







                   EExx//VVii RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall

                        _K_e_i_t_h _B_o_s_t_i_c

                 Computer Science Division
 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
             University of California, Berkeley
                Berkeley, California  94720

                       March 8, 1995



                          _A_b_s_t_r_a_c_t




     This document is the reference guide for the 4.4BSD
implementations of nneexx/nnvvii, which are  reimplementations
of the historic Berkeley eexx/vvii editors.





                      _A_c_k_n_o_w_l_e_d_g_e_m_e_n_t_s




     Bruce  Englar  encouraged  the early development of
the historic eexx/vvii editor.  Peter Kessler  helped  bring
sanity  to  version  2's command layout.  Bill Joy wrote
versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created  the  frame-
work  that users see in the present editor.  Mark Horton
added macros and other features and made eexx/vvii work on a
large number of terminals and Unix systems.

     NNvvii is originally derived from software contributed
to the University of California, Berkeley by Steve Kirk-
endall, the author of the vvii clone eellvviiss.

     IEEE  Standard  Portable Operating System Interface
for Computer Environments (POSIX) 1003.2  style  Regular
Expression support was done by Henry Spencer.

     The  curses  library  was  originally  done  by Ken
Arnold.  Scrolling and reworking for  nnvvii  was  done  by
Elan Amir.















     The  Institute  of Electrical and Electronics Engi-
neers has given us permission  to  reprint  portions  of
their  documentation.   Portions  of  this  document are
reprinted and reproduced from IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, IEEE
Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Comput-
er Environments (POSIX), copyright 1992 by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

     The  financial support of UUNET Communications Ser-
vices is gratefully acknowledged.








Copyright (c) 1991, 1993, 1994
     The Regents  of  the  University  of  California.   All
Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1994, 1995
     Keith Bostic.  All Rights Reserved.







































NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--33


11..  DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii  is  a  screen  oriented text editor.  EExx is a line-
oriented text editor.  EExx and vvii are different interfaces to
the  same  program,  and  it  is possible to switch back and
forth during an edit session.  VViieeww  is  the  equivalent  of
using the --RR (read-only) option of vvii.

     This  reference  manual  is  the  one provided with the
nneexx/nnvvii versions of the eexx/vvii  text  editors.   NNeexx/nnvvii  are
intended  as  bug-for-bug  compatible  replacements  for the
original Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD)  eexx/vvii
programs.   This reference manual is accompanied by a tradi-
tional-style manual page.  That manual  page  describes  the
functionality  found  in  eexx/vvii  in far less detail than the
description here.  In  addition,  it  describes  the  system
interface  to  eexx/vvii,  e.g.  command  line  options, session
recovery,  signals,  environmental  variables,  and  similar
things.

     This  reference  is intended for users already familiar
with eexx/vvii.  Anyone else should almost certainly read a good
tutorial  on  the editor first.  If you are in an unfamiliar
environment, and you absolutely have to get work done  imme-
diately, see the section entitled "FFaasstt SSttaarrttuupp" in the man-
ual page.  It is probably enough to get you started.

     There are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not  found
in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the more interesting
of those features are briefly described in the section enti-
tled  "AAddddiittiioonnaall  FFeeaattuurreess"  near the end of this document.
For the rest of this document, nneexx/nnvvii is used only when  it
is necessary to distinguish it from the historic implementa-
tions of eexx/vvii.

     Future versions of this software will  be  periodically
made  available  by anonymous ftp, and can be retrieved from
ffttpp..ccss..bbeerrkkeelleeyy..eedduu, in the directory uuccbb//44bbssdd.

22..  SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

     EExx/vvii interprets  one  of  two  possible  environmental
variables  and reads up to three of five possible files dur-
ing startup.  The variables and files are expected  to  con-
tain  eexx  commands,  not vvii commands.  In addition, they are
interpreted _b_e_f_o_r_e the file to be edited is read, and there-
fore  many eexx commands may not be used.  Generally, any com-
mand that requires output to the screen or that needs a file
upon  which to operate, will cause an error if included in a
startup file or environmental variable.

     Because the eexx command set supported by  nneexx/nnvvii  is  a
superset  of  the  command  set supported by most historical










UUSSDD::1133--44                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


implementations of eexx, nneexx/nnvvii can  use  the  startup  files
created for the historical implementations, but the converse
may not be true.

     If the --ss (the historic - option) is specified,  or  if
standard  input is redirected from a file, all environmental
variables and startup files are ignored.

     Otherwise, startup files  and  environmental  variables
are handled in the following order:

 (1)   The file //eettcc//vvii..eexxrrcc is read, as long as it is owned
       by root or the effective user ID of the user.

 (2)   The environmental variable NNEEXXIINNIITT (or  the  variable
       EEXXIINNIITT, if NNEEXXIINNIITT is not set) is interpreted.

 (3)   If  neither  NNEEXXIINNIITT  or EEXXIINNIITT was set, and the HHOOMMEE
       environmental variable is set, the file  $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc
       (or  the  file  $$HHOOMMEE//..eexxrrcc, if $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc does not
       exist) is read, as long as the effective user  ID  of
       the  user  is root or is the same as the owner of the
       file.

 (4)   If the eexxrrcc option was turned on by one of the previ-
       ous  startup information sources, the file ..nneexxrrcc (or
       the file ..eexxrrcc, if ..nneexxrrcc does not exist) is read, as
       long as the effective user ID of the user is the same
       as the owner of the file.

     No startup file is read if it  is  writable  by  anyone
other than its owner.

     It is not an error for any of the startup environmental
variables or files not to exist.

     Once all environmental variables are  interpreted,  and
all  startup  files are read, the first file to be edited is
read in (or a temporary file is created).   Then,  any  com-
mands  specified  using  the  --cc option are executed, in the
context of that file.

33..  RReeccoovveerryy

     There is no recovery  program  for  nneexx/nnvvii,  nor  does
nneexx/nnvvii run setuid.  Recovery files are created readable and
writable by the owner only.   Users  may  recover  any  file
which  they can read, and the superuser may recover any edit
session.

     Edit sessions are backed  by  files  in  the  directory
named     by    the    rreeccddiirr    option    (the    directory
//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr by default), and are named  "vvii..XXXXXXXXXXXX",










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--55


where  "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is a number related to the process ID.  When
a file is first modified, a second recovery file  containing
an  email  message  for  the  user  is created, and is named
"rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX", where, again, "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is associated  with
the process ID.  Both files are removed at the end of a nor-
mal edit session, but will remain if  the  edit  session  is
abnormally  terminated or the user runs the eexx pprreesseerrvvee com-
mand.

     The rreeccddiirr option may be set in either  the  user's  or
system's  startup  information, changing the recovery direc-
tory.  (Note, however, that if a memory based file system is
used as the backup directory, each system reboot will delete
all of the recovery files!   The  same  caution  applies  to
directories such as //ttmmpp which are cleared of their contents
by a  system  reboot,  or  //uussrr//ttmmpp  which  is  periodically
cleared of old files on many systems.)

     The  recovery  directory should be owned by root, or at
least by a pseudo-user.  In addition, if directory  "sticky-
bit"  semantics are available, the directory should have the
sticky-bit set so that files may only be  removed  by  their
owners.   The  recovery  directory  must be read, write, and
executable by any user, i.e. mode 1777.

     If the recovery directory does not  exist,  eexx/vvii  will
attempt  to  create  it.   This  can  result in the recovery
directory being owned by a normal  user,  which  means  that
that  user  will be able to remove other user's recovery and
backup files.  This is annoying, but is not a security issue
as the user cannot otherwise access or modify the files.

     The  recovery file has all of the necessary information
in it to enable the user to recover the  edit  session.   In
addition,  it  has  all  of  the necessary email headers for
_s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l(8).  When the system is rebooted, all of the  files
in //vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr named "rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX" should be sent
to their owners, by email, using the --tt option  of  sseennddmmaaiill
(or  a  similar  mechanism  in  other  mailers).   If  eexx/vvii
receives a hangup (SIGHUP) signal, or the user executes  the
eexx  pprreesseerrvvee  command,  eexx/vvii  will  automatically email the
recovery information to the user.

     If your system does not have the sseennddmmaaiill utility (or a
mailer program which supports its interface) the source file
nnvvii//ccoommmmoonn//rreeccoovveerr..cc will have to be modified  to  use  your
local  mail  delivery programs.  Note, if nneexx/nnvvii is changed
to use another mailer, it is important to remember that  the
owner  of  the file given to the mailer is the nneexx/nnvvii user,
so nothing in the file should be trusted as it may have been
modified in an effort to compromise the system.












UUSSDD::1133--66                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     Finally,  the  owner execute bit is set on backup files
when they are created, and unset when they are  first  modi-
fied, e.g. backup files that have no associated email recov-
ery file will have this bit set.  (There  is  also  a  small
window  where  empty  files  can be created and not yet have
this bit set.  This is due to the method in which the  files
are  created.)  Such files should be deleted when the system
reboots.

     A simple way to do this cleanup is to insert  the  fol-
lowing Bourne shell script into your //eettcc//rrcc..llooccaall (or other
startup) file.  The script should  work  with  the  historic
Bourne  shell,  a  POSIX 1003.2 shell or the Korn shell.  (A
copy     of     this     script     is      included      as
nnvvii//iinnssttaallll//rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt in the nneexx/nnvvii distribution.)
















































NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--77


    ##    @@((##))rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt  88..77 ((BBeerrkkeelleeyy)) 88//1166//9944
    ##
    ## SSccrriipptt ttoo rreeccoovveerr nnvvii eeddiitt sseessssiioonnss..
    ##
    RREECCDDIIRR==//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr
    SSEENNDDMMAAIILL==//uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill
    eecchhoo ''RReeccoovveerriinngg nnvvii eeddiittoorr sseessssiioonnss..''

    ## CChheecckk eeddiittoorr bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess..
    vviibbaacckkuupp==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**``
    iiff [[ ""$$vviibbaacckkuupp"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**"" ]];; tthheenn
         ffoorr ii iinn $$vviibbaacckkuupp;; ddoo
              ## OOnnllyy tteesstt ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree rreeaaddaabbllee..
              iiff tteesstt !! --rr $$ii;; tthheenn
                   ccoonnttiinnuuee
              ffii

              ## UUnnmmooddiiffiieedd nnvvii eeddiittoorr bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess eeiitthheerr hhaavvee tthhee
              ## eexxeeccuuttee bbiitt sseett oorr aarree zzeerroo lleennggtthh..  DDeelleettee tthheemm..
              iiff tteesstt --xx $$ii --oo !! --ss $$ii;; tthheenn
                   rrmm $$ii
              ffii
         ddoonnee
    ffii

    ## IItt iiss ppoossssiibbllee ttoo ggeett iinnccoommpplleettee rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess,, iiff tthhee eeddiittoorr ccrraasshheess
    ## aatt tthhee rriigghhtt ttiimmee..
    vviirreeccoovveerryy==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**``
    iiff [[ ""$$vviirreeccoovveerryy"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**"" ]];; tthheenn
         ffoorr ii iinn $$vviirreeccoovveerryy;; ddoo
              ## OOnnllyy tteesstt ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree rreeaaddaabbllee..
              iiff tteesstt !! --rr $$ii;; tthheenn
                   ccoonnttiinnuuee
              ffii

              ## DDeelleettee aannyy rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree zzeerroo lleennggtthh,, ccoorrrruupptteedd,,
              ## oorr tthhaatt hhaavvee nnoo ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg bbaacckkuupp ffiillee..  EEllssee sseenndd mmaaiill
              ## ttoo tthhee uusseerr..
              rreeccffiillee==``aawwkk ''//^^XX--vvii--rreeccoovveerr--ppaatthh:://{{pprriinntt $$22}}'' << $$ii``
              iiff tteesstt --nn ""$$rreeccffiillee"" --aa --ss ""$$rreeccffiillee"";; tthheenn
                   $$SSEENNDDMMAAIILL --tt << $$ii
              eellssee
                   rrmm $$ii
              ffii
         ddoonnee
    ffii



     If  you  are not using the default value for the rreeccddiirr
option, be sure to substitute the value you're using for the
RREECCDDIIRR value in the recovery script.











UUSSDD::1133--88                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     If the path of your system's sseennddmmaaiill program (or what-
ever mailer you're using) is not //uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill, be  sure
to substitute the correct pathname for the SSEENNDDMMAAIILL value in
the recovery script.  Consult the manual page for details on
recovering preserved or aborted editing sessions.

44..  SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn

     The  size of the screen can be set in a number of ways.
EExx/vvii takes the following steps until  values  are  obtained
for  both  the  number  of rows and number of columns in the
screen.

 (1)   If the environmental variable  LLIINNEESS  exists,  it  is
       used to specify the number of rows in the screen.

 (2)   If  the  environmental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS exists, it is
       used to specify the number of columns in the  screen.

 (3)   The  TIOCGWINSZ _i_o_c_t_l(2) is attempted on the standard
       error file descriptor.

 (4)   The termcap entry (or  terminfo  entry  on  System  V
       machines)  is  checked  for the "li" entry (rows) and
       the "co" entry (columns).

 (5)   The number of rows is set to 24, and  the  number  of
       columns is set to 80.

     If  a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is received,
the new  window  size  is  retrieved  using  the  TIOCGWINSZ
_i_o_c_t_l(2) call, and all other information is ignored.

55..  CChhaarraacctteerr DDiissppllaayy

     In  both  eexx  and vvii printable characters as defined by
_i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3) are displayed using the local character set.

     Non-printable characters, for which _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3)  returns
true,  and  which are less than octal \076, are displayed as
the string "^^<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>", where <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is the  charac-
ter  that  is the original character's value offset from the
"@@" character.  For example, the  octal  character  \001  is
displayed as "^^AA".  If _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns true for the octal
character \177, it is displayed as  the  string  "^^??".   All
other characters are displayed as either hexadecimal values,
in the form "00xx<<hhiigghh--hhaallffbbyyttee>> ...... 00xx<<llooww--hhaallffbbyyttee>>", or  as
octal  values,  in  the  form  "\\<<hhiigghh--oonnee--oorr--ttwwoo--bbiittss>>  ......
\\<<llooww--tthhrreeee--bbiittss>>".  The display of  unknown  characters  is
based on the value of the ooccttaall option.

     In  vvii command mode, the cursor is always positioned on
the last column of characters which take up  more  than  one










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                   UUSSDD::1133--99


column  on the screen.  In vvii text input mode, the cursor is
positioned on the first column of characters which  take  up
more than one column on the screen.

66..  MMuullttiippllee SSccrreeeennss

     NNvvii  supports  multiple  screens by dividing the window
into regions.  It also supports stacks of screens by permit-
ting  the  user  to  change the set of screens that are cur-
rently displayed.

     The EEddiitt, EExx, NNeexxtt, PPrreevviioouuss, TTaagg  and  VViissuuaall  (in  vvii
mode) commands divide the current screen into two regions of
approximately equal size and then perform their usual action
in a new screen area.  If the cursor is in the lower half of
the screen, the screen will split up, i.e.  the  new  screen
will  be  above  the old one.  If the cursor is in the upper
half of the screen, the new screen will  be  below  the  old
one.

     When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in
any screen are reflected in all other  screens  editing  the
same  file.  Exiting a screen without saving any changes (or
explicitly discarding them)  is  permitted  until  the  last
screen editing the file is exited, at which time the changes
must be saved or discarded.

     The  rreessiizzee  command  permits  resizing  of  individual
screens.  Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute
number of rows.

     The ^^WW command is used to switch between screens.  Each
^^WW  moves  to the next lower screen in the window, or to the
first screen in the window if there are no lower screens.

     The bbgg command "backgrounds" the current  screen.   The
screen  disappears from the window, and the rows it occupied
are taken over by a neighboring screen.  It is an  error  to
attempt to background the only screen in the window.

     The  ddiissppllaayy  ssccrreeeennss command displays the names of the
files associated with the current  backgrounded  screens  in
the window.

     The ffgg [[ffiillee]] command "foregrounds" the first screen in
the list of backgrounded screens that is associated with its
argument.   If  no  file  argument  is  specified, the first
screen on the list is foregrounded.  Foregrounding  consists
of backgrounding the current screen, and replacing its space
in the window with the foregrounded screen.

     If the last screen in the window is exited,  and  there
are  backgrounded  screens,  the first screen on the list of










UUSSDD::1133--1100                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


backgrounded screens takes over the window.

77..  RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaacceemmeenntt SSttrriinnggss

     Regular expressions are used in line addresses, as  the
first part of the eexx ssuubbssttiittuuttee, gglloobbaall, and vv commands, and
in search patterns.

     The regular expressions  supported  by  eexx/vvii  are,  by
default,  the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described in
the IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2.  The eexxtteennddeedd option  causes
all  regular  expressions  to be interpreted as the Extended
Regular Expressions (ERE's) described by the same  standard.
(See  _r_e___f_o_r_m_a_t(7)  for more information.)  Generally speak-
ing, BRE's are the Regular Expressions found  in  _e_d(1)  and
_g_r_e_p(1),  and  ERE's  are  the  Regular Expressions found in
_e_g_r_e_p(1).

     The following is not intended to provide a  description
of Regular Expressions.  The information here only describes
strings and characters which have special  meanings  in  the
eexx/vvii  version of RE's, or options which change the meanings
of characters that normally have special meanings in RE's.

 (1)   An empty RE (e.g.  "////" or "????"  is equivalent to the
       last RE used.

 (2)   The construct "\\<<" matches the beginning of a word.

 (3)   The construct "\\>>" matches the end of a word.

 (4)   The character "~~" matches the replacement part of the
       last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.

     When the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set, the  only  characters
with  special  meanings are a "^^" character at the beginning
of an RE, a "$$" character at the  end  of  an  RE,  and  the
escaping  character  "\\".   The characters "..", "**", "[[" and
"~~" are treated as ordinary characters unless preceded by  a
"\\";  when preceded by a "\\" they regain their special mean-
ing.

     Replacement strings are the second part of a ssuubbssttiittuuttee
command.

     The  character  "&&" (or "\\&&" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t
set) in the replacement string stands for the  text  matched
by  the  RE  that  is being replaced.  The character "~~" (or
"\\~~" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set) stands for the replace-
ment  part  of  the previous ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.  It is only
valid after a ssuubbssttiittuuttee command has been performed.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1111


     The string "\\##", where "##" is an integer value  from  1
to  9,  stands for the text matched by the portion of the RE
enclosed in the "##"'th  set  of  escaped  parentheses,  e.g.
"\\(("  and  "\\))".   For example, "ss//aabbcc\\((..**\\))ddeeff//\\11//" deletes
the strings "aabbcc" and "ddeeff" from the matched pattern.

     The strings "\\ll", "\\uu", "\\LL" and "\\UU" can  be  used  to
modify  the case of elements in the replacement string.  The
string "\\ll" causes the next character  to  be  converted  to
lowercase;  the  string "\\uu" behaves similarly, but converts
to uppercase (e.g.  ss//aabbcc//\\UU&&// replaces the string aabbcc  with
AABBCC).   The  strings "\\LL" causes characters up to the end of
the string or the next occurrence of  the  strings  "\\ee"  or
"\\EE"  to  be converted to lowercase; the string "\\UU" behaves
similarly, but converts to uppercase.

