported. A double-click behaves like Enter.
See also the section on mouse support.Mouse Support

[Find File]
Find File

The Find File feature first asks for the start directory
for the search and the filename to be searched for. By
pressing the Tree button you can select the start
directory from the directory treeDirectory Tree figure. You can start
the search by pressing the Ok button.

During the search you can stop from the Stop button and
continue from the Start button.

You can browse the filelist with the up and down arrow
keys. The Chdir button will change to the directory of the
currently selected file. The Again button will ask for the
parameters for a new search. The Quit button quits the
search operation. The Panelize button will place the found
files to the current directory panel so that you can do
additional operations on them (view, copy, move, delete
and so on). After panelizing you can press C-r to return
to the normal file listing.

[Extension File Edit]
Extension File Edit

This will invoke your editor on the file ~/.mc.ext. The
format of this file is as follows: each line specifies an
extension and the command associated to that extension.
The extension must start at the first column and begin
with a dot. Everything after the extension is the code
executed when you press Enter over a file that matches
that extension. Simple macro substitutionMacro Substitution takes place
before executing the command.

Here is an example of an extension file:

	.tar.gz	 tar tzvf %f | more
	.tar.Z   tar tzvf %f | more
	.tar     tar tvf %f | more
	.zip     unzip -v %f | more
	.o       nm %f | more
	.a       ar tv %f | more
	.tex     tex %f
	.latex   latex %f
	.dvi     dvips %f

You may also use regular expressions. If the extension
doesn't start with a dot it is interpreted as a shell
pattern or a regular expression instead (according to the
shell patterns option). For example, if you have Amiga MOD
files:

	MOD.*	    tracker %f # Shell patterns on

or

	^MOD\..+$   tracker %f # Shell patterns off

You can override the global value of the shell patterns
option by writing "shell_patterns=x" on the first line of
the extension file (where "x" is either 0 or 1).

[Menu File Edit]
Menu File Edit

The user menu is a menu of useful actions that can be
customised by the user. When you access the user menu, the
file ~/.mc.menu is used if it exists, and otherwise
/usr/local/lib/mc.menu is used.

The format of the menu file is very simple. Lines that
start with anything but space or tab are considered
entries for the menu (in order to be able to use it like a
hot key, the first character should be a letter). All the
lines that start with a space or a tab are the commands
that will be executed when the entry is selected.

When an option is selected all the command lines of the
option are copied to a temporary file in the temporary
directory (usually /usr/tmp) and then that file is
executed. This allows the user to put normal shell
constructs in the menus. Also simple macro substitution
takes place before executing the menu code. For more
information, see macro substitution.Macro Substitution

Here is a sample mc.menu file:

A	Dump the currently selected file
	od -c %f

B	Edit a bug report and send it to root
	vi /tmp/mail.$$
	mail -s "Midnight Commander bug" root < /tmp/mail.$$

M	Read mail
	emacs -f rmail

N	Read Usenet news
	emacs -f gnus

H	Call the info hypertext browser
	info

J	Copy current directory to other panel recursively
	tar cf - . | (cd %D && tar xvpf -)

K	Make a release of the current subdirectory
	echo -n "Name of distribution file: "
	read tar
	ln -s %d `dirname %d`/$tar 
	cd ..
	tar cvhf ${tar}.tar $tar

= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
X       Extract the contents of a compressed tar file
	tar xzvf %f

Default Conditions

Each menu entry may be preceded by a condition. The
condition must start from the first column with a '='
character. If the condition is true, the menu entry will
be the default entry.

Condition syntax: 	= <sub-cond>
  or:			= <sub-cond> | <sub-cond> ...
  or:			= <sub-cond> & <sub-cond> ... 