     If the entire replacement pattern is "%%", then the last
replacement pattern is used again.

     In  vvii,  inserting  a  <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> into the replacement
string will cause the matched line  to  be  split  into  two
lines at that point.  (The <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> will be discarded.)

88..  GGeenneerraall EEddiittoorr DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     When  eexx or vvii are executed, the text of a file is read
(or a temporary file  is  created),  and  then  all  editing
changes  happen  within the context of the copy of the file.
_N_o _c_h_a_n_g_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t _t_h_e _a_c_t_u_a_l _f_i_l_e _u_n_t_i_l _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _i_s  _w_r_i_t_t_e_n
_o_u_t,  either  using a write command or another command which
is affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

     All files are locked (using the  _f_l_o_c_k(2)  or  _f_c_n_t_l(2)
interfaces)  during the edit session, to avoid inadvertently
making modifications to multiple copies of the file.   If  a
lock  cannot  be obtained for a file because it is locked by
another process, the edit session is read-only  (as  if  the
rreeaaddoonnllyy  option  or  the --RR flag had been specified).  If a
lock cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit  session
will  continue,  but  the  file  status information (see the
<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>> command) will reflect this fact.

     Both eexx and vvii are modeful editors, i.e. they have  two
modes,  "command" mode and "text input" mode.  The former is
intended to permit you  to  enter  commands  which  modifies
already existing text.  The latter is intended to permit you
to enter new text.  When eexx first starts running, it  is  in
command  mode, and usually displays a prompt (see the pprroommpptt
option for more information).  The prompt is a single  colon
("::")  character.   There  are three commands that switch eexx
into text input mode: aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee and  iinnsseerrtt.   Once  in
input  mode, entering a line containing only a single period
("..")  ends text input mode and  returns  to  command  mode,










UUSSDD::1133--1122                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


where the prompt is redisplayed.

     When  vvii first starts running, it is in command mode as
well.  There are eleven commands that switch  vvii  into  text
input  mode:  AA,  aa,  CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo, RR, SS and ss.  Once in
input mode, entering an <<eessccaappee>> character ends  text  input
mode and returns to command mode.

     EExx/vvii  present  three different interfaces to editing a
file.  EExx presents a line oriented interface.  VVii presents a
full  screen  display  oriented  interface,  also  known  as
"visual mode".  In addition, there is a  third  mode,  "open
mode",  which is line oriented, but supports cursor movement
and editing within the displayed line, similarly  to  visual
mode.  Open mode is not yet implemented in nnvvii.

     The  following  words have special meanings in both the
eexx and vvii command descriptions:

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     The interrupt character is used to interrupt  the  cur-
     rent operation.  Normally <<ccoonnttrrooll--CC>>, whatever charac-
     ter is set for the current terminal is used.

<<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
     The literal next character is used to escape the subse-
     quent character from any special meaning.  This charac-
     ter is always <<ccoonnttrrooll--VV>>.  If the terminal is not  set
     up  to  do  XON/XOFF  flow control, then <<ccoonnttrrooll--QQ>> is
     used to mean literal next as well.

ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee
     The pathname of the file currently being edited by  vi.
     When the percent character ("%%") appears in a file name
     entered as part  of  an  eexx  command  argument,  it  is
     replaced  by  the current pathname.  (The "%%" character
     can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.)

aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammee
     The name of the last file name mentioned in an eexx  com-
     mand,  or,  the  previous  current pathname if the last
     file mentioned becomes the current file.  When the hash
     mark  character ("##") appears in a file name entered as
     part of an eexx command argument, it is replaced  by  the
     alternate  pathname.  (The "##" character can be escaped
     by preceding it with a backslash.)

bbuuffffeerr
     One of a number of named areas  for  saving  copies  of
     text.  Commands that change or delete text can save the
     changed or deleted text into  a  specific  buffer,  for
     later use, if the command allows it (i.e. the eexx cchhaannggee
     command  cannot  save  the  changed  text  in  a  named










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--1133


     buffer).   Buffers  are  named with a single character,
     preceded by a double quote, e.g.   ""<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>  in  vvii
     and without the double quote, e.g.  <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>, in eexx.
     (The  double  quote  isn't  necessary  for  eexx  because
     buffers names are denoted by their position in the com-
     mand line.)  Historic implementations of eexx/vvii  limited
     <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>  to  the  alphanumeric  characters; nneexx/nnvvii
     permits the use of any character without another  mean-
     ing in the position where a buffer name is expected.

     Buffers  named  by uppercase characters are the same as
     buffers named by lowercase characters, e.g. the  buffer
     named  by  the English character "AA" is the same as the
     buffer named by the character "aa", with  the  exception
     that, if the buffer contents are being changed (as with
     a text deletion or vvii  cchhaannggee  command),  the  text  is
     _a_p_p_e_n_d_e_d  to  the buffer, instead of replacing the cur-
     rent contents.

     The  buffers  named  by  the  numeric  characters   (in
     English, "11" through "99"), are special.  If a region of
     text including characters from more than one line, or a
     single  line of text specified by using a line-oriented
     motion, is changed or deleted in the file using the  vvii
     cchhaannggee or ddeelleettee commands, a copy of the text is placed
     into the numeric buffer "11",  regardless  of  the  user
     specifying  another  buffer  in  which  to save it.  In
     addition, there are a few commands which, when used  as
     a mmoottiioonn with the vvii cchhaannggee and ddeelleettee commands, _a_l_w_a_y_s
     copy the specified region  of  text  into  the  numeric
     buffers  regardless  of the region including characters
     from more than one line.  These commands are:


      <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>   %%   ((   ))
     ``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>   //   ??   NN
                nn   {{   }}


     Before this copy is  done,  the  previous  contents  of
     buffer  "11"  are moved into buffer "22", "22" into buffer
     "33", and so on.  The contents of buffer  "99"  are  dis-
     carded.   In vvii, text may be explicitly stored into the
     numeric buffers.  In this  case,  the  buffer  rotation
     described  above  occurs  before the replacement of the
     buffer's contents.  The numeric buffers are only avail-
     able  in  vviissuuaall and ooppeenn modes, and are not accessible
     by eexx in any way, although changed and deleted text  is
     still stored there while in eexx mode.

     When  a vvii command synopsis shows both a [[bbuuffffeerr]] and a
     [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order.











UUSSDD::1133--1144                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     Finally, all buffers are either "line"  or  "character"
     oriented.   All  eexx  commands  which  store  text  into
     buffers are line  oriented.   Some  vvii  commands  which
     store text into buffers are line oriented, and some are
     character oriented; the description for each applicable
     vvii command notes whether text copied into buffers using
     the command is line or character  oriented.   In  addi-
     tion,  the vvii command ddiissppllaayy bbuuffffeerrss displays the cur-
     rent orientation for each buffer.  Generally, the  only
     importance  attached to this orientation is that if the
     buffer is subsequently inserted  into  the  text,  line
     oriented buffers create new lines for each of the lines
     they contain, and character oriented buffers create new
     lines for any lines _o_t_h_e_r than the first and last lines
     they contain.  The first and last  lines  are  inserted
     into  the text at the current cursor position, becoming
     part of the current line.  If there is  more  than  one
     line  in  the  buffer, however, the current line itself
     will be split.

uunnnnaammeedd bbuuffffeerr
     The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used
     by  commands  that  use  or operate on a buffer when no
     buffer is specified by the user.  If the command stores
     text into a buffer, the text is stored into the unnamed
     buffer even if a buffer is also specified by the  user,
     It  is  not  possible  to  append  text  to the unnamed
     buffer.  If text is appended to  a  named  buffer,  the
     named  buffer contains both the old and new text, while
     the unnamed buffer contains only the new  text.   There
     is no way to explicitly reference the unnamed buffer.

     Historically,  the  contents of the unnamed buffer were
     discarded by many different commands,  even  ones  that
     didn't  store text into it.  NNeexx/nnvvii never discards the
     contents of the unnamed buffer until new text  replaces
     them.

wwhhiitteessppaaccee
     The characters <tab> and <space>.

<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
     The  character  represented  by  an  ASCII <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>.
     This character is almost always treated identically  to
     a  <<nneewwlliinnee>>  character,  but differs in that it can be
     escaped into the file text or into a command.

<<nneewwlliinnee>>
     The character  represented  by  an  ASCII  <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>.
     This  character is almost always treated identically to
     a <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>> character, but differs in that it  cannot
     be escaped into the file text or into a command.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1155


99..  VVii DDeessccrriippttiioonn

     VVii  takes  up  the  entire screen to display the edited
file, except for the bottom line of the screen.  The  bottom
line  of the screen is used to enter eexx commands, and for vvii
error and informational messages.  If no  other  information
is being displayed, the default display can show the current
cursor row and cursor column, an indication of  whether  the
file  has been modified, and the current mode of the editor.
See the rruulleerr and sshhoowwmmooddee options for more information.

     Empty lines do not have any special  representation  on
the  screen,  but  lines  on the screen that would logically
come after the end of the file are  displayed  as  a  single
tilde ("~~") character.  To differentiate between empty lines
and lines consisting of only whitespace characters, use  the
lliisstt  option.  Historically, implementations of vvii have also
displayed some lines as single  asterisk  ("@@")  characters.
These  were  lines  that  were not correctly displayed, i.e.
lines on the screen that did not correspond to lines in  the
file,  or lines that did not fit on the current screen.  NNvvii
never displays lines in this fashion.

     VVii is a modeful editor, i.e. it has  two  modes,  "com-
mand"  mode and "text input" mode.  When vvii first starts, it
is in command mode.  There are several commands that  change
vvii  into text input mode.  The <<eessccaappee>> character is used to
resolve the text input into the file,  and  exit  back  into
command  mode.   In  vvii  command  mode, the cursor is always
positioned on the last column of characters  which  take  up
more than one column on the screen.  In vvii text insert mode,
the cursor is positioned on the first column  of  characters
which take up more than one column on the screen.

     When  positioning  the cursor to a new line and column,
the type of movement is defined by the distance to  the  new
cursor  position.   If the new position is close, the screen
is scrolled to the new location.  If the new position is far
away, the screen is repainted so that the new position is on
the screen.  If the screen is scrolled, it is moved a  mini-
mal  amount,  and the cursor line will usually appear at the
top or bottom of the screen.  If the  screen  is  repainted,
the  cursor  line  will  appear in the center of the screen,
unless the cursor is sufficiently close to the beginning  or
end  of the file that this isn't possible.  If the lleeffttrriigghhtt
option is set, the screen may be scrolled or repainted in  a
horizontal direction as well as in a vertical one.

     A  major difference between the historical vvii presenta-
tion and nnvvii is in the scrolling and screen  oriented  posi-
tion  commands, <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>, <<ccoonn--
ttrrooll--FF>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>, HH, LL and MM.  In  histori-
cal  implementations of vvii, these commands acted on physical










UUSSDD::1133--1166                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


(as opposed to logical, or screen) lines.   For  lines  that
were  sufficiently  long  in  relation  to  the  size of the
screen, this meant that single line  scroll  commands  might
repaint  the  entire screen, scrolling or screen positioning
commands might not change the screen or move the  cursor  at
all,  and  some  lines  simply  could not be displayed, even
though vvii would edit the file that contained them.  In  nnvvii,
these  commands  act on logical, i.e. screen lines.  You are
unlikely to notice any difference  unless  you  are  editing
files with lines significantly longer than a screen width.

     VVii  keeps track of the currently "most attractive" cur-
sor position.  Each command description (for  commands  that
alter  the current cursor position), specifies if the cursor
is set to a specific location in the line, or if it is moved
to  the "most attractive cursor position".  The latter means
that the cursor is moved to the cursor position that is hor-
izontally  as  close as possible to the current cursor posi-
tion.  If the current line is shorter than the cursor  posi-
tion  vvii  would select, the cursor is positioned on the last
character in the line.  (If the line is empty, the cursor is
positioned  on  the first column of the line.)  If a command
moves the cursor to the most attractive  position,  it  does
not  alter  the  current  cursor  position, and a subsequent
movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that posi-
tion.  Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than
the currently most attractive position will cause the cursor
to  move to the end of that line, a subsequent movement to a
longer line will cause the cursor to move back to  the  most
attractive position.

     In  addition,  the $$ command makes the end of each line
the most attractive cursor position rather than  a  specific
column.

     Each  vvii command described below notes where the cursor
ends up after it is executed.  This position is described in
terms of characters on the line, i.e.  "the previous charac-
ter", or, "the last character in  the  line".   This  is  to
avoid  needing  to  continually refer to on what part of the
character the cursor rests.

     The following words have special meaning  for  vvii  com-
mands.

pprreevviioouuss ccoonntteexxtt
     The  position  of  the  cursor before the command which
     caused the last absolute movement was  executed.   Each
     vvii  command  described in the next section that is con-
     sidered an absolute movement is so noted.  In addition,
     specifying  _a_n_y  address to an eexx command is considered
     an absolute movement.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1177


mmoottiioonn
     A second vvii command can be used as an optional trailing
     argument  to the vvii <<, >>, !!, cc, dd, yy, and (depending on
     the ttiillddeeoopp option) ~~ commands.  This command indicates
     the  end  of  the region of text that's affected by the
     command.  The motion command may be either the  command
     character  repeated (in which case it means the current
     line) or a cursor  movement  command.   In  the  latter
     case,  the  region  affected by the command is from the
     starting or stopping cursor position which comes  first
     in  the  file,  to  immediately  before the starting or
     stopping cursor position which comes later in the file.
     Commands  that operate on lines instead of using begin-
     ning and ending cursor positions operate on all of  the
     lines  that  are wholly or partially in the region.  In
     addition, some  other  commands  become  line  oriented
     depending on where in the text they are used.  The com-
     mand descriptions below note these special cases.

     The following commands may all be used as motion compo-
     nents for vvii commands:


     <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>    <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>   <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>   <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>    <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>       <<ssppaaccee>>             $$
               %%   ''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>             ((             ))
               ++              ,,             --             //
               00              ;;             ??             BB
               EE              FF             GG             HH
               LL              MM             NN             TT
               WW             [[[[            ]]]]             ^^
               __   ``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>             bb             ee
               ff              hh             jj             kk
               ll              nn             tt             ww
               {{              ||             }}


     The  optional count prefix available for some of the vvii
     commands that take motion commands, or the count prefix
     available  for  the vvii commands that are used as motion
     components, may be included and  is  _a_l_w_a_y_s  considered
     part of the motion argument.  For example, the commands
     "cc22ww" and "22ccww" are equivalent, and the region affected
     by the cc command is two words of text.  In addition, if
     the optional count prefix is specified for both the  vvii
     command  and its motion component, the effect is multi-
     plicative and is considered part of  the  motion  argu-
     ment.   For  example, the commands "44ccww" and "22cc22ww" are
     equivalent, and the region affected by the cc command is
     four words of text.













UUSSDD::1133--1188                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


ccoouunntt
     A  positive number used as an optional argument to most
     commands, either to give a size or a position (for dis-
     play  or  movement commands), or as a repeat count (for
     commands that modify  text).   The  count  argument  is
     always  optional  and  defaults  to  1 unless otherwise
     noted in the command description.

     When a vvii command synopsis shows both  a  [[bbuuffffeerr]]  and
     [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order.

wwoorrdd
     Generally, in languages where it is applicable, vvii rec-
     ognizes two kinds of words.  First, a sequence of  let-
     ters,  digits  and  underscores, delimited at both ends
     by: characters other than letters,  digits,  or  under-
     scores,  the beginning or end of a line, and the begin-
     ning or end of the file.  Second, a sequence of charac-
     ters   other  than  letters,  digits,  underscores,  or
     whitespace characters, delimited at  both  ends  by:  a
     letter, digit, underscore, or whitespace character, the
     beginning or end of a line, and the beginning or end of
     the  file.   For  example, the characters " !!@@##aabbcc$$%%^^ "
     contain three words: "!!@@##", "aabbcc" and "$$%%^^".

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single word.

bbiiggwwoorrdd
     A  set  of  non-whitespace characters preceded and fol-
     lowed by whitespace characters or the beginning or  end
     of  the  file  or  line.  For example, the characters "
     !!@@##aabbcc$$%%^^ " contain one bigword: "!!@@##aabbcc$$%%^^".

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single bigword.

ppaarraaggrraapphh
     An  area  of text that begins with either the beginning
     of a file, an empty line, or a  section  boundary,  and
     continues until either an empty line, section boundary,
     or the end of the file.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single paragraph.

     Additional  paragraph  boundaries  can be defined using
     the ppaarraaggrraapphhss option.

sseeccttiioonn
     An area of text that starts with the beginning  of  the
     file  or  a line whose first character is an open brace
     ("{{") and continues until the next section or  the  end










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--1199


     of the file.

     Additional  section boundaries can be defined using the
     sseeccttiioonnss option.

sseenntteennccee
     An area of text that begins with either  the  beginning
     of  the  file or the first nonblank character following
     the previous sentence, paragraph, or  section  boundary
     and  continues  until  the  end of the file or a period
     ("..")  exclamation point ("!!")  or question mark  ("??")
     character,  followed  by  either  an end-of-line or two
     whitespace characters.  Any number of closing parenthe-
     ses ("))"), brackets ("]]"), double-quote ("""") or single
     quote ("''") characters can appear between  the  period,
     exclamation  point, or question mark and the whitespace
     characters or end-of-line.

     Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites-
     pace characters) are treated as a single sentence.

1100..  VVii CCoommmmaannddss

     The  following section describes the commands available
in the command mode of the vvii editor.  In each entry  below,
the  tag line is a usage synopsis for the command character.
In addition, the final line  and  column  the  cursor  rests
upon, and any options which affect the command are noted.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>
     Search  forward  ccoouunntt times for the current word.  The
     current word begins at the first non-whitespace charac-
     ter  on  or  after  the  current  cursor  position, and
     extends up to the next non-word character or the end of
     the line.  The search is literal, i.e. no characters in
     the word have any special meaning in terms  of  Regular
     Expressions.   It is an error if no matching pattern is
     found between the starting position and the end of  the
     file.

     The  <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>>  command is an absolute movement.  The
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command may be used as the motion component
     of  other  vvii  commands,  in which case any text copied
     into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line where the word is found.
     Column:  Set to the first character of the word.
     Options: Affected  by  the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee   and   wwrraappssccaann
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>>
     Page  backward ccoouunntt screens.  Two lines of overlap are
     maintained,  if  possible,  by  displaying  the  window










UUSSDD::1133--2200                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     starting  at line ((ttoopp__lliinnee -- ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee)) ++ 22,
     where wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee is the value of  the  wwiinnddooww  option.
     (In  the  case of split screens, this size is corrected
     to the current screen size.)  It is  an  error  if  the
     movement is past the beginning of the file.

     Line:    Set  to the last line of text displayed on the
              screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the wwiinnddooww option.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
     Scroll forward ccoouunntt lines.  If ccoouunntt is not specified,
     scroll forward the number of  lines  specified  by  the
     last  <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  or  <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.  If this is
     the first <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or  <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>  command,  scroll
     forward  half  the  number of lines in the screen.  (In
     the case of split screens, the default  scrolling  dis-
     tance  is  corrected  to half the current screen size.)
     It is an error if the movement is past the end  of  the
     file.

     Line:    Set  to  the  current  line plus the number of
              lines scrolled.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--EE>>
     Scroll  forward  ccoouunntt lines, leaving the cursor on the
     current line and column, if possible.  It is  an  error
     if the movement is past the end of the file.

     Line:    Unchanged  unless the current line scrolls off
              the screen, in which case it  is  set  to  the
              first line on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged  unless the current line scrolls off
              the screen, in which case it  is  set  to  the
              most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>
     Page  forward  ccoouunntt screens.  Two lines of overlap are
     maintained,  if  possible,  by  displaying  the  window
     starting  at  line  ttoopp__lliinnee ++ ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee -- 22,
     where wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee is the value of  the  wwiinnddooww  option.
     (In  the  case of split screens, this size is corrected
     to the current screen size.)  It is  an  error  if  the
     movement is past the end of the file.

     Line:    Set to the first line on the screen.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2211


     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              current line.
     Options: Affected by the wwiinnddooww option.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--GG>>
     Display the file information.  The information includes
     the  current  pathname, the current line, the number of
     total lines in the file, the current line as a percent-
     age  of  the  total  lines in the file, if the file has
     been modified, was able to be  locked,  if  the  file's
     name has been changed, and if the edit session is read-
     only.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
[[ccoouunntt]] hh
     Move the cursor back ccoouunntt characters  in  the  current
     line.   It  is  an  error if the cursor is on the first
     character in the line.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>> and hh  commands  may  be  used  as  the
     motion  component  of  other vvii commands, in which case
     any text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the ccuurrrreenntt -- ccoouunntt character, or,  the
              first  character  in  the  line  if  ccoouunntt  is
              greater than or equal to the number of charac-
              ters in the line before the cursor.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>
[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>>
[[ccoouunntt]] jj
     Move  the  cursor down ccoouunntt lines without changing the
     current column.  It is an error if the movement is past
     the end of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--JJ>>, <<ccoonnttrrooll--NN>> and jj commands may be used
     as the motion component of other vvii commands, in  which
     case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--LL>>
<<ccoonnttrrooll--RR>>
     Repaint the screen.











UUSSDD::1133--2222                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ++
     Move  the cursor down ccoouunntt lines to the first nonblank
     character of that line.  It is an error if the movement
     is past the end of the file.

     The  <<ccoonnttrrooll--MM>>  and  ++  commands  may  be used as the
     motion component of other vvii commands,  in  which  case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>>
[[ccoouunntt]] kk
     Move the cursor up ccoouunntt lines,  without  changing  the
     current column.  It is an error if the movement is past
     the beginning of the file.

     The <<ccoonnttrrooll--PP>> and kk  commands  may  be  used  as  the
     motion  component  of  other vvii commands, in which case
     any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  The most attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     Return to the most recent tag context.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
     command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set  to  the  context of the previous tag com-
              mand.
     Column:  Set to the context of the  previous  tag  com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>
     Scroll  backward  ccoouunntt  lines.  If ccoouunntt is not speci-
     fied, scroll backward the number of lines specified  by
     the  last  <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command.  If this
     is the first <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> or <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> command, scroll
     backward  half  the number of lines in the screen.  (In
     the case of split screens, the default  scrolling  dis-
     tance  is  corrected  to half the current screen size.)
     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2233


     Line:    Set  to  the  current  line  minus  the amount
              scrolled.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     Switch  to  the next lower screen in the window, or, to
     the first screen if there are no lower screens  in  the
     window.

     Line:    Set  to  the  previous  cursor position in the
              window.
     Column:  Set to the previous  cursor  position  in  the
              window.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ccoonnttrrooll--YY>>
     Scroll  backward  ccoouunntt lines, leaving the current line
     and column as is, if possible.  It is an error  if  the
     movement is past the beginning of the file.

     Line:    Unchanged  unless the current line scrolls off
              the screen, in which case it  is  set  to  the
              last line of text displayed on the screen.
     Column:  Unchanged  unless the current line scrolls off
              the screen, in  which  case  it  is  the  most
              attractive cursor position.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
     Suspend  the  current  editor session.  If the file has
     been modified since it was last completely written, and
     the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the file is written before
     the editor session is suspended.  If this write  fails,
     the editor session is not suspended.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

<<eessccaappee>>
     Execute  eexx commands or cancel partial commands.  If an
     eexx command is being entered (e.g.  //, ??, :: or  !!),  the
     command  is  executed.   If  a partial command has been
     entered, e.g.  "[[00--99]]**", or "[[00--99]]**[[!!<<>>ccddyy]]", the  com-
     mand is cancelled.  Otherwise, it is an error.

     Line:    When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent line is set as described  for  that  com-
              mand.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Column:  When an eexx command is being executed, the cur-
              rent column  is  set  as  described  for  that










UUSSDD::1133--2244                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


              command.  Otherwise, unchanged.
     Options: None.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--]]>>
     Push  a  tag  reference  onto  the tag stack.  The tags
     files (see the ttaaggss option for  more  information)  are
     searched for a tag matching the current word.  The cur-
     rent word begins at the first non-whitespace  character
     on or after the current cursor position, and extends up
     to the next non-word character or the end of the  line.
     If  a  matching  tag is found, the current file is dis-
     carded and the file containing  the  tag  reference  is
     edited.

     If the current file has been modified since it was last
     completely written, the command will fail.   The  <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--]]>> command is an absolute movement.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the matching tag
              string.
     Column:  Set to the start of the matching tag string.
     Options: Affected by the ttaaggss and ttaagglleennggtthh options.

<<ccoonnttrrooll--^^>>
     Switch to the most recently edited file.

     If the file has been modified since it  was  last  com-
     pletely  written,  and the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the
     file is written out.  If this write fails, the  command
     will  fail.   Otherwise,  if  the current file has been
     modified since it was last completely written, the com-
     mand will fail.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line  the cursor was on when the
              file was last edited.
     Column:  Set to the column the cursor was on  when  the
              file was last edited.
     Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option.

[[ccoouunntt]] <<ssppaaccee>>
[[ccoouunntt]] ll
     Move the cursor forward ccoouunntt characters without chang-
     ing the current line.  It is an error if the cursor  is
     on the last character in the line.

     The  <<ssppaaccee>>  and  ll commands may be used as the motion
     component of other vvii commands, in which case any  text
     copied  into  a buffer is character oriented.  In addi-
     tion, these commands may be used as the  motion  compo-
     nents  of other commands when the cursor is on the last
     character in the line, without error.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2255


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the current  character  plus  the  next
              ccoouunntt  characters, or to the last character on
              the line if ccoouunntt is greater than  the  number
              of  characters  in  the line after the current
              character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] !! mmoottiioonn sshheellll--aarrgguummeenntt((ss))<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
     Replace text with results from a shell  command.   Pass
     the  lines  specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn arguments
     as standard input to the program  named  by  the  sshheellll
     option,  and  replace those lines with the output (both
     standard error and standard output) of that command.

     After the motion is entered, vvii prompts  for  arguments
     to the shell command.

     Within  those  arguments,  "%%"  and  "##" characters are
     expanded  to  the  current  and  alternate   pathnames,
     respectively.   The "!!"  character is expanded with the
     command text  of  the  previous  !!   or  ::!!   commands.
     (Therefore,  the command !!<<mmoottiioonn>>!!  repeats the previ-
     ous !!  command.)  The special meanings of "%%", "##"  and
     "!!"   can  be  overridden by escaping them with a back-
     slash.  If no !!  or ::!!  command has yet been  executed,
     it  is an error to use an unescaped "!!"  character as a
     shell argument.  The  !!   command  does  _n_o_t  do  shell
     expansion on the strings provided as arguments.  If any
     of the above expansions change the arguments  the  user
     entered,  the  command  is redisplayed at the bottom of
     the screen.

     VVii then executes the program named by the sshheellll option,
     with  a  --cc  flag  followed by the arguments (which are
     bundled into a single argument).

     The !!  command is permitted in an empty file.

     If the file has been modified since it  was  last  com-
     pletely written, the !!  command will warn you.

     Line:    The first line of the replaced text.
     Column:  The first column of the replaced text.
     Options: Affected by the sshheellll option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ## ##||++||--
     Increment  or  decrement  the  number referenced by the
     cursor.  If the trailing character is a  ++  or  ##,  the
     number  is incremented by ccoouunntt.  If the trailing char-
     acter is a --, the number is decremented by ccoouunntt.

     A  leading  "00XX"  or  "00xx"  causes  the  number  to  be










UUSSDD::1133--2266                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     interpreted  as  a  hexadecimal  number.   Otherwise, a
     leading "00" causes the number to be interpreted  as  an
     octal number, unless a non-octal digit is found as part
     of the number.  Otherwise, the number is interpreted as
     a  decimal  number, and may have a leading ++ or -- sign.
     The current number begins at the first non-blank  char-
     acter  at  or  after  the  current cursor position, and
     extends up to the end of the line or the first  charac-
     ter  that  isn't  a  possible character for the numeric
     type.  The format of  the  number  (e.g.  leading  0's,
     signs)  is retained unless the new value cannot be rep-
     resented in the previous format.

     Octal and hexadecimal numbers, and the  result  of  the
     operation,  must  fit  into  an "uunnssiiggnneedd lloonngg".  Simi-
     larly, decimal numbers and their result must fit into a
     "ssiiggnneedd lloonngg".  It is an error to use this command when
     the cursor is not positioned at a number.


     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the cursor  num-
              ber.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] $$
     Move  the  cursor  to  the  end of a line.  If ccoouunntt is
     specified, the cursor moves down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines.

     It is not an error to use the $$ command when the cursor
     is  on  the last character in the line or when the line
     is empty.

     The $$ command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented, unless the cursor is  at,
     or  before the first nonblank character in the line, in
     which case it is line oriented.  It is not an error  to
     use the $$ command as a motion component when the cursor
     is on the last character in the line, although it is an
     error when the line is empty.

     Line:    Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt minus 1.
     Column:  Set to the last character in the line.
     Options: None.

%%
     Move  to  the  matching character.  The cursor moves to
     the parenthesis or curly brace which _m_a_t_c_h_e_s the paren-
     thesis or curly brace found at the current cursor posi-
     tion or which is the closest one to the  right  of  the
     cursor  on  the  line.  It is an error to execute the %%
     command on a line without a parenthesis or curly brace.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2277


     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the %% command was
     ignored.

     The %% command is an absolute movement.  The  %%  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting point of the
     region is at or before the first nonblank character  on
     its  line, and the ending point is at or after the last
     nonblank character on its line, in  which  case  it  is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the matching char-
              acter.
     Column:  Set to the matching character.
     Options: None.

&&
     Repeat the previous substitution command on the current
     line.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the && command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged if the cursor was on the last  char-
              acter in the line, otherwise, set to the first
              nonblank character in the line.
     Options: Affected  by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,   eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee and mmaaggiicc options.

''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Return  to  a  context marked by the character <<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>.  If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is  the  "''"  or  "``"  character,
     return  to the previous context.  If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is any
     other character, return to the context marked  by  that
     character (see the mm command for more information).  If
     the command is the '' command, only the  line  value  is
     restored,  and  the  cursor is placed on the first non-
     blank character of that line.  If the command is the  ``
     command,  both the line and column values are restored.

     It is an error if the context no longer exists  because
     of  line  deletion.   (Contexts  follow  lines that are
     moved, or which are deleted and then restored.)

     The '' and `` commands are both absolute movements.  They
     may  be  used  as  a motion component for other vvii com-
     mands.  For the ''  command,  any  text  copied  into  a
     buffer  is  line oriented.  For the `` command, any text
     copied into a buffer is character oriented,  unless  it
     both  starts  and  stops  at the first character in the










UUSSDD::1133--2288                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     line, in which case it is line oriented.  In  addition,
     when  using  the  `` command as a motion component, com-
     mands which move backward  and  started  at  the  first
     character in the line, or move forward and ended at the
     first character in the line, are corrected to the  last
     character of the line preceding the starting and ending
     lines, respectively.

     Line:    Set to the line from the context.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line,  for  the '' command, and set to the con-
              text's column for the `` command.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ((
     Back up ccoouunntt sentences.

     The (( command is an absolute movement.  The  ((  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting and stopping
     points of the region are the  first  character  in  the
     line, in which case it is line oriented.  If it is line
     oriented, the starting point of the region is  adjusted
     to be the end of the line immediately before the start-
     ing cursor position.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lliisspp option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ))
     Move forward ccoouunntt sentences.

     The )) command is an absolute movement.  The  ))  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the starting point of the
     region is the first character in  the  line,  in  which
     case  it  is line oriented.  In the latter case, if the
     stopping point of the region is also the first  charac-
     ter  in  the  line, it is adjusted to be the end of the
     line immediately before it.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the sentence.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              sentence.
     Options: Affected by the lliisspp option.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--2299


[[ccoouunntt]] ,,
     Reverse find character ccoouunntt times.  Reverse  the  last
     FF,  ff,  TT  or tt command, searching the other way in the
     line, ccoouunntt times.  It is an error if a FF, ff,  TT  or  tt
     command has not been performed yet.

     The  ,,  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  searched-for character for the FF
              and ff commands, before the character for the tt
              command and after the character for the TT com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] --
     Move to the first nonblank of the previous line,  ccoouunntt
     times.

     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     The -- command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the current line minus ccoouunntt.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ..
     Repeat  the  last  vvii  command that modified text.  The
     repeated command may be a command and motion  component
     combination.   If  ccoouunntt is specified, it replaces _b_o_t_h
     the count specified for the repeated command,  and,  if
     applicable,  for  the  repeated  motion  component.  If
     ccoouunntt is not specified, the counts originally specified
     to the command being repeated are used again.

     As  a special case, if the ..  command is executed imme-
     diately after the uu command, the change log  is  rolled
     forward  or  backward, depending on the action of the uu
     command.

     Line:    Set as described for the repeated command.
     Column:  Set as described for the repeated command.
     Options: None.

//RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>











UUSSDD::1133--3300                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


//RREE// [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
??RREE?? [[ooffffsseett]]<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>
NN
nn
     Search forward or backward for  a  regular  expression.
     The commands beginning with a slash ("//") character are
     forward searches, the commands beginning with  a  ques-
     tion  mark  ("??")   are  backward searches.  VVii prompts
     with the leading character on  the  last  line  of  the
     screen for a string.  It then searches forward or back-
     ward in the file for the next occurrence of the string,
     which is interpreted as a Basic Regular Expression.

     The // and ??  commands are absolute movements.  They may
     be used as the motion components of other vvii  commands,
     in  which case any text copied into a buffer is charac-
     ter oriented, unless the search started  and  ended  on
     the  first  column  of a line, in which case it is line
     oriented.  In addition, forward searches ending at  the
     first character of a line, and backward searches begin-
     ning at the first character in the line, are  corrected
     to  begin  or end at the last character of the previous
     line.  (Note, forward and backward searches  can  occur
     for  both  // and ??  commands, if the wwrraappssccaann option is
     set.)

     If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a
     trailing  "//" or "??"  character is followed by a signed
     offset), the buffer will always be line oriented  (e.g.
     "//ssttrriinngg//++00" will always guarantee a line orientation).

     The NN command repeats the previous search, but  in  the
     reverse  direction.  The nn command repeats the previous
     search.  If either the NN or  nn  commands  are  used  as
     motion  components  for the !!  command, you will not be
     prompted for the text of the bang command, instead  the
     previous bang command will be executed.

     Missing RE's (e.g.  "////<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>", "//<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>",   "????<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>",   or    "??<<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>"  search  for  the last search RE, in the indi-
     cated direction.

     Searches may be interrupted using the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> char-
     acter.

     Multiple  search  patterns  may  be grouped together by
     delimiting  them  with  semicolons  and  zero  or  more
     whitespace  characters,  e.g.   //ffoooo// ;; ??bbaarr??  searches
     forward for ffoooo and then, from that location, backwards
     for  bbaarr.  When search patterns are grouped together in
     this manner, the search patterns are evaluated left  to










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3311


     right  with the final cursor position determined by the
     last search pattern.

     It is also permissible to append a  zz  command  to  the
     search  strings,  e.g.   //ffoooo// zz..  searches forward for
     the next occurrence of ffoooo,  and  then  positions  that
     line in the middle of screen.

     Line:    Set to the line in which the match occurred.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of the matched
              string.
     Options: Affected  by   the   eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,   eexxtteennddeedd,
              iiggnnoorreeccaassee, mmaaggiicc, and wwrraappssccaann options.

00
     Move to the first character in the current line.  It is
     not an error to use the 00 command when the cursor is on
     the first character in the line,

     The  00  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case it is an error if  the
     cursor  is  on the first character in the line, and any
     text copied into a buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first character in the line.
     Options: None.

::
     Execute an eexx command.  VVii prompts for an eexx command on
     the  last line of the screen, using a colon ("::") char-
     acter.  The  command  is  terminated  by  a  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--
     rreettuurrnn>>,  <<nneewwlliinnee>> or <<eessccaappee>> character; all of these
     characters may be escaped  by  using  a  <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
     character.  The command is then executed.

     If  the eexx command writes to the screen, vvii will prompt
     the user for a <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> before continuing when
     the  eexx command finishes.  Large amounts of output from
     the eexx command will be paged for the user, and the user
     prompted for a <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>> or <<ssppaaccee>> key to con-
     tinue.  In some cases, a quit (normally a  "q"  charac-
     ter)  or <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> may be entered to interrupt the eexx
     command.

     When the eexx command finishes, and the user is  prompted
     to  resume  visual  mode,  it is also possible to enter
     another "::" character followed by another eexx command.

     Line:    The current line is set as described  for  the
              eexx command.
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              eexx command.










UUSSDD::1133--3322                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: Affected as described for the eexx command.

[[ccoouunntt]] ;;
     Repeat the last character find ccoouunntt times.   The  last
     character find is one of the FF, ff, TT or tt commands.  It
     is an error if a FF, ff, TT or tt command has not been per-
     formed yet.

     The  ;;  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  searched-for character for the FF
              and ff commands, before the character for the tt
              command and after the character for the TT com-
              mand.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] << mmoottiioonn
[[ccoouunntt]] >> mmoottiioonn
     Shift lines left or right.  Shift the number  of  lines
     in  the  region  specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn left
     (for the << command) or right (for the >> command) by the
     number  of  columns specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.
     Only whitespace characters are  deleted  when  shifting
     left.   Once  the first character in the line no longer
     contains a whitespace character, the command will  suc-
     ceed, but the line will not be modified.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

@@ bbuuffffeerr
     Execute a named buffer.  Execute the named buffer as vvii
     commands.  The buffer may include eexx commands, too, but
     they must be expressed as a :: command.  If  the  buffer
     is  line  oriented,  <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters are logically
     appended to each line of the buffer.  If the buffer  is
     character  oriented, <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters are logically
     appended to all but the last line in the buffer.