Sub-condition is one of following:

  f <pattern>		current file matching pattern?
  F <pattern>		other file matching pattern?
  d <pattern>		current directory matching pattern?
  D <pattern>		other directory matching pattern?
  t <type>		current file of type?
  T <type>		other file of type?
  ! <sub-cond>		negate the result of sub-condition

Pattern is a normal shell pattern or a regular expression,
according to the shell patterns option. You can override
the global value of the shell patterns option by writing
"shell_patterns=x" on the first line of the menu file
(where "x" is either 0 or 1).

Type is one or more of the following characters:

  n	not directory
  r	regular file
  d	directory
  l	link
  c	char special
  b	block special
  f	fifo
  s	socket
  x	executable
  t	tagged

For example 'rlf' means either regular file, link or fifo.
The 't' type is a little special because it acts on the
panel instead of the file. The condition '=t t' is true if
there are tagged files in the current panel and false if
not.

If the condition starts with '=?' instead of '=' a debug
trace will be shown whenever the value of the condition is
calculated.

The conditions are calculated from left to right. This
means
	= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
is calculated as
	( (f *.tar.gz) | (f *.tgz) ) & (t n)

Here is a sample of the use of conditions:

= f *.tar.gz | f *.tgz & t n
L	List the contents of a compressed tar-archive
	gzip -cd %f | tar xvf -

Addition Conditions

If the condition begins with '+' (or '+?') instead of '='
(or '=?') it is an addition condition. If the condition is
true the menu entry will be included in the menu. If the
condition is false the menu entry will not be included in
the menu.

You can combine default and addition conditions by
starting condition with '+=' or '=+' (or '+=?' or '=+?' if
you want debug trace). If you want to use two different
conditions, one for adding and another for defaulting, you
can precede a menu entry with two condition lines, one
starting with '+' and another starting with '='.

Comments are started with '#'. The additional comment
lines must start with '#', space or tab.

[Options Menu]
Options Menu

The ConfigurationConfiguration command pops up a dialog from which you
can change most of settings of the Midnight Commander.

The Save setupSave Setup command saves the current settings of the
Left, Right and Options menus. A small number of other
settings is saved, too.

[Configuration]
Configuration

The program has some options that may be toggled on and
off from the Configuration dialog. Options are enabled if
they have an asterisk or "x" in front of them. These
options are divided into three groups: Screen Colors,
Panel Options and Other Options.

Screen Colors

You can select whether your display supports color or not.
Normally this information is in the terminfo database. If
you want to know how to change individual colors see the
section on Colors.Colors

Panel Options

Show Backup Files. By default the Midnight Commander
doesn't show files ending in '~' (like GNU's ls option
-B).

Show Hidden Files. By default the Midnight Commander will
show all files that start with a dot (like ls -a).

Mark moves down. By default when you mark a file (with
either C-t or the Insert key) the selection bar will move
down.

Show Mini-Status. If enabled, show one line of status
information at the bottom of the panels about the
currently selected item.

Mix all files. When this option is enabled, all files and
directories are shown mixed together. If the option is
off, directories (and links to directories) are shown at
the beginning of the listing, and other files afterwards.

Fast directory reload. This option is off by default. If
you activate the fast reload, the Midnight Commander will
use a trick to determine if the directory contents have
changed. The trick is to reload the directory only if the
i-node of the directory has changed; this means that
reloads only happen when files are created or deleted. If
what changes is the i-node for a file in the directory
(file size changes, mode or owner changes, etc) the
display is not updated. In these cases, if you have the
option on, you have to rescan the directory manually (with
C-r).

Other Options

Verbose operation. This toggles whether the file Copy,
Rename and Delete operations are verbose (i.e., display a
dialog box for each operation). If you have a slow
terminal, you may wish to disable the verbose operation.
It is automatically turned off if the speed of your
terminal is less than 9600 bps.

Pause after run. After executing your commands you'll be
asked to press any key to refresh the screen. This is to
let you see the output of your command before continuing.
On xterm or the Linux console you can use C-o to view the
output of the last command instead of using this option.