     If the buffer name is "@@", or "**", then the last buffer
     executed shall be used.  It is an error to specify "@@@@"
     or "****" if there were no  previous  buffer  executions.
     The text of a buffer may contain an @@ or ** command, and
     it is possible to create infinite loops in this manner.
     (The <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> character may be used to interrupt the
     loop.)












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3333


     Line:    The current line is set as described  for  the
              command(s).
     Column:  The current column is set as described for the
              command(s).
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] AA
     Enter input mode, appending the text after the  end  of
     the  line.   If ccoouunntt is specified, the text is repeat-
     edly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times  after  input  mode  is
     exited.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] BB
     Move backward ccoouunntt bigwords.  Move the cursor backward
     to  the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is at the begin-
     ning of a bigword or the character at the current posi-
     tion cannot be part of a bigword,  move  to  the  first
     character of the preceding bigword.  Otherwise, move to
     the first character of the bigword at the current posi-
     tion.   If  no  preceding bigword exists on the current
     line, move to the first character of the  last  bigword
     on the first preceding line that contains a bigword.

     The  BB  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] CC
     Change  text  from  the current position to the end-of-
     line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the input  text  replaces
     from  the  current  position  to  the end-of-line, plus
     ccoouunntt -- 11 subsequent lines.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.











UUSSDD::1133--3344                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


[[bbuuffffeerr]] DD
     Delete  text  from  the current position to the end-of-
     line.

     It is not an error to execute the DD command on an empty
     line.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the character before the current char-
              acter, or, column 1 if the cursor was on  col-
              umn 1.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] EE
     Move  forward  ccoouunntt  end-of-bigwords.  Move the cursor
     forward to the end of a bigword by repeating  the  fol-
     lowing algorithm: if the current position is the end of
     a bigword or the character at that position  cannot  be
     part  of  a  bigword, move to the last character of the
     following bigword.  Otherwise, move to the last charac-
     ter of the bigword at the current position.  If no suc-
     ceeding bigword exists on the current line, move to the
     last character of the first bigword on the next follow-
     ing line that contains a bigword.

     The EE command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to   the  last  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] FF <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search ccoouunntt times backward through  the  current  line
     for <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The  FF  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] GG
     Move  to  line  ccoouunntt,  or the last line of the file if
     ccoouunntt not specified.

     The GG command is an absolute movement.  The  GG  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3355


     line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to  ccoouunntt,  if  specified, otherwise, the
              last line.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] HH
     Move  to  the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top
     of the screen.

     The HH command is an absolute movement.  The  HH  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top
              of the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] II
     Enter  input  mode, inserting the text at the beginning
     of the line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input  is
     repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] JJ
     Join lines.  If ccoouunntt is  specified,  ccoouunntt  lines  are
     joined;  a  minimum  of  two  lines  are always joined,
     regardless of the value of ccoouunntt.

     If the current line ends with a  whitespace  character,
     all  whitespace is stripped from the next line.  Other-
     wise, if the next line starts with a  open  parenthesis
     ("((")  do nothing.  Otherwise, if the current line ends
     with a question mark ("??"), period ("..")   or  exclama-
     tion point ("!!"), insert two spaces.  Otherwise, insert
     a single space.

     It is not an error to join lines past the  end  of  the
     file, i.e. lines that do not exist.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to the character after the last character
              of the next-to-last joined line.











UUSSDD::1133--3366                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] LL
     Move to the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the  bot-
     tom of the screen.

     The  LL  command is an absolute movement.  The LL command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the bot-
              tom of the screen.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

 MM
     Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen.

     The MM command is an absolute movement.  The  MM  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     line oriented.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the MM command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the line in the middle of the screen.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              _s_c_r_e_e_n line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] OO
     Enter  input  mode,  appending text in a new line above
     the current line.  If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the  text
     input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the OO command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] PP
     Insert  text  from a buffer.  Text from the buffer (the
     unnamed buffer by default) is inserted before the  cur-
     rent  column or, if the buffer is line oriented, before
     the current line.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3377


     Line:    Set to the lowest numbered line insert, if the
              buffer  is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  of  the
              appended text, if the buffer is line oriented,
              otherwise, the last character of the  appended
              text.
     Options: None.

QQ
     Exit vvii (or visual) mode and switch to eexx mode.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  No longer relevant.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] RR
     Enter  input mode, replacing the characters in the cur-
     rent line.  If ccoouunntt is specified, the  text  input  is
     repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     If  the  end  of  the  current line is reached, no more
     characters are  replaced  and  any  further  characters
     input are appended to the line.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] SS
     Substitute ccoouunntt lines.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] TT <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search  backward, ccoouunntt times, through the current line
     for the character _a_f_t_e_r the specified <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The TT command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the character  _a_f_t_e_r  the  searched-for
              character.











UUSSDD::1133--3388                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     Options: None.

UU
     Restore the current line to its state before the cursor
     last moved to it.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  The first character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] WW
     Move forward ccoouunntt bigwords.  Move the  cursor  forward
     to  the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow-
     ing algorithm: if the current position is within a big-
     word  or  the character at that position cannot be part
     of a bigword, move to the first character of  the  next
     bigword.   If  no subsequent bigword exists on the cur-
     rent line, move to the first  character  of  the  first
     bigword  on  the  first  following line that contains a
     bigword.

     The WW command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    The line containing the word selected.
     Column:  The first character of the word selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] XX
     Delete ccoouunntt characters before the cursor.  If the num-
     ber  of  characters  to  be  deleted is greater than or
     equal to the number of characters to the  beginning  of
     the line, all of the characters before the current cur-
     sor  position,  to  the  beginning  of  the  line,  are
     deleted.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the current character minus ccoouunntt, or
              the first character if count is  greater  than
              the  number  of  characters in the line before
              the cursor.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] YY
     Copy (or "yank") ccoouunntt lines into the specified buffer.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

ZZZZ
     Write  the  file and exit vvii.  The file is only written










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--3399


     if it has been modified since the last  complete  write
     of the file to any file.

     The  ZZZZ  command will exit the editor after writing the
     file, if there are no further files to edit.   Entering
     two  "quit"  commands  (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a
     row will override this check and the editor will  exit,
     ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] [[[[
     Back up ccoouunntt section boundaries.

     The [[[[ command is an absolute movement.  The [[[[ command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless  the  starting  position  is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.

     It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of
     the file.

     Line:    Set to the previous line that is ccoouunntt section
              boundaries back, or the first line of the file
              if no more section boundaries exist  preceding
              the current line.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ]]]]
     Move forward ccoouunntt section boundaries.

     The ]]]] command is an absolute movement.  The ]]]] command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character  oriented,  unless  the  starting position is
     column 0, in which case it is line oriented.

     It is an error if the movement is past the end  of  the
     file.

     Line:    Set  to  the line that is ccoouunntt section bound-
              aries forward, or to the last line of the file
              if  no more section boundaries exist following
              the current line.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option.











UUSSDD::1133--4400                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


^^
     Move to first nonblank character on the current line.

     The  ^^  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              current line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] __
     Move down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines, to the first nonblank  char-
     acter.   The __ command may be used as the motion compo-
     nent of other vvii  commands,  in  which  case  any  text
     copied into a buffer is line oriented.

     It  is  not  an error to execute the __ command when the
     cursor is on the first character in the line.

     Line:    The current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11.
     Column:  The first nonblank character in the line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] aa
     Enter input mode, appending the text after the  cursor.
     If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the text input is repeatedly
     input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] bb
     Move backward ccoouunntt words.  Move the cursor backward to
     the beginning of a  word  by  repeating  the  following
     algorithm:  if the current position is at the beginning
     of a word, move to the first character of the preceding
     word.   Otherwise,  the  current  position moves to the
     first character of the word at  the  current  position.
     If  no  preceding word exists on the current line, move
     to the first character of the last word  on  the  first
     preceding line that contains a word.

     The  bb  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4411


     Line:    Set  to the line containing the word selected.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  character  of  the   word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] cc mmoottiioonn
     Change  the  region  of text specified by the ccoouunntt and
     mmoottiioonn.  If only part of a  single  line  is  affected,
     then  the last character being changed is marked with a
     "$$".  Otherwise, the region of  text  is  deleted,  and
     input mode is entered.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] dd mmoottiioonn
     Delete the region of text specified by  the  ccoouunntt  and
     mmoottiioonn.

     Line:    Set to the line where the region starts.
     Column:  Set  to  the first character in the line after
              the last character in the region.  If no  such
              character  exists,  set  to the last character
              before the region.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ee
     Move forward ccoouunntt end-of-words.  Move the cursor  for-
     ward  to  the  end of a word by repeating the following
     algorithm: if the current position  is  the  end  of  a
     word, move to the last character of the following word.
     Otherwise, move to the last character of  the  word  at
     the  current position.  If no succeeding word exists on
     the current line, move to the  last  character  of  the
     first  word  on the next following line that contains a
     word.

     The ee command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to   the  last  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ff <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search forward, ccoouunntt times, through the  rest  of  the
     current line for <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.










UUSSDD::1133--4422                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     The  ff  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set to the searched-for character.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ii
     Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor.
     If ccoouunntt is specified, the  text  input  is  repeatedly
     input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

mm <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Save the current context (line and column) as  <<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>.   The exact position is referred to by "``<<cchhaarraacc--
     tteerr>>".  The line is referred to by "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>".

     Historically, <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> was restricted to  lower-case
     letters only, nnvvii permits the use of any character.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] oo
     Enter  input  mode,  appending text in a new line under
     the current line.  If  ccoouunntt  is  specified,  the  text
     input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times.

     Historically,  any ccoouunntt specified to the oo command was
     ignored.

     Line:    Set to the last  line  upon  which  characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected  by  the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,  sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and   wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] pp
     Append  text  from a buffer.  Text from the buffer (the
     unnamed buffer by default) is appended after  the  cur-
     rent  column  or, if the buffer is line oriented, after
     the current line.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4433


     Line:    Set to the first line appended, if the  buffer
              is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character of the
              appended text if the buffer is line  oriented,
              otherwise,  the last character of the appended
              text.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] rr <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Replace characters.  The next ccoouunntt characters  in  the
     line  are replaced with <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.  Replacing charac-
     ters with <<nneewwlliinnee>> characters results in creating new,
     empty lines into the file.

     If <<cchhaarraacctteerr>> is <<eessccaappee>>, the command is cancelled.

     Line:    Unchanged  unless the replacement character is
              a <<nneewwlliinnee>>, in which case it is  set  to  the
              current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11.
     Column:  Set to the last character replaced, unless the
              replacement character is a <<nneewwlliinnee>>, in which
              case  the  cursor  is  in column 1 of the last
              line inserted.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] ss
     Substitute ccoouunntt characters in the current line  start-
     ing with the current character.

     Line:    Set  to  the  last  line upon which characters
              were entered.
     Column:  Set to the last character entered.
     Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee,  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  bbeeaauu--
              ttiiffyy,   sshhoowwmmaattcchh,  ttttyywweerraassee  and  wwrraappmmaarrggiinn
              options.

[[ccoouunntt]] tt <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     Search forward, ccoouunntt times, through the  current  line
     for the character immediately _b_e_f_o_r_e <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.

     The  tt  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the character _b_e_f_o_r_e the searched-for
              character.
     Options: None.

uu
     Undo the last change made to the  file.   If  repeated,
     the  uu command alternates between these two states, and
     is its own inverse.  When used  after  an  insert  that










UUSSDD::1133--4444                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     inserted  text  on  more  than  one line, the lines are
     saved in the numeric buffers.

     The ..  command, when used immediately after the uu  com-
     mand,  causes  the  change  log to be rolled forward or
     backward, depending on the action of the uu command.

     Line:    Set to the position of the first line changed,
              if  the reversal affects only one line or rep-
              resents an addition or change; otherwise,  the
              line preceding the deleted text.
     Column:  Set  to  the cursor position before the change
              was made.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] ww
     Move forward ccoouunntt words.  Move the cursor  forward  to
     the  beginning  of  a  word  by repeating the following
     algorithm: if the current position is at the  beginning
     of  a  word,  move  to  the first character of the next
     word.  If no subsequent  word  exists  on  the  current
     line,  move to the first character of the first word on
     the first following line that contains a word.

     The ww command may be used as the  motion  component  of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer is character oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing the word  selected.
     Column:  Set   to  the  first  character  of  the  word
              selected.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] xx
     Delete ccoouunntt characters.  The deletion is at  the  cur-
     rent  character  position.  If the number of characters
     to be deleted is greater than or equal to the number of
     characters  to  the end of the line, all of the charac-
     ters from the current cursor position to the end of the
     line are deleted.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Unchanged  unless  the  last  character in the
              line is deleted and the cursor is not  already
              on  the  first character in the line, in which
              case it is set to the previous character.
     Options: None.

[[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] yy mmoottiioonn
     Copy (or "yank") the text region specified by the ccoouunntt
     and mmoottiioonn, into a buffer.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4455


     Line:    Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              line where the region starts.
     Column:  Unchanged,  unless the region covers more than
              a single line, in which case it is set to  the
              character were the region starts.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt11]] zz [[ccoouunntt22]] ttyyppee
     Redraw the screen with a window ccoouunntt22 lines long, with
     line ccoouunntt11 placed as specified by the ttyyppee  character.
     If  ccoouunntt11 is not specified, it defaults to the current
     line.  If ccoouunntt22 is not specified, it defaults  to  the
     current window size.

     The following ttyyppee characters may be used:

     +        If  ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line ccoouunntt11
              at the top of the screen.  Otherwise,  display
              the screen after the current screen, similarly
              to the <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>> command.
     <carriage-return>
              Place the  line  ccoouunntt11  at  the  top  of  the
              screen.
     .        Place  the  line  ccoouunntt11  in the center of the
              screen.
     -        Place the line ccoouunntt11 at  the  bottom  of  the
              screen.
     ^        If ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line that is
              at the top of the screen when ccoouunntt11 is at the
              bottom  of  the  screen,  at the bottom of the
              screen, i.e. display  the  screen  before  the
              screen  before ccoouunntt11.  Otherwise, display the
              screen before the current screen, similarly to
              the <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> command.

     Line:    Set  to  ccoouunntt11 unless ccoouunntt11 is not specified
              and the ttyyppee character was either "^^" or  "++",
              in which case it is set to the line before the
              first line on the previous screen or the  line
              after  the  last  line on the previous screen,
              respectively.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] {{
     Move backward ccoouunntt paragraphs.

     The  {{  command is an absolute movement.  The {{ command
     may be used as the motion component of  other  vvii  com-
     mands,  in  which case any text copied into a buffer is
     character oriented, unless the  starting  character  is










UUSSDD::1133--4466                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     the  first  character  on its line, in which case it is
     line oriented.

     Line:    Set to the line containing  the  beginning  of
              the previous paragraph.
     Column:  Set  to  the  first  nonblank character in the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ||
     Move to a specific _c_o_l_u_m_n position on the current line.

     The  ||  command  may be used as the motion component of
     other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a
     buffer  is  character  oriented.  It is an error to use
     the || command as a motion component and for the  cursor
     not to move.

     Line:    Unchanged.
     Column:  Set  to  the  character  occupying  the column
              position identified by ccoouunntt, if the  position
              exists  in  the line.  If the column length of
              the current line is less than ccoouunntt, the  cur-
              sor  is  moved  to  the  last character in the
              line.
     Options: None.

[[ccoouunntt]] }}
     Move forward ccoouunntt paragraphs.

     The }} command is an absolute movement.  The  }}  command
     may  be  used  as the motion component of other vvii com-
     mands, in which case any text copied into a  buffer  is
     character oriented, unless the starting character is at
     or before any nonblank characters in its line, in which
     case it is line oriented.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line containing the beginning of
              the next paragraph.
     Column:  Set to the first  nonblank  character  in  the
              line.
     Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~
     Reverse  the case of the next ccoouunntt character(s).  This
     is the historic semantic for the ~~ command  and  it  is
     only in effect if the ttiillddeeoopp option is not set.

     Lowercase  alphabetic  characters are changed to upper-
     case, and uppercase characters are  changed  to  lower-
     case.  No other characters are affected.

     Historically,  the ~~ command did not take an associated










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4477


     count, nor did it move past  the  end  of  the  current
     line.   As it had no associated motion it was difficult
     to change the case of large blocks of text.  In nnvvii, if
     the  cursor  is  on  the  last character of a line, and
     there are more lines in the file, the cursor  moves  to
     the next line.

     It  is  not an error to specify a count larger than the
     number of characters between the cursor and the end  of
     the file.

     Line:    Set  to  the line of the character after ccoouunntt
              characters, or, end of file.
     Column:  Set to the character after  ccoouunntt  characters,
              or, end-of-file.
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

[[ccoouunntt]] ~~ mmoottiioonn
     Reverse  the  case  of  the characters in a text region
     specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn.  Only in  effect  if
     the ttiillddeeoopp option is set.

     Lowercase  characters  are  changed  to  uppercase, and
     uppercase characters  are  changed  to  lowercase.   No
     other characters are affected.

     Line:    Set  to  the  line  of the character after the
              last character in the region.
     Column:  Set to the character after the last  character
              in the region.
     Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option.

<<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
     Interrupt  the  current  operation.  Many of the poten-
     tially long-running  vvii  commands  may  be  interrupted
     using  the  terminal interrupt character.  These opera-
     tions include searches, file reading and writing,  fil-
     ter operations and map character expansion.  Interrupts
     are also enabled when running commands outside of vvii.

     If the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> character is used to interrupt while
     entering  an  eexx  command,  the command is aborted, the
     cursor returns to its previous position, and vvii remains
     in command mode.

     Generally,  if  the  <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  character  is used to
     interrupt any operation, any changes  made  before  the
     interrupt are left in place.

     Line:    Dependent  on the operation being interrupted.
     Column:  Dependent on the operation being  interrupted.
     Options: None.











UUSSDD::1133--4488                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     1111..  VVii TTeexxtt IInnppuutt CCoommmmaannddss

          The   following  section  describes  the  commands
     available in the text input mode of the vvii editor.

          Historically, vvii  implementations  only  permitted
     the  characters  inserted  on  the  current  line to be
     erased.  In addition, only the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> erase  char-
     acter  and  the "00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" and "^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" erase
     strings could erase autoindent characters.  (Autoindent
     characters  include  both the characters inserted auto-
     matically at the beginning of an input line as well  as
     characters  inserted  using  the  <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>> command.)
     This implementation permits erasure  to  continue  past
     the  beginning  of  the current line, and back to where
     text input mode was entered.  In  addition,  autoindent
     characters may be erased using the standard erase char-
     acters.  For the line and word erase characters, reach-
     ing  the autoindent characters forms a "soft" boundary,
     denoting the end of the current  word  or  line  erase.
     Repeating  the  word  or  line erase key will erase the
     autoindent characters.