Shell Patterns. By default the Select, Unselect and Filter
commands will use shell-like regular expressions. The
following conversions are performed to achieve this: the
'*' is replaced by '.*' (zero or more characters); the '?'
is replaced by '.' (exactly one character) and '.' by the
literal dot. If the option is disabled, then the regular
expressions are the ones described in ed(1).

Auto Save Setup. If this option is enabled, when you exit
the Midnight Commander the configurable options of the
Midnight Commander are saved in the $HOME/.mc.ini file.

Auto menus. If this option is enabled, the user menu will
be invoked at startup. Useful for building menus for
non-unixers.

Use internal viewer. If this option is enabled, the
built-in file viewer is used to view files. If the option
is disabled, the pager specified in the PAGER environment
variable is used. If no pager is specified, the view
command is used. See the section on the internal file
viewer.Internal File Viewer

Confirm Delete. This option is toggled on by default, and
will cause the Midnight Commander to ask for confirmation
when deleting a single file.

Automount. See the section on Special Settings.Special Settings

8-bit clean. This option allows use of 8-bit characters.
It requires that curses/ncurses be 8-bit clean. If it
isn't, things might look strange.

[Layout]
Layout

The layout dialog gives you a possibility to change the
general layout of screen. You can specify whether the
menubar, the command prompt and the function keybar are
visible. On the Linux console you can specify how many
lines are shown in the output window.

The rest of the screen area is used for the two directory
panels. You can specify whether the area is split to the
panels in vertical or horizontal direction. The split can
be equal or you can specify an unequal split.

[Save Setup]
Save Setup

At startup the Midnight Commander will try to load
initialization information from the $HOME/.mc.ini file. If
this file doesn't exist, it will load the information from
the system-wide configuration file, located in
/usr/local/lib/mc.ini. If the system-wide configuration
file doesn't exist, MC uses the default settings.

The Save Setup command creates the $HOME/.mc.ini file by
saving the current settings of the Left, RightLeft and Right Menus and
OptionsOptions Menu menus.

If you activate the auto save setup option, MC will always
save the current settings when exiting.

There also exist settings which can't be changed from the
menus. To change these settings you have to edit the setup
file with your favorite editor. See the section on Special
SettingsSpecial Settings for more information.

[]


[Executing operating system commands]
Executing operating system commands

You may execute commands by typing them directly in the
Midnight Commander's input line, or by selecting the
program you want to execute with the selection bar in one
of the panels and hitting Enter.

If you press Enter over a file that is not executable, the
Midnight Commander checks the extension of the selected
file against the extensions in the Extensions File.Extension File Edit If a
match is found then the code associated with that
extension is executed. A very simple macro expansionMacro Substitution
takes place before executing the command.

[Macro Substitution]
Macro Substitution


When accessing a user menu, Menu File Edit or executing an extension
dependent command,Extension File Edit or running a command from the command
line input, a simple macro substitution takes place.

The macros are:

"%f" The current file name.

"%d" The current directory name.

"%F" The current file in the unselected panel.

"%D" The directory name of the unselected panel.

"%t" The currently tagged files.

"%T" The tagged files in the unselected panel.

"%u" and "%U" Similar to the %t and %T macros, but in
addition the files are untagged. You can use this macro
only once per menu file entry or extension file entry,
because next time there will be no tagged files.

"%s" and "%S" The selected files: The tagged files if
there are any. Otherwise the current file.

"%%" The % character

"%{some text}" Prompt for the substitution. An input box
is shown and the text inside the braces is used as a
prompt. The macro is substituted by the text typed by the
user. The user can press ESC or F10 to cancel. This macro
doesn't work on the command line yet.

[Controlling Midnight Commander]
Controlling Midnight Commander

The Midnight Commander defines an environment variable
MC_CONTROL_FILE. The commands executed by MC may give
instructions to MC by writing to the file specified by
this variable.

The following instructions are supported.

clear_tags		Clear all tags.
tag <filename>		Tag specified file.
untag <filename>	Untag specified file.
select <filename>	Move pointer to file.
change_panel		Switch between panels.
cd <path>		Change directory.