          Historically, vvii always used <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>> and <<ccoonn--
     ttrrooll--WW>> as character and word erase characters, respec-
     tively, regardless of the  current  terminal  settings.
     This  implementation  accepts, in addition to these two
     characters, the current terminal characters  for  those
     operations.

     <<nnuull>>
          If  the  first  character of the input is a <<nnuull>>,
          the  previous  input  is  replayed,  as  if   just
          entered.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase characters to move the
          cursor  back  to  the column immediately after the
          previous (1-based) column which is a  multiple  of
          the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh  edit  option.  This may result in
          any number of <<ttaabb>> and <<ssppaaccee>> characters preced-
          ing the cursor being changed.

          Otherwise, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is set and the
          user is entering the first character in the  line,
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  is  ignored.   Otherwise,  a  literal
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> character is entered.

     ^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If the previous  character  on  the  line  was  an
          autoindent  character, erase all of the autoindent
          characters  on  the  line.    In   addition,   the










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--4499


          autoindent level is reset to 0.

     00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>
          If  the  previous  character  on  the  line was an
          autoindent character, erase all of the  autoindent
          characters  on  the line.  The autoindent level is
          not altered.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
          Insert sufficient <<ttaabb>> and <<ssppaaccee>> characters  to
          move  the cursor forward to the column immediately
          after the next (1-based) column which is a  multi-
          ple  of  the  sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh  edit  option.   This may
          result in any number of <<ttaabb>> and <<ssppaaccee>>  charac-
          ters preceding the cursor being changed.

          Historically,  vvii  did  not permit the <<ccoonnttrrooll--TT>>
          command to be used unless the cursor  was  at  the
          first column of a new line or it was preceded only
          by autoindent characters.  NNvvii permits  it  to  be
          used at any time during insert mode.

     <<eerraassee>>
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--HH>>
          Erase the last character.

     <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
          Quote the next character.  The next character will
          not be mapped (see the mmaapp command for more infor-
          mation)  or  interpreted specially.  A carat ("^^")
          character  will  be  displayed  immediately  as  a
          placeholder,  but  will  be  replaced  by the next
          character.

     <<eessccaappee>>
          Resolve all text input into the file,  and  return
          to command mode.

     <<lliinnee eerraassee>>
          Erase the current line.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
     <<wwoorrdd eerraassee>>
          Erase  the  last  word.  The definition of word is
          dependent on the aallttwweerraassee and ttttyywweerraassee  options.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>[[00--99AA--FFaa--ff]]++
          Insert  a character with the specified hexadecimal
          value into the text.  The value  is  delimited  by
          any  non-hexadecimal character or the input of the
          maximum number of characters that  can  be  trans-
          lated into a single character value.











UUSSDD::1133--5500                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss))


     <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>
          Interrupt  text  input  mode, returning to command
          mode.  If the <<iinntteerrrruupptt>>  character  is  used  to
          interrupt  inserting  text into the file, it is as
          if the <<eessccaappee>> character was used; all text input
          up  to the interruption is resolved into the file.

     1122..  EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg

          Addressing in eexx (and when eexx  commands  are  exe-
     cuted  from  vvii)  relates to the current line.  In gen-
     eral, the current line is the last line affected  by  a
     command.   The exact effect on the current line is dis-
     cussed under the description of each command.  When the
     file contains no lines, the current line is zero.

          Addresses  are  constructed  by one or more of the
     following methods:

      (1)   The address ".."  refers to the current line.

      (2)   The address "$$" refers to the last line  of  the
            file.

      (3)   The  address  "NN", where NN is a positive number,
            refers to the N-th line of the file.

      (4)   The  address  "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"  or  "``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"
            refers to the line marked with the name <<cchhaarraacc--
            tteerr>>.  (See the kk or mm commands for more  infor-
            mation on how to mark lines.)

      (5)   A  regular  expression  (RE) enclosed by slashes
            ("//") is an address, and it refers to the  first
            line  found  by  searching forward from the line
            _a_f_t_e_r the current line toward  the  end  of  the
            file,  and stopping at the first line containing
            a string matching the RE.  (The  trailing  slash
            can  be omitted at the end of the command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "////",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wwrraapp--
            ssccaann option is set, the search wraps  around  to
            the  beginning  of  the file and continues up to
            and including the  current  line,  so  that  the
            entire file is searched.

            The  form "\\//" is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "////".










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--5511


      (6)   An  RE  enclosed   in   question   marks   ("??")
            addresses  the  first  line  found  by searching
            backward from the  line  _p_r_e_c_e_d_i_n_g  the  current
            line, toward the beginning of the file and stop-
            ping at  the  first  line  containing  a  string
            matching  the  RE.   (The trailing question mark
            can be omitted at the end of a command line.)

            If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "????",
            the  last  RE used in any command is used in the
            search.

            If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled
            as an extended RE, not a basic RE.  If the wwrraapp--
            ssccaann option is set,  the  search   wraps  around
            from the beginning of the file to the end of the
            file and continues up to and including the  cur-
            rent  line, so that the entire file is searched.

            The form "\\??"  is accepted for historic reasons,
            and is identical to "????".

      (7)   An  address  followed  by a plus sign ("++") or a
            minus sign ("--") followed by a number is an off-
            set  address  and refers to the address plus (or
            minus) the indicated number of  lines.   If  the
            address  is omitted, the addition or subtraction
            is done with respect to the current line.

      (8)   An address of "++" or "--" followed by a number is
            an  offset  from the current line.  For example,
            "--55" is the same as "..--55".

      (9)   An address ending with "++" or "--" has 1 added to
            or  subtracted  from  the address, respectively.
            As a consequence of this rule and of the  previ-
            ous  rule,  the  address  "--" refers to the line
            preceding the current line.  Moreover,  trailing
            "++" and "--" characters have a cumulative effect.
            For example, "++++--++++" refers to the current  line
            plus 3.

      (10)  A  percent  sign  ("%%")  is  equivalent  to  the
            address range "11,,$$".

          EExx commands require zero, one, or  two  addresses.
     It is an error to specify an address to a command which
     requires zero addresses.

          If the user provides more than the expected number
     of  addresses  to  any  eexx command, the first addresses
     specified are discarded.  For  example,  "11,,22,,33,,55"print
     prints  lines  3  through  5, because the pprriinntt command










UUSSDD::1133--5522                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     only takes two addresses.

          The addresses in a range are separated  from  each
     other  by  a  comma (",,") or a semicolon (";;").  In the
     latter case, the current line  ("..")   is  set  to  the
     first address, and only then is the second address cal-
     culated.  This feature can be  used  to  determine  the
     starting  line  for  forward and backward searches (see
     rules (5) and (6) above).  The second  address  of  any
     two-address  sequence  corresponds  to a line that fol-
     lows, in the file, the line corresponding to the  first
     address.   The first address must be less than or equal
     to the second  address.   The  first  address  must  be
     greater  than  or  equal to the first line of the file,
     and the last address must be less than or equal to  the
     last line of the file.

     1133..  EExx DDeessccrriippttiioonn

          The  following  words have special meanings for eexx
     commands.

     <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
          The end-of-file character is used  to  scroll  the
          screen  in  the eexx editor.  This character is nor-
          mally <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>, however, whatever character  is
          set  for  the  current terminal is used as well as
          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>.

     lliinnee
          A single-line address, given in any of  the  forms
          described in the section entitled "EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg".
          The default for lliinnee is the current line.

     rraannggee
          A line, or a pair of line addresses, separated  by
          a  comma  or semicolon.  (See the section entitled
          "EExx  AAddddrreessssiinngg"  for  more   information.)    The
          default  for  range is the current line _o_n_l_y, i.e.
          "..,,..".  A percent sign ("%%") stands for the  range
          "11,,$$".  The starting address must be less than, or
          equal to, the ending address.

     ccoouunntt
          A positive integer, specifying the number of lines
          to  be  affected by the command; the default is 1.
          Generally, a count past  the  end-of-file  may  be
          specified,  e.g. the command "pp 33000000" in a 10 line
          file is acceptable, and will print from  the  cur-
          rent line through the last line in the file.

     ffllaaggss
          One  or  more of the characters "#", "p", and "l".










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5533


          When a command that accepts these flags completes,
          the addressed line(s) are written out as if by the
          corresponding ##, ll or pp  commands.   In  addition,
          any  number of "++" or "--" characters can be speci-
          fied before, after, or during the flags, in  which
          case  the  line written is not necessarily the one
          affected by  the  command,  but  rather  the  line
          addressed  by  the  offset address specified.  The
          default for ffllaaggss is none.

     ffiillee
          A pattern used to derive a pathname;  the  default
          is  the current file.  File names are subjected to
          normal _s_h(1) word expansions.

          Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also pos-
     sible  to  use the special string "//ttmmpp".  This will be
     replaced with a temporary file name which can  be  used
     for temporary work, e.g.  "::ee //ttmmpp" creates and edits a
     new file.

          If both a count and a range are specified for com-
     mands  that  use either, the starting line for the com-
     mand is the _l_a_s_t  line  addressed  by  the  range,  and
     ccoouunntt-  subsequent  lines  are affected by the command,
     e.g. the command "22,,33pp44" prints out lines 3, 4,  5  and
     6.

          When  only  a  line or range is specified, with no
     command, the implied command is either a  lliisstt,  nnuummbbeerr
     or  pprriinntt command.  The command used is the most recent
     of the three commands to have been used (including  any
     use  as  a  flag).  If none of these commands have been
     used before, the pprriinntt command is the implied  command.
     When  no  range  or  count is specified and the command
     line is a blank line, the current line  is  incremented
     by 1 and then the current line is displayed.

          Zero  or more whitespace characters may precede or
     follow the addresses, count, flags,  or  command  name.
     Any  object  following  a command name (such as buffer,
     file, etc.), that begins with an alphabetic  character,
     should  be  separated from the command name by at least
     one whitespace character.

          Any character,  including  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>,  "%%"
     and  "##"  retain their literal value when preceded by a
     backslash.

     1144..  EExx CCoommmmaannddss

          The  following  section  describes  the   commands
     available  in  the eexx editor.  In each entry below, the










UUSSDD::1133--5544                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     tag line is a usage synopsis for the command.

          Each command can be entered  as  the  abbreviation
     (those  characters in the synopsis command word preced-
     ing the "[" character), the full command  (all  charac-
     ters  shown  for the command word, omitting the "[" and
     "]" characters), or any leading subset of the full com-
     mand  down  to the abbreviation.  For example, the args
     command (shown as "aarr[[ggss]]"  in  the  synopsis)  can  be
     entered as "aarr", "aarrgg" or "aarrggss".

          Each eexx command described below notes the new cur-
     rent line after it is executed, as well as any  options
     that affect the command.

     ""
          A  comment.  Command lines beginning with the dou-
          ble-quote character ("""") are ignored.  This  per-
          mits comments in editor scripts and startup files.

     <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>

     <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>>
          Scroll the screen.  Write the next N lines,  where
          N  is the value of the ssccrroollll option.  The command
          is the end-of-file terminal character,  which  may
          be  different  on different terminals.  Tradition-
          ally, it is the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key.

          Historically, the eeooff command ignored any  preced-
          ing  count,  and  the  <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>> character was
          ignored unless it was entered as the first charac-
          ter of the command.  This implementation treats it
          as a command _o_n_l_y if entered as the first  charac-
          ter  of  the command line, and otherwise treats it
          as any other character.

          Line:    Set to the last line written.
          Options: Affected by the ssccrroollll option.

     !! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
     [[rraannggee]]!! aarrgguummeenntt((ss))
          Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a
          shell command.  In the first synopsis, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!!"  character is passed
          to  the  program  named  by the sshheellll option, as a
          single argument.

          Within the rest of  the  line,  "%%"  and  "##"  are
          expanded into the current and alternate pathnames,
          respectively.  The character "!!"  is expanded with
          the  command  text  of  the  previous  !!  command.
          (Therefore, the command !!!!  repeats the previous !!










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5555


          command.)   The  special meanings of "%%", "##", and
          "!!"  can be overridden by  escaping  them  with  a
          backslash.   If  no !!  or ::!!  command has yet been
          executed, it is an error to use an  unescaped  "!!"
          character.   The  !!   command  does  _n_o_t  do shell
          expansion on the strings  provided  as  arguments.
          If  any of the above expansions change the command
          the user entered, the command  is  redisplayed  at
          the bottom of the screen.

          EExx  then  executes  the program named by the sshheellll
          option, with a --cc flag followed by  the  arguments
          (which are bundled into a single argument).

          The !!  command is permitted in an empty file.

          If  the  file  has been modified since it was last
          completely written, the command will warn you.

          A single "!!"  character is displayed when the com-
          mand completes.

          In  the second form of the !!  command, the remain-
          der of the line after the "!!"  is  passed  to  the
          program  named  by  the sshheellll option, as described
          above.  The specified lines are passed to the pro-
          gram as standard input, and the standard and stan-
          dard error output of the program replace the orig-
          inal lines.

          Line:    Unchanged if no range was specified, oth-
                   erwise set  to  the  first  line  of  the
                   range.
          Options: Affected by the sshheellll and wwaarrnn options.

     [[rraannggee]] ## [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] nnuu[[mmbbeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the selected lines, each preceded with its
          line number.

          The line number format is "%6d", followed  by  two
          spaces.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the lliisstt option.

     @@ bbuuffffeerr
     ** bbuuffffeerr
          Execute  a  buffer.  Each line in the named buffer
          is executed as an eexx command.   If  no  buffer  is
          specified,  or  if  the specified buffer is "@@" or
          "**", the last buffer executed is used.











UUSSDD::1133--5566                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     [[rraannggee]] <<[[<< ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift lines left or right.   The  specified  lines
          are  shifted  to  the  left (for the << command) or
          right (for  the  >>  command),  by  the  number  of
          columns  specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.  Only
          leading whitespace  characters  are  deleted  when
          shifting  left;  once the first column of the line
          contains a nonblank character, the  sshhiifftt  command
          will succeed, but the line will not be modified.

          If  the  command character << or >> is repeated more
          than once, the command is repeated once  for  each
          additional command character.

          Line:    If  the current line is set to one of the
                   lines that are affected by  the  command,
                   it is unchanged.  Otherwise, it is set to
                   the first nonblank character of the  low-
                   est numbered line shifted.
          Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

     [[lliinnee]] == [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the line number of lliinnee (which defaults to
          the last line in the file).

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] >>[[>> ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Shift right.  The specified lines are  shifted  to
          the  right  by  the number of columns specified by
          the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option, by inserting tab and  space
          characters.  Empty lines are not changed.

          If the command character ">>" is repeated more than
          once, the command is repeated once for each  addi-
          tional command character.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option.

     aabb[[bbrreevv]] llhhss rrhhss
          Add an abbreviation to  the  current  abbreviation
          list.  When inserting text in vvii, each time a non-
          word character is entered after a word  character,
          a  set  of characters ending at the word character
          are checked for a match with llhhss.  If a  match  is
          found,  they  are  replaced  with rrhhss.  The set of
          characters  that  are  checked  for  a  match  are
          defined  as  follows,  for inexplicable historical
          reasons.  If  only  one  or  two  characters  were
          entered   before   the   non-word  character  that










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5577


          triggered the check, and after  the  beginning  of
          the insertion, or the beginning of the line or the
          file, or  the  last  <<bbllaannkk>>  character  that  was
          entered,  then  the one or the both characters are
          checked for a match.  Otherwise, the set  includes
          both  characters,  as  well as the characters that
          precede them that are the same  word  class  (i.e.
          word  or non-word) as the sseeccoonndd to last character
          entered before the non-word character  that  trig-
          gered    the    check,    back    to   the   first
          <<bbllaannkk>>character, the beginning of the  insertion,
          or the beginning of the line or the file.

          For example, the abbreviations:


          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   aabbcc    AABBCC
          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   ##ii     ##iinncclluuddee
          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   //**##ii   //**##iinncclluuddee

          will all work, while the abbreviations:


          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   aa##ii   AA##iinncclluuddee
          ::aabbbbrreevviiaattee   //**    //****************************************

          will not work, and are not permitted by nnvvii.

          To keep the abbreviation expansion from happening,
          the character immediately following the llhhss  char-
          acters  should  be  quoted  with  a <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>
          character.

          The replacement rrhhss is itself subject to both fur-
          ther abbreviation expansion and further map expan-
          sion.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] aa[[ppppeenndd]][[!!]]
          The input text is appended to the specified  line.
          If  line  0  is specified, the text is inserted at
          the beginning of the file.  Set to the  last  line
          input.   If  no lines are input, then set to lliinnee,
          or to the first line of the file if a  lliinnee  of  0
          was  specified.  Following the command name with a
          "!!"  character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option to  be
          toggled for the duration of the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.












UUSSDD::1133--5588                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  and nnuummbbeerr
                   options.

     aarr[[ggss]]
          Display the argument list.  The  current  argument
          is  displayed  inside  of  "[[" and "]]" characters.
          The argument list is the list of  operands  speci-
          fied  on  startup, which can be replaced using the
          nneexxtt command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     bbgg
          VVii mode only.  Background the current screen.

          Line:    Set to the current line when  the  screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] cc[[hhaannggee]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Replace  the lines with input text.  Following the
          command name with  a  "!!"   character  causes  the
          aauuttooiinnddeenntt  option  to be toggled for the duration
          of the command.

          Line:    Set to the last line  input,  or,  if  no
                   lines  were input, set to the line before
                   the target line, or to the first line  of
                   the  file if there are no lines preceding
                   the target line.
          Options: Affected by  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  and  nnuummbbeerr
                   options.

     cchhdd[[iirr]][[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
     ccdd[[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]]
          Change  the current working directory.  The ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy argument is subjected to  _s_h(1)  word  expan-
          sions.   When  invoked  with no directory argument
          and the HHOOMMEE  environment  variable  is  set,  the
          directory  named  by the HHOOMMEE environment variable
          becomes the new current directory.  Otherwise, the
          new   current   directory  becomes  the  directory
          returned by the _g_e_t_p_w_e_n_t(3) routine.

          The cchhddiirr command will fail if the file  has  been
          modified  since  the  last  complete  write of the
          file.  You can override this check by appending  a
          "!!"  character to the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the ccddppaatthh option.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--5599


     [[rraannggee]] ccoo[[ppyy]] lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] tt lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]]
          Copy  the specified lines (range) after the desti-
          nation line.  Line 0 may be  specified  to  insert
          the lines at the beginning of the file.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] dd[[eelleettee]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Delete  the lines from the file.  The deleted text
          is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer
          is  specified, in the unnamed buffer.  If the com-
          mand name is followed by a letter  that  could  be
          interpreted  as  either  a  buffer  name or a flag
          value (because neither a  ccoouunntt  or  ffllaaggss  values
          were given), eexx treats the letter as a ffllaaggss value
          if the  letter  immediately  follows  the  command
          name,  without  any whitespace separation.  If the
          letter is preceded by  whitespace  characters,  it
          treats it as a buffer name.