If the first letter of the instruction is in lower case it
operates on the current panel. If the letter is in upper
case the instruction operates on the other panel. The
additional letters must be in lower case. Instructions
must be separated by exactly one space, tab or newline.
The instructions don't work in the Info, Tree and Quick
views. The first error causes the rest to be ignored.

[Chmod]
Chmod

The Chmod window is used to change the attribute bits in a
group of files and directories. It can be invoked with the
C-x c key combination.

The Chmod window has two parts - Permissions and File

In the File section are displayed the name of the file or
directory and its permissions in octal form, as well as
its owner and group.

In the Permissions section there is a set of check buttons
which correspond to the file attribute bits. As you change
the attribute bits, you can see the octal value change in
the File section.

To move between the widgets (buttons and check buttons)
use the arrow keys or the Tab key. To change the state of
the check buttons or to select a button use Space. You can
also use the hotkeys on the buttons to quickly activate
that selection (they are the highlit letters on the
buttons).

To set the attribute bits, use the Enter key.

When working with a group of files or directories, you
just click on the bits you want to set or clear. Once you
have selected the bits you want to change, you select one
of the action buttons (Set marked or Clear marked).

Finally, to set the attributes exactly to those specified,
you can use the [Set all] button, which will act on all
the tagged files.

[Marked all] set only marked attributes to all selected
files

[Set marked] set marked bits in attributes of all selected
files

[Clean marked] clear marked bits in attributes of all
selected files

[Set] set the attributes of one file

[Cancel] cancel the Chmod command

[Chown]
Chown

The Chown command is used to change the owner/group of a
file. The hot key for this command is C-x o.

[File Operations]
File Operations

When you copy, move or delete files the Midnight Commander
shows the file operations dialog. It shows the files
currently being operated on and there are at most three
progress bars. The file bar tells how big part of the
current file has been copied so far. The count bar tells
how many of tagged files have been handled so far. The
bytes bar tells how big part of total size of the tagged
files has been handled so far. If the verbose option is
off the file and bytes bars are not shown.

There are two buttons at the bottom of the dialog.
Pressing the Skip button will skip the rest of the current
file. Pressing the Abort button will abort the whole
operation, the rest of the files are skipped.

There are three other dialogs which you can run into
during the file operations.

The error dialog informs about error conditions and has
three choices. Normally you select either the Skip button
to skip the file or the Abort button to abort the
operation altogether. You can also select the Retry button
if you fixed the problem from another terminal.

The replace dialog is shown when you attempt to copy or
move a file on the top of an existing file. The dialog
shows the dates and sizes of the both files. Press the Yes
button to overwrite the file, the No button to skip the
file, the alL button to overwrite all the files, the nonE
button to never overwrite and the Update button to
overwrite if the source file is newer than the target
file. You can abort the whole operation by pressing the
Abort button.

The recursive delete dialog is shown when you try to
delete a directory which is not empty. Press the Yes
button to delete the directory recursively, the No button
to skip the directory, the alL button to delete all the
directories and the nonE button to skip all the non-empty
directories. You can abort the whole operation by pressing
the Abort button. If you selected the Yes or alL button
you will be asked for a confirmation. Type "yes" only if
you are really sure you want to do the recursive delete.

If you have tagged files and perform an operation on them
only the files on which the operation succeeded are
untagged. Failed and skipped files are left tagged.

[Mask Rename]
Mask Rename

The mask rename operation asks for a source mask and a
target mask. All the files matching the source mask are
renamed according to the target mask. If there are tagged
files, only the tagged files matching the source mask are
renamed.

Before each actual rename operation you are asked for
confirmation.

"Shell patterns on"

When the shell patterns option is on you can use the '*'
and '?' wildcards in the source mask. They work like they
do in the shell. In the target mask only the '*' and
'\<digit>' wildcards is allowed. The first '*' wildcard in
the target mask corresponds to the first wildcard group in
the source mask, the second '*' corresponds to the second
group and so on. The '\1' wildcard corresponds to the
first wildcard group in the source mask, the '\2' wildcard
corresponds to the second group and so on all the way up
to '\9'. The '\0' wildcard is the whole filename of the
source file.