          Line:    Set  to  the  line  following the deleted
                   lines, or to the last line if the deleted
                   lines were at the end.
          Options: None.

     ddii[[ssppllaayy]] bb[[uuffffeerrss]] || ss[[ccrreeeennss]] || tt[[aaggss]]
          Display  buffers,  screens  or  tags.  The ddiissppllaayy
          command takes one of three  additional  arguments,
          which are as follows:

          b[uffers]
                   Display  all  buffers  (including  named,
                   unnamed, and numeric) that contain  text.
          s[creens]
                   Display  the file names of all background
                   screens.
          t[ags]   Display the tags stack.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ee[[ddiitt]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
     eexx[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          Edit a different file.  If the current buffer  has
          been  modified  since the last complete write, the
          command will  fail.   You  can  override  this  by
          appending a "!!"  character to the command name.

          If the "++ccmmdd" option is specified, that eexx command
          will be executed in the new file.  Any eexx  command
          may  be used, although the most common use of this










UUSSDD::1133--6600                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          feature is to specify a line number or search pat-
          tern  to set the initial location in the new file.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          EEddiitt  or  EExx, while in vvii mode, will edit the file
          in a new screen.  In this case, any  modifications
          to the current file are ignored.

          Line:    If  you  have previously edited the file,
                   the current line will be set to your last
                   position  in  the file.  If that position
                   does not exist, or you  have  not  previ-
                   ously  edited  the file, the current line
                   will be set to the first line of the file
                   if  you are in vvii mode, and the last line
                   of the file if you are in eexx.
          Options: None.

     eexxuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display usage for an eexx command.   If  ccoommmmaanndd  is
          specified,  a  usage statement for that command is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all eexx
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ff[[iillee]] [[ffiillee]]
          Display and optionally change the file name.  If a
          file name is specified, the  current  pathname  is
          changed  to the specified name.  The current path-
          name, the number of lines, and the  current  posi-
          tion in the file are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     ffgg [[nnaammee]]
          VVii  mode  only.   Foreground the specified screen.
          Swap the current screen with the  specified  back-
          grounded  screen.   If no screen is specified, the
          first background screen is foregrounded.

          Line:    Set to the current line when  the  screen
                   was last edited.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] gg[[lloobbaall]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
     [[rraannggee]] vv //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]]
          Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching)
          a pattern.  The lines within the given range  that
          match  ("gg[[lloobbaall]]"),  or  do  not  match ("vv") the
          given pattern are selected.  Then,  the  specified










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6611


          eexx  command(s)  are executed with the current line
          ("..")  set to each selected line.  If no range  is
          specified,  the entire file is searched for match-
          ing, or not matching, lines.

          Multiple commands can be specified, one per  line,
          by  escaping each <<nneewwlliinnee>> character with a back-
          slash, or by separating commands with a "||"  char-
          acter.   If no commands are specified, the command
          defaults to the pprriinntt command.

          For the aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee and  iinnsseerrtt  commands,  the
          input  text  must  be  part  of the global command
          line.  In this case, the terminating period can be
          omitted if it ends the commands.

          The vviissuuaall command may also be specified as one of
          the eexx commands.  In this  mode,  input  is  taken
          from  the  terminal.   Entering  a QQ command in vvii
          mode causes the next line matching the pattern  to
          be selected and vvii to be reentered, until the list
          is exhausted.

          The gglloobbaall, vv and uunnddoo commands cannot be used  as
          part of these commands.

          The   editor  options  aauuttooiinnddeenntt,  aauuttoopprriinntt  and
          rreeppoorrtt are turned off  for  the  duration  of  the
          gglloobbaall and vv commands.

          Line:    The last line modified.
          Options: Affected  by  the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee  and  mmaaggiicc
                   options.  Turns off the aauuttooiinnddeenntt, aauuttoo--
                   pprriinntt and rreeppoorrtt options.

     hhee[[llpp]]
          Display a help message.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] ii[[nnsseerrtt]][[!!]]
          The  input  text  is inserted before the specified
          line.  Following  the  command  name  with  a  "!!"
          character  causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option setting to
          be toggled for the duration of this command.

          Line:    Set to the last line input; if  no  lines
                   were  input,  set  to the line before the
                   target line, or to the first line of  the
                   file  if there are no lines preceding the
                   target line.  Affected by the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt
                   and nnuummbbeerr options.










UUSSDD::1133--6622                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


     [[rraannggee]] jj[[ooiinn]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Join lines of text together.

          A  ccoouunntt  specified  to the command specifies that
          the last line of the rraannggee plus  ccoouunntt  subsequent
          lines  will be joined.  (Note, this differs by one
          from the general rule where only ccoouunntt- subsequent
          lines are affected.)

          If the current line ends with a whitespace charac-
          ter, all whitespace  is  stripped  from  the  next
          line.   Otherwise,  if the next line starts with a
          open parenthesis ("(("), do nothing.  Otherwise, if
          the  current line ends with a question mark ("??"),
          period ("..")  or exclamation point  ("!!"),  insert
          two spaces.  Otherwise, insert a single space.

          Appending  a  "!!"   character  to the command name
          causes a simpler join with no white-space process-
          ing.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ll[[iisstt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display  the  lines  unambiguously.  Tabs are dis-
          played as "^^II", and the end of the line is  marked
          with a "$$" character.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the nnuummbbeerr option.

     mmaapp[[!!]] [[llhhss rrhhss]]
          Define or display maps (for vvii only).

          If  "llhhss" and "rrhhss" are not specified, the current
          set of command mode maps are displayed.  If a  "!!"
          character  is appended to to the command, the text
          input mode maps are displayed.

          Otherwise, when the "llhhss"  character  sequence  is
          entered in vvii, the action is as if the correspond-
          ing "rrhhss" had been entered.  If a  "!!"   character
          is  appended  to  the command name, the mapping is
          effective during text input mode, otherwise, it is
          effective  during command mode.  This allows "llhhss"
          to have two different  macro  definitions  at  the
          same  time: one for command mode and one for input
          mode.

          Whitespace  characters  require  escaping  with  a
          <<lliitteerraall--nneexxtt>>  character to be entered in the llhhss
          string in visual mode.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6633


          Normally, keys in the rrhhss string are remapped (see
          the  rreemmaapp  option),  and it is possible to create
          infinite loops.  However, keys which map to  them-
          selves are not further remapped, regardless of the
          setting of the rreemmaapp  option.   For  example,  the
          command  "::mmaapp  nn  nnzz.."  maps the "nn" key to the nn
          and zz commands.

          To exit an infinitely looping map, use the  termi-
          nal <<iinntteerrrruupptt>> character.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the rreemmaapp option.

     [[lliinnee]] mmaa[[rrkk]] <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
     [[lliinnee]] kk <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>
          Mark  the  line  with  the  mark <<cchhaarraacctteerr>>.  The
          expressions "''<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>" and "``<<cchhaarraacctteerr>>"  can
          then  be  used  as  an address in any command that
          uses one.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] mm[[oovvee]] lliinnee
          Move the specified lines after the target line.  A
          target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning
          of the file.

          Line:    Set to the first of the moved lines.
          Options: None.

     mmkk[[eexxrrcc]][[!!]] ffiillee
          Write the abbreviations, editor options  and  maps
          to  the specified file.  Information is written in
          a form which can later be read back in  using  the
          eexx  ssoouurrccee  command.   If ffiillee already exists, the
          mmkkeexxrrcc command will fail.  This check can be over-
          ridden  by  appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     nn[[eexxtt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee ......]]
          Edit the next file from the  argument  list.   The
          nneexxtt  command will fail if the file has been modi-
          fied since the last complete  write.   This  check
          can  be overridden by appending the "!!"  character
          to  the  command  name.   The  argument  list  can
          optionally  be replaced by specifying a new one as
          arguments to this command.  In this case,  editing
          starts with the first file on the new list.










UUSSDD::1133--6644                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          NNeexxtt, while in vvii mode, will set the argument list
          and  edit the file in a new screen.  In this case,
          any modifications to the current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected  by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.

     [[lliinnee]] oo[[ppeenn]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ffllaaggss]]
          Enter open mode.  Open mode is the same  as  being
          in  vvii, but with a one-line window.  All the stan-
          dard vvii commands are available.   If  a  match  is
          found  for the optional RE argument, the cursor is
          set to the start of the matching pattern.

          _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

          Line:    Unchanged,  unless  the  optional  RE  is
                   specified, in which case it is set to the
                   line where the matching pattern is found.
          Options: Affected by the ooppeenn option.

     pprree[[sseerrvvee]]
          Save  the  file in a form that can later be recov-
          ered using the eexx --rr option.   When  the  file  is
          preserved, an email message is sent to the user.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     pprreevv[[iioouuss]][[!!]]
          Edit  the  previous  file  from the argument list.
          The pprreevviioouuss command will fail  if  the  file  has
          been modified since the last complete write.  This
          check can  be  overridden  by  appending  the  "!!"
          character to the command name.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          PPrreevviioouuss, while in vvii mode, will edit the file  in
          a  new screen.  In this case, any modifications to
          the current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected by  the  options  aauuttoowwrriittee  and
                   wwrriitteeaannyy.  None.

     [[rraannggee]] pp[[rriinntt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Display the specified lines.

          Line:    Set to the last line displayed.
          Options: Affected by the lliisstt and nnuummbbeerr option.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6655


     [[lliinnee]] ppuu[[tt]] [[bbuuffffeerr]]
          Append  buffer contents to the current line.  If a
          buffer is specified, its contents are appended  to
          the  line,  otherwise, the contents of the unnamed
          buffer are used.

          Line:    Set to the line after the current line.
          Options: None.

     qq[[uuiitt]][[!!]]
          End the editing session.  If  the  file  has  been
          modified  since  the last complete write, the qquuiitt
          command will fail.  This check may  be  overridden
          by appending a "!!"  character to the command.

          If  there are more files to edit, the qquuiitt command
          will fail.  Appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand name or entering two qquuiitt commands (i.e.  wwqq,
          qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in  a  row)  will  override  this
          check and the editor will exit.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] rr[[eeaadd]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Read  a  file.   A  copy  of the specified file is
          appended to the line.  If lliinnee is 0, the  copy  is
          inserted at the beginning of the file.  If no file
          is specified, the current file is read;  if  there
          is  no current file, then ffiillee becomes the current
          file.  If there is no current file and no ffiillee  is
          specified, then the rreeaadd command will fail.

          If  ffiillee  is preceded by a "!!"  character, ffiillee is
          treated as if it were a shell command, and  passed
          to  the  program  named  by the sshheellll edit option.
          The standard and standard error  outputs  of  that
          command are read into the file after the specified
          line.  The special meaning of the  "!!"   character
          can  be overridden by escaping it with a backslash
          ("\\") character.

          Line:    When executed from eexx, the  current  line
                   is  set to the last line read.  When exe-
                   cuted from vvii, the current line is set to
                   the first line read.
          Options: None.

     rreecc[[oovveerr]] ffiillee
          Recover  ffiillee  if  it was previously saved.  If no
          saved file by that name exists, the  rreeccoovveerr  com-
          mand behaves equivalently to the eeddiitt command.











UUSSDD::1133--6666                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: None.

     rreess[[iizzee]] [[++||--]]ssiizzee
          VVii  mode only.  Grow or shrink the current screen.
          If ssiizzee is a positive, signed number, the  current
          screen  is grown by that many lines.  If ssiizzee is a
          negative, signed number,  the  current  screen  is
          shrunk by that many lines.  If ssiizzee is not signed,
          the current screen is set to the  specified  ssiizzee.
          Applicable only to split screens.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     rreeww[[iinndd]][[!!]]
          Rewind the argument list.  If the current file has
          been modified since the last complete  write,  the
          rreewwiinndd command will fail.  This check may be over-
          ridden by appending the "!!"  character to the com-
          mand.

          Otherwise,  the  current  file is set to the first
          file in the argument list.

          Line:    Set as described for the eeddiitt command.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ssee[[tt]]  [[ooppttiioonn[[==[[vvaalluuee]]]]  ......]]  [[nnooooppttiioonn ......]] [[ooppttiioonn??
          ......]] [[aallll]]
          Display or set editor options.  When no  arguments
          are  specified,  the  editor  option tteerrmm, and any
          editor options whose values have been changed from
          the  default settings are displayed.  If the argu-
          ment aallll is specified, the values of all of editor
          options are displayed.

          Specifying  an option name followed by the charac-
          ter "??"  causes the current value of  that  option
          to  be  displayed.  The "??"  can be separated from
          the option name by whitespace characters.  The "??"
          is  necessary  only  for  Boolean  valued options.
          Boolean options can be given values  by  the  form
          "sseett ooppttiioonn" to turn them on, or "sseett nnooooppttiioonn" to
          turn them off.  String and numeric options can  be
          assigned  by  the  form  "sseett  ooppttiioonn==vvaalluuee".  Any
          whitespace characters in strings can  be  included
          literally  by  preceding  each  with  a backslash.
          More than one option can be set  or  listed  by  a
          single  set  command, by specifying multiple argu-
          ments, each separated from the next by  whitespace
          characters.










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6677


          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     sshh[[eellll]]
          Run  the  shell program.  The program named by the
          sshheellll option is run with a  --ii  (for  interactive)
          flag.  Editing is resumed when that program exits.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the sshheellll option.

     ssoo[[uurrccee]] ffiillee
          Read and execute eexx commands from a file.   SSoouurrccee
          commands may be nested.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]]   ss[[uubbssttiittuuttee]]   [[//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppllaaccee//]]  [[ooppttiioonnss]]
          [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] && [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
     [[rraannggee]] ~~ [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Make substitutions.  Replace the first instance of
          ppaatttteerrnn  with  the string rreeppllaaccee on the specified
          line(s).  If the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" argument is  not
          specified,  the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" from the previous
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee command is used.  Any  character  other
          than  an alphabetic, numeric, <blank> or backslash
          character may be used as the delimiter.

          If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter "cc" (confirm),  you
          will  be  prompted  for  confirmation  before each
          replacement is done.  An affirmative response  (in
          English,  a  "yy" character) causes the replacement
          to be made.  A quit response (in  English,  a  "qq"
          character)  causes  the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command to be
          terminated.   Any  other   response   causes   the
          replacement  not  to  be  made, and the ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command continues.  If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter
          "gg" (global), all nonoverlapping instances of ppaatt--
          tteerrnn in the line are replaced.

          The && version of the command is the  same  as  not
          specifying  a pattern or replacement string to the
          ssuubbssttiittuuttee command, and the "&&" is replaced by the
          pattern  and replacement information from the pre-
          vious substitute command.

          The ~~ version of the command is the same as &&  and
          ss, except that the search pattern used is the last
          RE used in _a_n_y command, not  necessarily  the  one
          used in the last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command.











UUSSDD::1133--6688                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          For example, in the sequence

              ss//rreedd//bblluuee//
              //ggrreeeenn
              ~~

          the "~~" is equivalent to "ss//ggrreeeenn//bblluuee//".

          The  ssuubbssttiittuuttee  command may be interrupted, using
          the terminal interrupt character.   All  substitu-
          tions completed before the interrupt are retained.

          Line:    Set to the last line upon which a substi-
                   tution was made.
          Options: Affected  by  the  iiggnnoorreeccaassee  and  mmaaggiicc
                   option.

     ssuu[[ssppeenndd]][[!!]]
     sstt[[oopp]][[!!]]
     <<ccoonnttrrooll--ZZ>>
          Suspend the edit session.  Appending a "!!"   char-
          acter  to  these  commands turns off the aauuttoowwrriittee
          option for the command.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaa[[gg]][[!!]] ttaaggssttrriinngg
          Edit   the  file  containing  the  specified  tag.
          Search for the tagstring, which can be in  a  dif-
          ferent  file.   If the tag is in a different file,
          then the new file is edited.  If the current  file
          has  been  modified since the last complete write,
          the ttaagg command will  fail.   This  check  can  be
          overridden  by appending the "!!"  character to the
          command name.

          The ttaagg command searches for ttaaggssttrriinngg in the tags
          file(s)  specified  by  the option.  (See _c_t_a_g_s(1)
          for more information on tags files.)

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          TTaagg, while in vvii mode, will edit the file in a new
          screen.  In this case, any  modifications  to  the
          current file are ignored.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee,  ttaagglleennggtthh,
                   ttaaggss and wwrriitteeaannyy options.

     ttaaggpp[[oopp]][[!!]] [[ffiillee || nnuummbbeerr]]
          Pop to the specified tag in the  tags  stack.   If










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--6699


          neither  ffiillee  or  nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp
          command pops to the most recent entry on the  tags
          stack.  If ffiillee or nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp
          command pops to the most recent entry in the  tags
          stack for that file, or numbered entry in the tags
          stack, respectively.  (See the ddiissppllaayy command for
          information on displaying the tags stack.)

          If  the file has been modified since the last com-
          plete write, the ttaaggppoopp command will  fail.   This
          check  may be overridden by appending a "!!"  char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected by the  aauuttoowwrriittee  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     ttaaggtt[[oopp]][[!!]]
          Pop  to  the  least  recent tag on the tags stack,
          clearing the tags stack.

          If the file has been modified since the last  com-
          plete  write,  the ttaaggttoopp command will fail.  This
          check may be overridden by appending a "!!"   char-
          acter to the command name.

          Line:    Set to the line indicated by the tag.
          Options: Affected  by  the  aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     uunnaa[[bbbbrreevv]] llhhss
          Delete an abbreviation.  Delete llhhss from the  cur-
          rent list of abbreviations.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     uu[[nnddoo]]
          Undo  the  last  change made to the file.  Changes
          made by gglloobbaall, vv, vviissuuaall and  map  sequences  are
          considered  a  single command.  If repeated, the uu
          command alternates between these two  states,  and
          is its own inverse.

          Line:    Set to the last line modified by the com-
                   mand.
          Options: None.

     uunnmm[[aapp]][[!!]] llhhss
          Unmap a mapped string.  Delete  the  command  mode
          map  definition  for  llhhss.  If a "!!"  character is
          appended to the  command  name,  delete  the  text
          input mode map definition instead.










UUSSDD::1133--7700                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     vvee[[rrssiioonn]]
          Display the version of the eexx//vvii editor.

     [[lliinnee]] vvii[[ssuuaall]] [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          EExx  mode  only.   Enter vvii.  The ttyyppee is optional,
          and can be "--", "++" or "^^", as in the  eexx  zz  com-
          mand,  to  specify  the  position of the specified
          line in the screen window.   (The  default  is  to
          place  the  line at the top of the screen window.)
          A ccoouunntt specifies the number of  lines  that  will
          initially be displayed.  (The default is the value
          of the wwiinnddooww editor option.)

          Line:    Unchanged unless lliinnee  is  specified,  in
                   which case it is set to that line.
          Options: None.

     vvii[[ssuuaall]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]
          VVii  mode only.  Edit a new file.  Identical to the
          "eeddiitt[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]" command.

          Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
          VViissuuaall,  will  edit  the file in a new screen.  In
          this case, any modifications to the  current  file
          are ignored.

     vviiuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]]
          Display  usage  for  a  vvii command.  If ccoommmmaanndd is
          specified, a usage statement for that  command  is
          displayed.  Otherwise, usage statements for all vvii
          commands are displayed.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]][[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]] [[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwnn[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
     [[rraannggee]] wwqq[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file.  The specified lines  (the  entire
          file,  if  no  range is given) is written to ffiillee.
          If ffiillee is not specified, the current pathname  is
          used.   If ffiillee is specified, and it exists, or if
          the current pathname was set using the  ffiillee  com-
          mand,  and the file already exists, these commands
          will fail.  Appending a "!!"  character to the com-
          mand  name  will override this check and the write
          will be attempted, regardless.

          Specifying the optional ">>>>" string will cause the










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))                    UUSSDD::1133--7711


          write to be appended to the file, in which case no
          tests are made for the file already existing.

          If the file is preceded by a "!!"   character,  the
          program  named by the shell edit option is invoked
          with file as its second argument, and  the  speci-
          fied  lines  are  passed as standard input to that
          command.  The "!!"  in this usage must be separated
          from command name by at least one whitespace char-
          acter.  The special meaning of  the  "!!"   may  be
          overridden  by  escaping it with a backslash ("\\")
          character.

          The wwqq version of the write command will exit  the
          editor  after  writing  the  file, if there are no
          further files to edit.  Appending a "!!"  character
          to  the  command  name or entering two "quit" com-
          mands (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a  row)  will
          override  this  check  and  the  editor will exit,
          ignoring any files that have not yet been  edited.

          The  wwnn  version of the write command will move to
          the next file after writing the file,  unless  the
          write fails.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected  by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] xx[[iitt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]]
          Write the file if it has been modified.  The spec-
          ified  lines  are written to ffiillee, if the file has
          been modified since the last complete write to any
          file.   If  no rraannggee is specified, the entire file
          is written.

          The xxiitt command will exit the editor after writing
          the  file,  if there are no further files to edit.
          Appending a "!!"  character to the command name  or
          entering  two "quit" commands (i.e.  wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt
          or ZZZZ) in a row) will override this check and  the
          editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not
          yet been edited.

          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: Affected by  the  rreeaaddoonnllyy  and  wwrriitteeaannyy
                   options.

     [[rraannggee]] yyaa[[nnkk]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]]
          Copy  the  specified  lines  to  a  buffer.  If no
          buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used.












UUSSDD::1133--7722                    NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss))


          Line:    Unchanged.
          Options: None.

     [[lliinnee]] zz [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]]
          Adjust the window.  If no ttyyppee is specified,  then
          ccoouunntt  lines following the specified line are dis-
          played.  The default ccoouunntt is  the  value  of  the
          wwiinnddooww  option.   The  ttyyppee  argument  changes the
          position at which lliinnee is displayed on the  screen
          by  changing  the number of lines displayed before
          and after lliinnee.  The following ttyyppee characters may
          be used:

          -        Place  the  line  at  the  bottom  of the
                   screen.
          +        Place the line at the top of the  screen.
          .        Place  the  line  in  the  middle  of the
                   screen.
          ^        Write out count lines starting ccoouunntt **  22
                   lines before lliinnee; the net effect of this
                   is that a "zz^^" command following a zz com-
                   mand writes the previous page.
          =        Center  lliinnee on the screen with a line of
                   hyphens displayed immediately before  and
                   after  it.   The  number of preceding and
                   following lines  of  text  displayed  are
                   reduced to account for those lines.

          Line:    Set  to the last line displayed, with the
                   exception of the ttyyppee, where the  current
                   line  is set to the line specified by the
                   command.
          Options: Affected by the ssccrroollll option.

     1155..  SSeett OOppttiioonnss

          There are a large number of options  that  may  be
     set  (or  unset) to change the editor's behavior.  This
     section describes the options, their abbreviations  and
     their default values.

          In  each  entry  below,  the first part of the tag
     line is the full name of the option,  followed  by  any
     equivalent abbreviations.  (Regardless of the abbrevia-
     tions, it is only necessary to use the  minimum  number
     of  characters necessary to distinguish an abbreviation
     from all other commands  for  it  to  be  accepted,  in
     nneexx/nnvvii.   Historically,  only  the  full  name and the
     official abbreviations were accepted by  eexx/vvii.   Using
     full  names  in  your  startup  files and environmental
     variables will probably make them more portable.)   The
     part  in  square  brackets  is the default value of the
     option.  Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--7733


     either  on or off, and do not have an associated value.

          Options apply to both eexx and vvii modes, unless oth-
     erwise specified.

          For  information  on  modifying  the options or to
     display the options and their current values,  see  the
     "set" command in the section entitled "EExx CCoommmmaannddss".

     aallttwweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   Change  how  vvii does word erase during
          text input.  When this option is set, text is bro-
          ken up into three classes: alphabetic, numeric and
          underscore characters, other nonblank  characters,
          and  blank characters.  Changing from one class to
          another marks the end of a word.  In addition, the
          class  of  the  first  character erased is ignored
          (which is exactly what you want when erasing path-
          name components).

     aauuttooiinnddeenntt,, aaii [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option is set, whenever you create a new
          line (using the vvii AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo,  RR,  rr,
          SS,  and  ss commands, or the eexx aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee, and
          iinnsseerrtt commands) the  new  line  is  automatically
          indented  to  align the cursor with the first non-
          blank character of the line from which you created
          it.   Lines  are  indented using tab characters to
          the extent possible (based on  the  value  of  the
          ttaabbssttoopp option) and then using space characters as
          necessary.  For commands inserting text  into  the
          middle  of  a  line,  any  blank characters to the
          right of the cursor are discarded, and  the  first
          nonblank  character  to the right of the cursor is
          aligned as described above.

          The indent characters are themselves somewhat spe-
          cial.   If you do not enter more characters on the
          new line before moving to another line, or  enter-
          ing <<eessccaappee>>, the indent character will be deleted
          and the line will be empty.  For example,  if  you
          enter  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>  twice in succession, the
          line created by the first  <<ccaarrrriiaaggee--rreettuurrnn>>  will
          not  have  any characters in it, regardless of the
          indentation of the previous or subsequent line.

          Indent characters  also  require  that  you  enter
          additional  erase  characters to delete them.  For
          example, if you have an indented line,  containing
          only  blanks, the first <<wwoorrdd--eerraassee>> character you
          enter will erase up to end of the  indent  charac-
          ters, and the second will erase back to the begin-
          ning  of  the  line.   (Historically,   only   the










UUSSDD::1133--7744                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key would erase the indent characters.
          Both the <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>> key and the usual erase  keys
          work in nnvvii.)  In addition, if the cursor is posi-
          tioned at the end of the  indent  characters,  the
          keys  "00<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>"  will erase all of the indent
          characters for the  current  line,  resetting  the
          indentation  level  to  0.   Similarly,  the  keys
          "^^<<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>" will erase all of the indent  char-
          acters  for the current line, leaving the indenta-
          tion level for future created lines unaffected.

          Finally, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is  set,  the  SS
          and  cccc commands change from the first nonblank of
          the line to the end of the line, instead  of  from
          the  beginning of the line to the end of the line.

     aauuttoopprriinntt,, aapp [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  Cause the current line to  be  automati-
          cally  displayed after the eexx commands <<, >>, ccooppyy,
          ddeelleettee, jjooiinn, mmoovvee, ppuutt, tt, UUnnddoo, and uunnddoo.   This
          automatic  display is suppressed during gglloobbaall and
          vv commands, and for  any  command  where  optional
          flags are used to explicitly display the line.

     aauuttoowwrriittee,, aaww [[ooffff]]
          If  this option is set, the vvii !!, ^^^^, ^^]] and <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--ZZ>> commands, and the eexx eeddiitt,  nneexxtt,  rreewwiinndd,
          ssttoopp,  ssuussppeenndd,  ttaagg,  ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp commands
          automatically write the current file back  to  the
          current file name if it has been modified since it
          was last written.  If the write fails, the command
          fails and goes no further.

          Appending  the  optional  force flag character "!!"
          to the eexx commands nneexxtt,  rreewwiinndd,  ssttoopp,  ssuussppeenndd,
          ttaagg,  ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp stops the automatic write
          from being attempted.

          (Historically,  the  nneexxtt  command   ignored   the
          optional force flag.)  Note, the eexx commands eeddiitt,
          qquuiitt, sshheellll, and  xxiitt  are  _n_o_t  affected  by  the
          aauuttoowwrriittee option.

          The  aauuttoowwrriittee  option  is  ignored if the file is
          considered read-only for any reason.

     bbaacckkuupp [[""""]]
          If this option is set,  it  specifies  a  pathname
          used  as  a  backup  file, and, whenever a file is
          written, the file's current contents are copied to
          it.  The pathname is "##", "%%" and "!!"  expanded.

          If  the  first character of the pathname is "NN", a










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--7755


          version number is appended to  the  pathname  (and
          the  "NN"  character  is  then discarded).  Version
          numbers are always incremented,  and  each  backup
          file  will  have a version number one greater than
          the highest version number currently found in  the
          directory.

          Backup  files  must be regular files, owned by the
          real user ID of the user running the  editor,  and
          not accessible by any other user.

     bbeeaauuttiiffyy,, bbff [[ooffff]]
          If this option is set, all control characters that
          are not  currently  being  specially  interpreted,
          other  than <<ttaabb>>, <<nneewwlliinnee>>, and <<ffoorrmm--ffeeeedd>>, are
          discarded from commands read in by eexx from command
          files,  and  from input text entered to vvii (either
          into the file or to the colon command line).  Text
          files  read by eexx/vvii are _n_o_t affected by the bbeeaauu--
          ttiiffyy option.

     ccddppaatthh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee CCDDPPAATTHH,, oorr ccuurrrreenntt  ddiirreecc--
          ttoorryy]]
          This  option  is used to specify a colon separated
          list of directories which are used  as  path  pre-
          fixes  for  any  relative path names used as argu-
          ments for the  ccdd  command.   The  value  of  this
          option  defaults to the value of the environmental
          variable CCDDPPAATTHH if it is  set,  otherwise  to  the
          current  directory.   For  compatibility  with the
          POSIX 1003.2 shell, the ccdd command does _n_o_t  check
          the  current  directory as a path prefix for rela-
          tive path names unless it is explicitly specified.
          It may be so specified by entering an empty string
          or a ".."  character into the  CCDDPPAATTHH  variable  or
          the option value.

     ccoolluummnnss,, ccoo [[8800]]
          The number of columns in the screen.  Setting this
          option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environ-
          mental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS.  See the section entitled
          "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" more information.

     ccoommmmeenntt [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  If the first non-empty line of the  file
          begins with the string "//**", this option causes vvii
          to skip to the  end  of  that  C-language  comment
          (probably  a  terribly boring legal notice) before
          displaying the file.

     ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ddiirr [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTMMPPDDIIRR,, oorr //ttmmpp]]
          The directory where temporary files  are  created.
          The  environmental  variable TTMMPPDDIIRR is used as the










UUSSDD::1133--7766                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          default value if  it  exists,  otherwise  //ttmmpp  is
          used.

     eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,, eedd [[ooffff]]
          Remember the values of the "c" and "g" suffices to
          the ssuubbssttiittuuttee commands, instead  of  initializing
          them  as  unset  for each new command.  Specifying
          pattern and replacement strings to the  ssuubbssttiittuuttee
          command unsets the "c" and "g" suffices as well.

     eerrrroorrbbeellllss,, eebb [[ooffff]]
          EExx only.  EExx error messages are normally presented
          in inverse video.  If that is not possible for the
          terminal,  setting  this  option causes error mes-
          sages to be  announced  by  ringing  the  terminal
          bell.

     eexxrrcc,, eexx [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option  is  turned  off in the system or
          $HOME startup files, the local startup  files  are
          never read (unless they are the same as the system
          or $HOME startup files).  Turning  it  on  has  no
          effect,  i.e.  the normal checks for local startup
          files are performed, regardless.  See the  section
          entitled  "SSttaarrttuupp  IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more informa-
          tion.

     eexxtteennddeedd [[ooffff]]
          This option causes all regular expressions  to  be
          treated  as  POSIX 1003.2 Extended Regular Expres-
          sions (which  are  similar  to  historic  _e_g_r_e_p(1)
          style expressions).

     ffllaasshh [[oonn]]
          This  option causes the screen to flash instead of
          beeping the keyboard, on error,  if  the  terminal
          has the capability.

     hhaarrddttaabbss,, hhtt [[88]]
          This  option  defines the spacing between hardware
          tab settings, i.e.  the tab expansion done by  the
          operating  system  and/or the terminal itself.  As
          nneexx/nnvvii never writes <<ttaabb>> characters to the  ter-
          minal,  unlike  historic  versions  of eexx/vvii, this
          option does not currently have any affect.

     iiggnnoorreeccaassee,, iicc [[ooffff]]
          This option causes regular expressions, both in eexx
          commands  and  in  searches,  to be evaluated in a
          case-insensitive manner.

     kkeeyyttiimmee [[66]]
          The  10th's  of  a  second  eexx/vvii  waits   for   a










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--7777


          subsequent key to complete a key mapping.

     lleeffttrriigghhtt [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.   This  option  causes  the screen to be
          scrolled left-right to view lines longer than  the
          screen,  instead  of  the  traditional  vvii  screen
          interface which folds long lines at the right-hand
          margin of the terminal.

     lliinneess,, llii [[2244]]
          VVii only.  The number of lines in the screen.  Set-
          ting this option causes eexx/vvii to  set  (or  reset)
          the environmental variable LLIINNEESS.  See the section
          entitled "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information.

     lliisspp [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.  This option changes the behavior of the
          vvii ((, )), {{, }}, [[[[ and ]]]]  commands  to  match  the
          Lisp  language.   Also,  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt  option's
          behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     lliisstt [[ooffff]]
          This option causes lines to  be  displayed  in  an
          unambiguous  fashion.  Specifically, tabs are dis-
          played as control characters, i.e.  "^^II", and  the
          ends of lines are marked with a "$$" character.

     lloocckk [[oonn]]
          This option causes the editor to attempt to get an
          exclusive lock on any file being edited,  read  or
          written.  Reading or writing a file that cannot be
          locked produces a warning message,  but  no  other
          effect.   Editing  a  file  that  cannot be locked
          results in a read only edit  session,  as  if  the
          rreeaaddoonnllyy edit option were set.

     mmaaggiicc [[oonn]]
          This  option  is on by default.  Turning the mmaaggiicc
          option off causes all regular  expression  charac-
          ters  except  for  "^^"  and  "$$", to be treated as
          ordinary  characters.   To  re-enable   characters
          individually,  when  the mmaaggiicc option is off, pre-
          cede them with a backslash "\\" character.  See the
          section entitled "RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaaccee--
          mmeenntt SSttrriinnggss" for more information.

     mmaattcchhttiimmee [[77]]
          VVii only.  The 10th's of a second vvii pauses on  the
          matching  character  when  the sshhoowwmmaattcchh option is
          set.











UUSSDD::1133--7788                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


     mmeessgg [[oonn]]
          This option allows  other  users  to  contact  you
          using  the  _t_a_l_k(1)  and _w_r_i_t_e(1) utilities, while
          you are editing.  EExx/vvii does not turn message  on,
          i.e.  if  messages were turned off when the editor
          was invoked, they  will  stay  turned  off.   This
          option  only  permits you to disallow messages for
          the edit session.  See  the  _m_e_s_g(1)  utility  for
          more information.

     mmssggccaatt [[..//]]
          This  option  selects a message catalog to be used
          to display error and informational messages  in  a
          specified  language.   If the value of this option
          ends with a '/', it is treated as the  name  of  a
          directory   that   contains   a   message  catalog
          "vvii__XXXXXXXX", where "XXXXXXXX" is the value of  the  LLAANNGG
          environmental  variable, if it's set, or the value
          of the LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS environmental variable if  it's
          not.   If neither of those environmental variables
          are set, or if the option doesn't end  in  a  '/',
          the option is treated as the full path name of the
          message catalog to use.

          If any messages are missing from the catalog,  the
          backup text (English) is used instead.

          See the distribution file ccaattaalloogg//RREEAADDMMEE for addi-
          tional information on building and installing mes-
          sage catalogs.

     mmooddeelliinneess,, mmooddeelliinnee [[ooffff]]
          If the mmooddeelliinneess option is set, eexx/vvii has histori-
          cally scanned the first and  last  five  lines  of
          each  file  as it is read for editing, looking for
          any eexx commands that have  been  placed  in  those
          lines.   After  the  startup  information has been
          processed, and before the user starts editing  the
          file,  any  commands embedded in the file are exe-
          cuted.

          Commands were recognized by the letters "e" or "v"
          followed by "x" or "i", at the beginning of a line
          or following a tab or space  character,  and  fol-
          lowed by a ":", an eexx command, and another ":".

          This  option is a security problem of immense pro-
          portions, and should not be used under any circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.












NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--7799


     nnoopprriinntt [[""""]]
          Characters  that  are  never  handled as printable
          characters.  By default, the  C  library  function
          _i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3)  is used to determine if a character is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

          The  current  value  of the nnoopprriinntt edit option is
          the superset of all of the characters ever  speci-
          fied  using  it,  i.e. setting it to a string aaddddss
          the characters in the string to the list of  char-
          acters  that  are  not printable, and removes them
          from the list of  characters  that  are  printable
          (see the pprriinntt edit option).

     nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu [[ooffff]]
          Precede  each line displayed with its current line
          number.

     ooccttaall [[ooffff]]
          Display  unknown  characters  as   octal   numbers
          ("\\######"),   instead  of  the  default  hexadecimal
          ("\\xx####").

     ooppeenn [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  If this option is not set, the ooppeenn  and
          vviissuuaall commands are disallowed.

     ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt [[oonn]]
          VVii  only.  Throughput of text is expedited by set-
          ting the terminal not  to  do  automatic  carriage
          returns when printing more than one (logical) line
          of output, greatly speeding  output  on  terminals
          without addressable cursors when text with leading
          white space is printed.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa [[IIPPLLPPPPPPQQPPPP LLIIppppllppiippbbpp]]
          VVii only.  Define additional  paragraph  boundaries
          for  the  {{  and  }}  commands.   The value of this
          option must be a character  string  consisting  of
          zero or more character pairs.

          In  the  text  to  be edited, the character string
          <<nneewwlliinnee>>..<<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>>, (where <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>>  is  one
          of  the  character  pairs  in  the option's value)
          defines a paragraph boundary.  For example, if the
          option  were  set to LLaaAA<<ssppaaccee>>####, then all of the
          following additional paragraph boundaries would be
          recognized:












UUSSDD::1133--8800                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


              <newline>.La
              <newline>.A<space>
              <newline>.##


     pprriinntt [[""""]]
          Characters  that  are  always handled as printable
          characters.  By default, the  C  library  function
          _i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3)  is used to determine if a character is
          printable or not.  This edit option overrides that
          decision.