Two examples:

If the source mask is "*.tar.gz", the target mask is
"*.tgz" and the file to be renamed is "foo.tar.gz", the
new name will be "foo.tgz".

Let's suppose you want to swap basename and extension so
that "file.c" will become "c.file" and so on. The source
mask for this is "*.*" and the target mask is "\2.\1".

"Shell patterns off"

When the shell patterns option is off the MC doesn't do
automatic grouping anymore. You must use '\(...\)'
expressions in the source mask to specify meaning for the
wildcards in the target mask. This is more flexible but
also reguires more typing. Otherwise target masks are
similar to the situation when the shell patterns option is
on.

Two examples:

If the source mask is "^\(.*\)\.tar\.gz$", the target mask
is "*.tgz" and the file to be renamed is "foo.tar.gz", the
new name will be "foo.tgz".

Let's suppose you want to swap basename and extension so
that "file.c" will become "c.file" and so on. The source
mask for this is "^\(.*\)\.\(.*\)$" and the target mask is
"\2.\1".

[Internal File Viewer]
Internal File Viewer

The internal file viewer provides two display modes: ASCII
and hex. To toggle between modes, use the F4 key. If you
have the GNU gzip program installed, it will be used to
automatically decompress the files on demand.

When in hex mode, the search function accepts text in
quotes as well as hexadecimal constants.

You can mix quoted text with constants like this: "String"
0xFE 0xBB "more text". Text between constants and quoted
text is just ignored.

On systems that provide the mmap(2) system call, the
program maps the file instead of loading it.

Here is a listing of the actions associated with each key
that the Midnight Commander handles in the internal file
viewer.

F1 Invoke the builtin hypertext help viewer.

F2 Toggle the wrap mode.

F4 Toggle the hex mode.

F6, /. Regular expression search.

F7 Normal search / hex mode search.

n, C-s. Continue search, or start normal search if there
was no previous search expression.

F8 Toggle automatic decompression.

F10, Esc. Exit the internal file viewer.

next-page, space, C-v. Scroll one page forward.

prev-page, M-v, C-b, backspace. Scroll one page backward.

down-key Scroll one line forward.

up-key Scroll one line backward.

C-l Refresh the screen.

[Colors]
Colors

The Midnight Commander provides a way to change the
default colors. Currently the colors are configured using
the environment variable MC_COLOR_TABLE or the Colors
section in the initialization file.

In the Colors section, the default color map is loaded
from the base_color variable. You can specify an alternate
color map for a terminal by using the terminal name as the
key in this section. Example:

[Colors]
base_color=
xterm=menu=magenta:marked=,magenta:markselect=,red

The format for the color definition is:

  <keyword>=<foregroundcolor>,<backgroundcolor>:<keyword>= ...

The colors are optional, and the keywords are: normal,
selected, marked, markselect, errors, menu, reverse and
the dialog colors are: dnormal, dfocus, dhotcolor,
dhotfocus.

The possible colors are: black, red, green, yellow, blue,
magenta, cyan and white.

If you are setting the colors from your private setup, you
would use this format:

colors=menu=magenta:marked=,magenta:markselect=,red

[Special Settings]
Special Settings

Most of the settings of the Midnight Commander can be
changed from the menus. However, there are a small number
of settings which can only be changed by editing the setup
file.

These variables may be set in your $HOME/.mc.ini file:

max_dirt_limit. Specifies how many screen updates can be
skipped at most in the internal file viewer. Normally this
value is not significant, because the code automatically
adjusts the number of updates to skip according to the
rate of incoming keypresses. However, on very slow
machines or terminals with a fast keyboard auto repeat, a
big value can make screen updates too jumpy. It seems that
setting max_dirt_limit to 10 causes the best behavior, and
that is the default value.

navigate_with_arrows. If this setting is turned on, then
you may use the arrows keys to automatically chdir if the
current selection is a subdirectory and the shell command
line is empty. By default, this setting is off.

confirm_view_dir. If you press F3 on a directory, normally
MC enters that directory. If this flag is set to 1, then
MC will ask for confirmation before changing the directory
if you have files tagged.

clear_before_exec. By default the Midnight Commander
clears the screen before executing a command. If you would
prefer to see the output of the command at the bottom of
the screen, edit your ~/mc.ini file and change the value
of the field clear_before_exec to 0.

drop_menus. If this variable is set, when you press the F9
key, the pull down menus will be activated, else, you will
only be presented with the menu title, and you will have
to select the entry with the arrow keys or the first
letter and from there select your option in the menu.

auto_mount. When this option is enabled, when changing
directory the Midnight Commander tries to mount the new
directory and unmount the previous directory. This is
useful to quickly browse through floppy disks.

The mounting and unmounting of directories is controlled
by the sections [auto-mount] and [auto-umount] in the
initialization file.

For example, to enable auto-mounting and auto-unmounting
of the directory /floppy, you need to add this to your
~/.mc.ini file:

[auto-mount]
/floppy = /sbin/mount
floppy = /sbin/mount

[auto-umount]
/floppy = /sbin/umount
floppy = /sbin/umount

In order to use this option, your mount program must allow
normal users to use the mount command. Under Linux-based
GNU systems, for the previous example, you need to add the
keyword user to the entry for /floppy in your /etc/fstab
file.

For example, my fstab entry looks like this:

/dev/fd0   /floppy   msdos   defaults,user

This option should not exist, it is just a quick hack to
let me browse through directories. It is preferable that
you use an automounter, unless you know exactly what
you're doing.

[]


[FILES]
FILES

/usr/local/lib/mc.hlp The help file for the program.

/usr/local/lib/mc.ext The default system-wide extensions
file.

$HOME/.mc.ext User's own extension file. If this file
exists, it is used instead of the system-wide extensions
file.

/usr/local/lib/mc.ini The default system-wide setup for
the Midnight Commander.

$HOME/.mc.ini User's own setup. If this file is present
then the setup is loaded from here instead of the
system-wide startup file.

/usr/local/lib/mc.menu This file contains the default
system-wide applications menu.

$HOME/.mc.menu User's own application menu. If this file
is present it is used instead of the system-wide
applications menu.

$HOME/.mc.tree The directory list for the directory tree
and tree view features. Each line is one entry. The lines
starting with a slash are full directory names. The lines
starting with a number have that many characters equal to
the previous directory. If you want you may create this
file by giving the command "find / -type d -print | sort >
~/.mc.tree". Normally there is no sense in doing it
because the Midnight Commander automatically updates this
file for you.

[AVAILABILITY]
AVAILABILITY

The latest version of this program can be found at
ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx in the directory /linux/local.[SEE ALSO]
SEE ALSO

ed(1), gpm(1), terminfo(1), view(1), sh(1), bash(1),
tcsh(1), zsh(1).

The Midnight Commander page on the World Wide Web:
	http://stekt.oulu.fi/~jtklehto/mc/

[AUTHORS]
AUTHORS

Miguel de Icaza (miguel@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx), Janne
Kukonlehto (jtklehto@paju.oulu.fi), Radek Doulik
(rodo@earn.cvut.cz), Fred Leeflang (fredl@nebula.ow.org),
Dugan Porter (dugan@b011.eunet.es), and Mauricio Plaza
(mok@roxanne.nuclecu.unam.mx) are the developers of this
package; Alessandro Rubini (rubini@ipvvis.unipv.it) has
been especially helpful debugging and enhancing the
program's mouse support, and the following people have
also contributed code and bug fixes (in alphabetical
order):

Jakub Jelinek <jelinek1@jfch.vc.cvut.cz>, Jean-Daniel
Luiset (luiset@cih.hcuge.ch), Jon Stevens
(root@dolphin.csudh.edu), Massimo Fontanelli
(MC8737@mclink.it), Thomas Pundt
(pundtt@math.uni-muenster.de), Torben Fjerdingstad
(tfj@olivia.ping.dk) and Vadim Sinolitis
(vvs@nsrd.npi.msu.su).