          The  current value of the pprriinntt edit option is the
          superset of all of the characters  ever  specified
          using  it,  i.e.  setting  it to a string aaddddss the
          characters in the string to the list of characters
          that are printable, and removes them from the list
          of characters that  are  not  printable  (see  the
          nnoopprriinntt edit option).

     pprroommpptt [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  This option causes eexx to prompt for com-
          mand input with a "::" character; when  it  is  not
          set, no prompt is displayed.

     rreeaaddoonnllyy,, rroo [[ooffff]]
          This  option causes a force flag to be required to
          attempt to write the file  back  to  the  original
          file  name.   Setting this option is equivalent to
          using the --RR command line  option,  or  editing  a
          file which lacks write permission.

     rreeccddiirr [[//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr]]
          The directory where recovery files are stored.

          If  you  change the value of rreeccddiirr, be careful to
          choose a directory whose contents  are  not  regu-
          larly deleted.  Bad choices include directories in
          memory based filesystems, or //ttmmpp,  on  most  sys-
          tems,  as  their  contents  are  removed  when the
          machine is rebooted.

          Public directories like //uussrr//ttmmpp and //vvaarr//ttmmpp  are
          usually  safe,  although  some  sites periodically
          prune old files from them.  There is  no  require-
          ment  that you use a public directory, e.g. a sub-
          directory of your home directory will work fine.

          Finally, if you change the value  of  rreeccddiirr,  you
          must modify the recovery script to operate in your
          chosen recovery area.

          See the section entitled  "RReeccoovveerryy"  for  further










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8811


          information.

     rreeddrraaww,, rree [[ooffff]]
          VVii   only.   The  editor  simulates  (using  great
          amounts of output), an intelligent terminal  on  a
          dumb  terminal  (e.g.  during insertions in vvii the
          characters  to  the  right  of  the   cursor   are
          refreshed as each input character is typed).

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     rreemmaapp [[oonn]]
          If  this  option  is set, it is possible to define
          macros in terms of other macros.  Otherwise,  each
          key is only remapped up to one time.  For example,
          if "AA" is mapped to "BB", and "BB" is mapped to "CC",
          The  keystroke  "AA"  will  be mapped to "CC" if the
          rreemmaapp option is set, and to "BB" if it is not  set.

     rreeppoorrtt [[55]]
          Set the threshold of the number of lines that need
          to be changed or yanked before a message  will  be
          displayed  to  the  user.   For everything but the
          yank command, the value is the largest value about
          which  the  editor  is  silent, i.e. by default, 6
          lines must be deleted before the user is notified.
          However,  if the number of lines yanked is greater
          than _o_r _e_q_u_a_l _t_o the set value, it is reported  to
          the user.

     rruulleerr [[ooffff]]
          VVii  only.  Display a row/column ruler on the colon
          command line.

     ssccrroollll,, ssccrr [[((eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS -- 11)) // 22]]
          Set the number of lines scrolled by the  eexx  <<ccoonn--
          ttrrooll--DD>> and <<eenndd--ooff--ffiillee>> commands.

          Historically,  the  eexx  zz  command, when specified
          without a count, used two times the  size  of  the
          scroll  value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard specified
          the window size, which is a better choice.

     sseeccttiioonnss,, sseecctt [[NNHHSSHHHH HHUUnnhhsshh]]
          VVii only.  Define additional section boundaries for
          the  [[[[  and  ]]]]  commands.   The  sseeccttiioonnss option
          should be set to a character string consisting  of
          zero  or  more character pairs.  In the text to be
          edited,  the  character  string   <<nneewwlliinnee>>..<<cchhaarr--
          ppaaiirr>>,  (where <<cchhaarr--ppaaiirr>> is one of the character
          pairs in the option's value),  defines  a  section
          boundary  in the same manner that ppaarraaggrraapphh option
          boundaries are defined.










UUSSDD::1133--8822                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


     sshheellll,, sshh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee SSHHEELLLL,, oorr //bbiinn//sshh]]
          Select the shell used by the editor.   The  speci-
          fied  path is the pathname of the shell invoked by
          the vvii !!  shell escape command and by the eexx sshheellll
          command.  This program is also used to resolve any
          shell meta-characters in eexx commands.

     sshheellllmmeettaa [[~~{{[[**??$$``''""\\]]
          The set of characters  that  eexx  checks  for  when
          doing  file  name expansion.  If any of the speci-
          fied characters are found in the file  name  argu-
          ments  to  the  eexx  commands,  the  arguments  are
          expanded using the program defined  by  the  sshheellll
          option.   The default set of characters is a union
          of meta characters from  the  Version  7  and  the
          Berkeley C shell.

     sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh,, ssww [[88]]
          Set  the  autoindent and shift command indentation
          width.  This  width  is  used  by  the  aauuttooiinnddeenntt
          option and by the <<, >>, and sshhiifftt commands.

     sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option causes vvii, when a "}}" or "))"
          is entered, to briefly move the cursor the  match-
          ing "{{" or "((".  See the mmaattcchhttiimmee option for more
          information.

     sshhoowwmmooddee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This  option  causes  vvii  to  display  a
          string  identifying the current editor mode on the
          colon command line.  The string is preceded by  an
          asterisk  (``*'')  if  the  file has been modified
          since it was last completely written,

     ssiiddeessccrroollll [[1166]]
          VVii only.  Sets the  number  of  columns  that  are
          shifted  to  the  left  or right, when vvii is doing
          left-right scrolling and the left or right  margin
          is  crossed.   See  the  lleeffttrriigghhtt option for more
          information.

     sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww [[ooffff]]
          This option affects the display algorithm used  by
          vvii,  holding  off display updating during input of
          new text to improve throughput when  the  terminal
          in use is slow and unintelligent.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ssoouurrcceeaannyy [[ooffff]]
          If  this option is turned on, vvii historically read
          startup files that were  owned  by  someone  other










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8833


          than  the  editor  user.  See the section entitled
          "SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more information.   This
          option  is  a  security problem of immense propor-
          tions, and should not be used  under  any  circum-
          stances.

          _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_.

     ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss [[88]]
          This  option  sets  tab widths for the editor dis-
          play.

     ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll [[00]]
          This option sets the maximum number of  characters
          that  are  considered  significant  in a tag name.
          Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters
          in the tag name significant.

     ttaaggss,, ttaagg [[ttaaggss //vvaarr//ddbb//lliibbcc..ttaaggss //ssyyss//kkeerrnn//ttaaggss]]
          Sets  the  list  of  tags  files, in search order,
          which are used when the editor searches for a tag.

     tteerrmm,, ttttyyttyyppee,, ttttyy [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTEERRMM]]
          Set the terminal type.  Setting this option causes
          eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environmental variable
          TTEERRMM.

     tteerrssee [[ooffff]]
          This  option has historically made editor messages
          less verbose.  It has no effect in this  implemen-
          tation.   See the vveerrbboossee option for more informa-
          tion.

     ttiillddeeoopp
          Modify the ~~ command to take an associated motion.

     ttiimmeeoouutt,, ttoo [[oonn]]
          If  this option is set, eexx/vvii waits for a specific
          period for a subsequent key to complete a key map-
          ping  (see  the kkeeyyttiimmee option).  If the option is
          not set, the editor waits until  enough  keys  are
          entered  to  resolve  the ambiguity, regardless of
          how long it takes.

     ttttyywweerraassee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  This option changes  how  vvii  does  word
          erase  during  text input.  If this option is set,
          text is broken up into two classes, blank  charac-
          ters  and  nonblank characters.  Changing from one
          class to another marks the end of a word.

     vveerrbboossee [[ooffff]]
          VVii only.  VVii historically bells the  terminal  for










UUSSDD::1133--8844                        NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))


          many  obvious  mistakes,  e.g. trying to move past
          the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file.
          If  this  option  is set, an error message is dis-
          played for all errors.

     ww330000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          less  than  1200  baud.  See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     ww11220000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          equal  to  1200  baud.   See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     ww99660000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]]
          VVii only.  Set the window size if the baud rate  is
          greater than 1200 baud.  See the wwiinnddooww option for
          more information.

     wwaarrnn [[oonn]]
          EExx only.  This option causes a warning message  to
          the  terminal if the file has been modified, since
          it was last written, before a !!  command.

     wwiinnddooww,, ww,, wwii [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS -- 11]]
          This option determines the default number of lines
          in a screenful, as displayed by the zz command.  It
          also determines the number of  lines  scrolled  by
          the  vvii  commands <<ccoonnttrrooll--BB>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--FF>>, and
          the default number of lines  scrolled  by  the  vvii
          commands  <<ccoonnttrrooll--DD>>  and <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>>.  The value
          of window can be  unrelated  to  the  real  screen
          size,  although  it  starts  out  as the number of
          lines on the screen.   See  the  section  entitled
          "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information.  Setting
          the value of the wwiinnddooww  option  is  the  same  as
          using the --ww command line option.

          If  the  value of the wwiinnddooww option (as set by the
          wwiinnddooww, ww330000, ww11220000 or ww99660000 options)  is  smaller
          than  the  actual size of the screen, large screen
          movements will  result  in  displaying  only  that
          smaller  number  of lines on the screen.  (Further
          movements in that same area  will  result  in  the
          screen  being filled.)  This can provide a perfor-
          mance improvement when viewing different places in
          one or more files over a slow link.

          Resetting  the  window  size  does  not  reset the
          default number of lines scrolled by the  <<ccoonnttrrooll--
          DD>> and <<ccoonnttrrooll--UU>> commands.











NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((OOppttiioonnss))                        UUSSDD::1133--8855


     wwrraapplleenn,, wwll [[00]]
          This option is identical to the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option,
          with the exception that it specifies the number of
          columns  from  the  _l_e_f_t  margin  before  the line
          splits, not the right margin.  If both wwrraapplleenn and
          wwrraappmmaarrggiinn  are set, the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn value is used.

     wwrraappmmaarrggiinn,, wwmm [[00]]
          VVii only.  If the value of the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option is
          non-zero,  vvii will split lines so that they end at
          least that number of columns before the right-hand
          margin  of  the screen.  (Note, the value of wwrraapp--
          mmaarrggiinn is _n_o_t a text length.  In a screen that  is
          80  columns  wide, the command "::sseett wwrraappmmaarrggiinn==88"
          attempts to keep the lines less than or  equal  to
          72 columns wide.)

          Lines are split at the previous whitespace charac-
          ter closest to the number.  Any  trailing  whites-
          pace characters before that character are deleted.
          If the  line  is  split  because  of  an  inserted
          <<ssppaaccee>>  or  <<ttaabb>>  character,  and you then enter
          another <<ssppaaccee>> character, it is discarded.

          If wrapmargin is set to 0, or if there is no blank
          character  upon  which to split the line, the line
          is not broken.

     wwrraappssccaann,, wwss [[oonn]]
          This option causes searches to wrap around the end
          or  the  beginning  of  the  file, and back to the
          starting point.  Otherwise, the end  or  beginning
          of the file terminates the search.

     wwrriitteeaannyy,, wwaa [[ooffff]]
          If  this  option  is  set, file-overwriting checks
          that would usually be made before  the  wwrriittee  and
          xxiitt  commands,  or  before an automatic write (see
          the aauuttoowwrriittee option), are not made.  This  allows
          a write to any file, provided the file permissions
          allow it.

     1166..  AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess iinn NNeexx//NNvvii

          There are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that  are  not
     found  in historic versions of eexx/vvii.  Some of the more
     interesting of these are as follows:

     88--bbiitt cclleeaann ddaattaa,, llaarrggee lliinneess,, ffiilleess
          NNeexx/nnvvii will edit any format file.   Line  lengths
          are  limited  by  available memory, and file sizes
          are limited by available disk space.  The vvii  text
          input  mode  command  <<ccoonnttrrooll--XX>>  can  insert any










UUSSDD::1133--8866                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


          possible character value into the text.

     SSpplliitt ssccrreeeennss
          The EEddiitt, EExx, NNeexxtt, PPrreevviioouuss, TTaagg and  VViissuuaall  (in
          vvii  mode) commands divide the screen into multiple
          editing regions  and  then  perform  their  normal
          function  in  a  new screen area.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--WW>>
          command rotates between  the  foreground  screens.
          The rreessiizzee command can be used to grow or shrink a
          particular screen.

     BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd ffoorreeggrroouunndd ssccrreeeennss
          The bbgg command backgrounds the current screen, and
          the  ffgg  command foregrounds backgrounded screens.
          The ddiissppllaayy command can be used to list the  back-
          ground screens.

     TTaagg ssttaacckkss
          Tags are now maintained in a stack.  The <<ccoonnttrrooll--
          TT>> command returns to the previous  tag  location.
          The  ttaaggppoopp command returns to the most recent tag
          location by default, or, optionally to a  specific
          tag  number  in  the tag stack, or the most recent
          tag from a specified file.   The  ddiissppllaayy  command
          can  be  used  to list the tags stack.  The ttaaggttoopp
          command returns to the top of the tag stack.

     NNeeww ddiissppllaayyss
          The ddiissppllaayy command can be  used  to  display  the
          current buffers, the backgrounded screens, and the
          tags stack.

     IInnffiinniittee uunnddoo
          Changes made during an edit session may be  rolled
          backward  and  forward.   A ..  command immediately
          after a uu  command  continues  either  forward  or
          backward depending on whether the uu command was an
          undo or a redo.

     UUssaaggee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn
          The eexxuussaaggee and  vviiuussaaggee  commands  provide  usage
          information  for  all of the eexx and vvii commands by
          default, or, optionally, for a specific command or
          key.

     MMeessssaaggee CCaattaallooggss
          It  is possible to display informational and error
          messages in different  languages  by  providing  a
          catalog  of  messages.   See the mmssggccaatt option and
          the file ccaattaalloogg//RREEAADDMMEE for more information.

     EExxtteennddeedd RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss
          The eexxtteennddeedd option causes Regular Expressions  to










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--8877


          be interpreted as as Extended Regular Expressions,
          (i.e. _e_g_r_e_p(1) style Regular Expressions).

     WWoorrdd sseeaarrcchh
          The <<ccoonnttrrooll--AA>> command searches for the word ref-
          erenced by the cursor.

     NNuummbbeerr iinnccrreemmeenntt
          The  ## command increments or decrements the number
          referenced by the cursor.

     PPrreevviioouuss ffiillee
          The pprreevviioouuss command edits the previous file  from
          the argument list.

     LLeefftt--rriigghhtt ssccrroolllliinngg
          The  lleeffttrriigghhtt  option causes nnvvii to do left-right
          screen scrolling, instead of  the  traditional  vvii
          line wrapping.












































UUSSDD::1133--8888                                  NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


     1177..  IInnddeexx

     !       16, 36         ?RE?        19         change      38
     ""          35         @       21, 36         chdir       38
     #       17, 36         A           21         columns     49
     $           17         B           21         comment     49
     %           17         C           22         copy        38
     &       18, 44         D           22         count   11, 34
     (           18         E           22         current pathname 8
     )           18         F           22         d           27
     *           36         G           22         delete      38
     +           14         H           23         directory   49
     ,           19         I           23         display     39
     /RE/        19         J           23         e           27
     0           20         L           23         edcompatible50
     0<control-D>32         M           23         edit        39
     :           20         N           19         errorbells  50
     ;           21         O           24         exrc        50
     <       21, 36         P           24         extended    50
     <carriage-return> 9    Q           24         exusage     39
     <control-A> 12         R           24         f           27
     <control-B> 13         S           24         fg          39
     <cont1r3o,l-3D2>, 35         T           24         file    35, 39
     <control-E> 13         U           25         flags       34
     <control-F> 13         W           25         flash       50
     <control-G> 13         X           25         global      40
     <control-1H3>, 32         Y           25         hardtabs    50
     <control-J> 14         ZZ          25         help        40
     <control-L> 14         [[          26         i           28
     <control-M> 14         -           19         ignorecase  50
     <control-N> 14         ]]          26         insert      40
     <control-P> 14         ^           26         j           14
     <control-R> 14         ^<control-D>32         join        40
     <control-1T4>, 32         _           26         k       14, 41
     <control-U> 15         `<character>18         keytime     50
     <control-1W5>, 33         a           26         l           16
     <control-X> 33         abbrev      37         leftright   50
     <control-Y> 15         alternate pathname 8   line        34
     <control-1Z5>, 45         altwerase   48         lines       50
     <control-]> 15         append      38         lisp        50
     <control-^> 16         args        38         list    41, 50
     <end-of-file> 34, 35   autoindent  48         lock        51
     <erase>     32         autoprint   48         m           28
     <escape>15, 32         autowrite   49         magic       51
     <inter8r,up3t1>, 33         b           27         map         41
     <line erase>33         backup      49         mark        41
     <literal-next> 8, 32   beautify    49         matchtime   51
     <newline>    9         bg          38         mesg        51
     <nul>       32         bigword     12         mkexrc      41
     <space>     16         buffer       8         modelines   51
     <word erase>33         c           27         motion      11
     =           37         cd          38         move        41
     >       21, 37         cdpath      49         msgcat      51










NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee                                  UUSSDD::1133--8899


     n           19         tags        54
     next        42         tagtop      45
     noprint     51         term        54
     number  36, 52         terse       54
     o           28         tildeop     54
     octal       52         timeout     55
     open    42, 52         ttywerase   55
     optimize    52         u           29
     p           28         unabbrev    46
     paragraph   12         undo        46
     paragraphs  52         unmap       46
     preserve    42         unnamed buffer 9
     previous    42         v           40
     previous context 10    verbose     55
     print   42, 52         version     46
     prompt      52         visual      46
     put         43         viusage     46
     quit        43         w           29
     r           28         w1200       55
     range       34         w300        55
     read        43         w9600       55
     readonly    52         warn        55
     recdir      52         whitespace   9
     recover     43         window      55
     redraw      53         wn          46
     remap       53         word        11
     report      53         wq          46
     resize      43         wraplen     55
     rewind      43         wrapmargin  55
     ruler       53         wrapscan    56
     s           28         write       46
     scroll      53         writeany    56
     section     12         x           29
     sections    53         xit         47
     sentence    12         y           29
     set         44         yank        47
     shell   44, 53         z       30, 47
     shellmeta   53         {           30
     shiftwidth  54         |           30
     showmatch   54         }           30
     showmode    54         ~       31, 44
     sidescroll  54
     slowopen    54
     source      44
     sourceany   54
     stop        45
     substitute  44
     suspend     45
     t       29, 38
     tabstop     54
     tag         45
     taglength   54
     tagpop      45










UUSSDD::1133--22                                   NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee


                        TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss

     Description ......................................    3
     Startup Information ..............................    3
     Recovery .........................................    4
     Sizing the Screen ................................    8
     Character Display ................................    8
     Multiple Screens .................................    9
     Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings ......   10
     General Editor Description .......................   11
     Vi Description ...................................   14
     Vi Commands ......................................   19
     Vi Text Input Commands ...........................   47
     Ex Addressing ....................................   50
     Ex Description ...................................   52
     Ex Commands ......................................   53
     Set Options ......................................   72
     Additional Features in Nex/Nvi ...................   85
     Index ............................................   88








