[BUGS]
BUGS

See the file TODO in the distribution for information on
what remains to be done.

[main]
 lqwqk     k           k     
 x x x .   x     .     x     
 x x x k lqu wqk k lqw tqk n 
 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 
 v   v v mqv v v v mqu v v mj
     qqqqqqCommanderqj 

This is the main help screen for the Midnight Commander. 

To learn more on how to use the interactive help facility
just tap enterHelp. You may like to go directly to the
help contentsContents.

The Midnight Commander is written by its authorsAUTHORS.

The Midnight Commander comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTYWarranty.
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute
it under certain conditionsLicense.
[License]

                GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                   Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation,
Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim
copies of this license document, but changing it is not
allowed.

                         Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away
your freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU
General Public License is intended to guarantee your
freedom to share and change free software--to make sure
the software is free for all its users.  This General
Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose
authors commit to using it.  (Some other Free Software
Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General
Public License instead.)  You can apply it to your
programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to
freedom, not price.  Our General Public Licenses are
designed to make sure that you have the freedom to
distribute copies of free software (and charge for this
service if you wish), that you receive source code or can
get it if you want it, that you can change the software or
use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know
you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions
that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you
to surrender the rights.  These restrictions translate to
certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies
of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program,
whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients
all the rights that you have.  You must make sure that
they, too, receive or can get the source code.  And you
must show them these terms so they know their rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the
software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you
legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the
software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to
make certain that everyone understands that there is no
warranty for this free software.  If the software is
modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
recipients to know that what they have is not the
original, so that any problems introduced by others will
not reflect on the original authors' reputations.

  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by
software patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that
redistributors of a free program will individually obtain
patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary.
To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent
must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed
at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying,
distribution and modification follow.

                GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
            TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
              DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

  0. This License applies to any program or other work
which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder
saying it may be distributed under the terms of this
General Public License.  The "Program", below, refers to
any such program or work, and a "work based on the
Program" means either the Program or any derivative work
under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the
Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
(Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation
in the term "modification".)  Each licensee is addressed
as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and
modification are not covered by this License; they are
outside its scope.  The act of running the Program is not
restricted, and the output from the Program is covered
only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the
Program).  Whether that is true depends on what the
Program does.

  1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the
Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium,
provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish
on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that
refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of
this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring
a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty
protection in exchange for a fee.

  2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or
any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or
work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you
also meet all of these conditions:

    a) You must cause the modified files to carry
prominent notices stating that you changed the files and
the date of any change.

    b) You must cause any work that you distribute or
publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived
from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a
whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of
this License.

    c) If the modified program normally reads commands
interactively when run, you must cause it, when started
running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way,
to print or display an announcement including an
appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no
warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and
that users may redistribute the program under these
conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of
this License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is
interactive but does not normally print such an
announcement, your work based on the Program is not
required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.
If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from
the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent
and separate works in themselves, then this License, and
its terms, do not apply to those sections when you
distribute them as separate works.  But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a
work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole
must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus
to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights
or contest your rights to work written entirely by you;
rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the
distribution of derivative or collective works based on
the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on
the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the
Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium
does not bring the other work under the scope of this
License.

  3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work
based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable
form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided
that you also do one of the following:

    a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding
machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,

    b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at
least three years, to give any third party, for a charge
no more than your cost of physically performing source
distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the
corresponding source code, to be distributed under the
terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily
used for software interchange; or,

    c) Accompany it with the information you received as
to the offer to distribute corresponding source code.
(This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
distribution and only if you received the program in
object code or executable form with such an offer, in
accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the
work for making modifications to it.  For an executable
work, complete source code means all the source code for
all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control
compilation and installation of the executable.  However,
as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include anything that is normally distributed (in
either source or binary form) with the major components
(compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on
which the executable runs, unless that component itself
accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by
offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equivalent access to copy the source code from
the same place counts as distribution of the source code,
even though third parties are not compelled to copy the
source along with the object code.

  4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute
the Program except as expressly provided under this
License.  Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from
you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full
compliance.

  5. You are not required to accept this License, since
you have not signed it.  However, nothing else grants you
permission to modify or distribute the Program or its
derivative works.  These actions are prohibited by law if
you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by modifying
or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to
do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on
it.

  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work
based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy,
distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms
and conditions.  You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
granted herein.  You are not responsible for enforcing
compliance by third parties to this License.

  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or
allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason
(not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on
you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that
contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinent
obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute
the Program at all.  For example, if a patent license
would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the
Program by all those who receive copies directly or
indirectly through you, then the only way you could
satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain
entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or
unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the
balance of the section is intended to apply and the
section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to
infringe any patents or other property right claims or to
contest validity of any such claims; this section has the
sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free
software distribution system, which is implemented by
public license practices.  Many people have made generous
contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application
of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if
he or she is willing to distribute software through any
other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is
believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is
restricted in certain countries either by patents or by
copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who
places the Program under this License may add an explicit
geographical distribution limitation excluding those
countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or
among countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this License.

  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised
and/or new versions of the General Public License from
time to time.  Such new versions will be similar in spirit
to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If
the Program specifies a version number of this License
which applies to it and "any later version", you have the
option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a
version number of this License, you may choose any version
ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into
other free programs whose distribution conditions are
different, write to the author to ask for permission.  For
software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we
sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be
guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the
sharing and reuse of software generally.

[Warranty]
                       NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE,
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT
PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED
IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

  12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR
AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY
OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM
AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY
TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED
BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO
OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR
OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.

               END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

      How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of
the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to
achieve this is to make it free software which everyone
can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.
It is safest to attach them to the start of each source
file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty;
and each file should have at least the "copyright" line
and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of 
what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy  <name of author>

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
License as published by the Free Software Foundation;
either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will
be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the
implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General
Public License along with this program; if not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic
and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short
notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should
show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.
Of course, the commands you use may be called something
other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be
mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a
programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright
disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.  Here is a
sample; alter the names:

  Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest
in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at
compilers) written by James Hacker.

  <signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
  Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating
your program into proprietary programs.  If your program
is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful
to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU
Library General Public License instead of this License.

[QueryBox]

In the query dialog box you can use the arrow keys or the
first letter to select an item or click with the mouse on
the button.

[Help]
How to use help

You can use the cursor keys or mouse to navigate in the
help viewer.

Press down arrow to move to the next item or scroll down.
Press up arrow to move to the previous item or scroll up.
Press right arrow to follow the current link.
Press left arrow to go back in the history of nodes that
you have visited.

If you terminal doesn't support the cursor keys you can
use the space bar to scroll forward and the 'b' key scroll
back. Use the TAB key to move to the next item and press
ENTER to follow the current link. The 'l' (last) key may
be used to go back in the history of nodes that you have
visited. Press ESC to exit the help viewer.

The left mouse button will follow the link or scroll. The
right mouse button can be used to go back in the history
of nodes.

The full key list of the help viewer:

General movement keysGeneral Movement Keys are accepted.

tab           Move to the next item.
M-tab         Move to the previous item.
down          Move to the next item or scroll a line down.
up            Move to the previous item or scroll a line up.
right, enter  Follow the current link.
left, l       Go back in the history of visited nodes.
F1            Show the help for the help viewer.
n             Go to the next node.
p             Go to the previous node.
c             Go to the Contents node.
F10, esc      Exit the help viewer.


Local variables:
fill-column: 58
end:
