% you are going to have to find some LaTeX package files to
% print this!
\documentclass[a4paper,dvips]{article}
\usepackage{makeidx}
\usepackage{local}% supplied here
\usepackage{multicol}% multicols package
\usepackage{example}% supplied here
\usepackage{pifont}% part of PSNFSS
\usepackage{times}% part of PSNFSS
\usepackage{array}% array package
\usepackage{rotating}% rotating package
%--------------------------
\newif\ifSparcGuide% if false, means it is for emTeX. true, for Sparc
                   % Unix setup
\SparcGuidetrue
%--------------------------
% system paths
\def\BS{{\tt\char'134}}
\ifSparcGuide
 \def\SLASH{/}
 \def\SYSTEX{{\tt /usr/local/tex/texmf}}
 \def\FONTS{\SYSTEX{\tt /fonts}}
 \def\MACROS{\SYSTEX{\tt /tex/latex/tools}}
 \def\STYLES{\SYSTEX{\tt /tex/latex}}
 \def\BASE{\SYSTEX{\tt /tex/latex/base}}
 \def\LOCALSTYLES{\SYSTEX{\tt /tex/latex/misc}}
 \def\CP{cp}
 \def\SYSTEM{Unix systems}
\else
 \def\CP{copy}
 \def\SLASH{\BS}
 \def\EMTEXPATH{c}  % which drive is emTeX on?
 \def\SYSTEX{{\tt\EMTEXPATH:\SLASH emtex}}
 \def\FONTS{{\tt \SYSTEX\SLASH tfm}}
 \def\MACROS{{\tt \SYSTEX\SLASH texinput}}
 \def\STYLES{{\tt \SYSTEX\SLASH texinput\SLASH latex}}
 \def\LOCALSTYLES{{\tt \SYSTEX\SLASH texinput\SLASH local}}
 \def\SYSTEM{em\TeX}
\fi
%
\makeindex
\title{A \LaTeX\ survival guide for \SYSTEM}
\author{edited by Sebastian Rahtz }
\date{January 10th 1994}
\begin{document}
\newsavebox{\demo}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\section{Introduction}

\def\cal{\mathcal}

This document is designed to provide new users of \LaTeX\ 
with a reference for the local features not documented in
the manual (\emph{The \LaTeX\ Book}, Lesley Lamport, Addison Wesley
1987); it takes the place of the \emph{Local Guide} referred to in the
book. For a general introduction to \LaTeX, you are referred to the
companion manual \emph{Essential \LaTeX\ ++}, mostly by Jon Warbrick.
For a general introduction to the concepts of the \TeX\ software
distribution, see Joachim Schr\"od's \emph{Components of \TeX}.

Readers of this document will normally be staff or students who have
either taught themselves \LaTeX, or are being taught it as part of a
course. Completely new users should read \emph{Essential \LaTeX\ ++}
first, to familiarize themselves with basic concepts. Most of this
manual is for reference purposes, so do not read it as a tutorial
text! 

\LaTeX\ runs on a variety of computers at many different sites.
\ifSparcGuide 
  This document tells you how to use \LaTeX\ on Unix  
  computers.\footnote{Excellent
  public domain implementations of \TeX\ for MSDOS, OS/2 and Macintosh
  computers are available from the UK \TeX\ Archive; see \ref{uktex}
  below.} 
\else 
  This document tells you how to use \LaTeX\ from the free em\TeX\
  package for DOS and OS/2 by Eberhard Mattes.\footnote{Excellent
  public domain implementations of \TeX\ for Unix, VMS and Macintosh
  computers are available from the UK \TeX\ Archive; see \ref{uktex}
  below.} 
\fi 
It is not about \LaTeX\ itself, which is described by the
manual---\emph{\LaTeX: A Document Preparation System}, published by
Addison-Wesley, available at the book shop.

If you have a question that you can't answer by reading the manual and
this document, ask the local support team.
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{p{2.5in}p{2.5in}}
\em Question & \em Answer\\
\hline How do I run \LaTeX& Use the `latex' command\ldots\\
How do I print a file? & 
\ifSparcGuide
  Use the {\tt dvips} command\ldots
\else
 If you have a PostScript printer, use {\tt dvips} to generate a
 PostScript file. Printing to HP LaserJet printers can be done with
 {\tt prthplj}.
\fi
\\
Can I have bibliographies done for me?&Use \BibTeX\ (it's documented
in the \LaTeX\ book Appendix B!)---see section \ref{bibtex} below.\\
How do I recover from errors? & \TeX\ is notorious for giving you
apparently meaningless error messages! 
\ifSparcGuide
 If you type `e' when you get a
 \TeX\ `?'  prompt, you will be put into the editor (by default,
 `vi'---set the environment variable {\tt TEXEDITOR} to use a different
 one) at the error-producing line.
\else
 If you type `x', then  \TeX\ will stop and tell you the line it fell
 over on.
\fi
\\
What if I run out of \TeX\ memory?& 
\ifSparcGuide
 This is a very big \TeX\ already that you are running. If you run out
 of memory, its probably your fault.
\else
 If your machine has a 386 or higher processor, and you are not
 running Windows, you can use a big \LaTeX\ with the command {\tt latex386}
\fi
\\
Is it possible to draw pictures? & 
\ifSparcGuide
 \LaTeX\ itself has a `picture'
 environment, described in the manual, but the simplest way is to
 include a \PS{} figure created with any good drawing tool
\else
 \LaTeX\ itself has a `picture' environment,   described in the
 manual, but you can also include PCX graphics files with the standard
 em\TeX\ drivers, or \PS\ figures created with any of the common
 packages, if you use dvips
\fi
(see section \ref{epsf} below for how to include \PS{} in \LaTeX).\\
How do I preview files before I print them? & 
\ifSparcGuide
   Use one of two previewers, {\tt dvipage} and {\tt xdvi}, 
   depending on whether your windowing system is Sunview or X Windows.
\else
   The command {\tt v} is used to preview your document if you have a
   VGA screen. There is no Windows previewer installed.
\fi
\\
Are there other packages for \LaTeX?&Lots. We have tried to
collect useful-looking things. Some of these are documented below.\\
Are we in contact with
the rest of the \LaTeX\ community?& Yes. There is a world-wide
\TeX-hackers mailing list, and a UK list. These are the next line of
defense after your local gurus; the UK bulletin is posted on Usenet
news.\\
Are there other macro packages than \LaTeX? & Yes, certainly,
but do not expect as much documentation and examples. 
\AMSTEX\ (from the American
Mathematical Society) is widely used. Such formats are not available
by default---talk to technical support if you want to use them.\\
Can I use Metafont to create my own fonts? & Yes, it is
installed. But don't expect much help about design!\\
Can I join a \TeX\ User Group?
&Yes, contact the \TeX\ Users Group,
            P. O. Box 869,
            Santa Barbara, CA 93102,
            USA.     telephone 805-899-4673;
    email {\tt Internet: tug@tug.org}
\\
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{quests}Common questions, with answers}
\end{table}

\section{Getting Started}

\subsection{Running a Sample File} \label{sec:sample}
Before preparing your own documents, you may want to get acquainted
with \LaTeX\ by running it on a sample input file.  First make your own
copy of the file \mbox{\texttt{sample.tex}} by typing the following command:
   \begin{alltt}
      \CP\ \BASE\SLASH{}sample2e.tex .
   \end{alltt}
(You must type the space followed by the period at the end.  This
and all other commands are ended by typing \emph{return}.)
A copy of the file \mbox{\texttt{sample.tex}} is now in your current
directory; you can edit it just like any other file.  If you destroy or
mess up your copy, typing the above command again gets you a fresh
one. Study this file as an example of a complete \LaTeX\ document,
which uses many of the common features.

Next, run \LaTeX\ on the file \mbox{\texttt{sample.tex}} by typing:
\begin{verbatim}
     latex sample
\end{verbatim}
When \LaTeX\ has finished, it will have produced the file \mbox{\tt
sample.dvi} in your directory.  You can print this file by typing the
command
\ifSparcGuide
  \begin{verbatim}
     dvips sample
  \end{verbatim}
\else
  \begin{verbatim}
     dvips sample
  \end{verbatim}
  if you have a PostScript printer, and then printing the file {\tt
  sample.ps}. If you have a HP LaserJet, the command is
  \begin{verbatim}
     prthlpj sample
  \end{verbatim}
\fi
After it has been printed,
you can delete \mbox{\texttt{sample.dvi}}. You'll also see a file called
\texttt{sample.log} which contains a copy of all the messages that came
on the screen (with, sometimes, more detail). You can safely delete
this after your run.

\subsection{Preparing and Running \LaTeX\ on Your Own Files}

You can use any text editor which produces plain ASCII text files to
prepare input for \LaTeX.  The easiest way to start learning
about \LaTeX\ is by examining the file \mbox{\texttt{small2e.tex}} with your
text editor.  You can obtain your own copy of this file, in your
directory, by typing the command
\begin{alltt}
      \CP\ \BASE\SLASH{}small2e.tex .
\end{alltt}

After you have prepared your file, whose name should have the extension
\texttt{tex}, you must run it through \LaTeX\ and print the output.
Follow the instructions in Section~\ref{sec:sample}, except substitute
the first name of your file for \mbox{\texttt{sample}}.  Remember to
save disk space by deleting the \texttt{dvi} files after printing the
output.

\ifSparcGuide
 If you are used to using an Emacs-type editor, you may wish to utilise
 the facilities provided by GnuEmacs.  These can be used on ordinary
 terminals, but if used on a workstation console, can use the mouse and
 function keys. Look out for the AUC-TeX package which provides a
 comprehensive set of facilities for editing \LaTeX\ code.
\fi

If you want to stop \LaTeX\ in the middle of its execution, perhaps
because it is printing a seemingly unending string of uninformative
error messages, press \emph{Ctrl-C\/}, and respond to the prompt with `X'

\section{Carrying On}

\subsection{Operating system issues} \label{sec:op-system}

The only special problems in using \LaTeX\ under this operating system
involve the way files are handled.  The first problem arises because,
when a program starts to write a file, the previous version of that
file is destroyed.  Thus, if an error forces you to stop \LaTeX\
prematurely (by typing \emph{Ctrl-C}), then the files that \LaTeX\ was
writing are incomplete, and the previous complete versions have been
destroyed.  You probably don't care about the output on the \texttt{dvi}
file, but, if you are making a table of contents or using
cross-referencing commands, then \LaTeX\ also writes one or more 
\emph{auxiliary files\/} that it reads the next time it processes the same
input file.  If the auxiliary files are incomplete because \LaTeX\ was
stopped before reaching the end of its input file, then the table of
contents and cross-references will be incorporated the next time
\LaTeX\ is run on the same input file.  You will have to run \LaTeX\ a
second time to get them right.  If you want to avoid having to run
\LaTeX\ twice after making an error---for example, if your input is
very long---then you should save copies of these auxiliary files
before running \LaTeX. An input file named \mbox{\texttt{myfile.tex}} and
all the auxiliary files produced by \LaTeX\ from it are included in
the file specifier \mbox{\texttt{myfile.*}}.  Use the {\tt\CP} command to
save copies of these files.

The second problem in using \LaTeX\ involves the files that
\LaTeX\ reads.  The file whose name you type with the \texttt{latex}
command is called the \emph{root file}.  In addition to reading the root
file, \LaTeX\ also reads the files specified by \hbox{\verb|\input|}
and \hbox{\verb|\include|} commands.  With our directory system,
\LaTeX\ must know not only the names of these file but also on what
directories they are.  It will have no problem finding the correct
files if you follow two simple rules:
\begin{enumerate}
 \item Run \LaTeX\ from the directory containing the root file.
 \item Keep all files specified by \hbox{\verb|\input|} and 
      \hbox{\verb|\include|} commands in the same directory as the root
       file.
\end{enumerate}
If you follow these rules, you never have to type a path specifier
when using \LaTeX.

You should never break the first rule, otherwise \LaTeX\ will have
trouble finding auxiliary files.  (To run \LaTeX\ on someone else's
file, copy the file to your directory.) If you break the second
rule, specifying a file from another directory in an
\hbox{\verb|\input|} or \hbox{\verb|\include|} command, you must use a
complete path name.  
\ifSparcGuide
   For example, to include the file \mbox{\texttt{hisfile.tex}} 
   from \texttt{kk}'s directory \hbox{\verb|foo/bar|}, you can type
   \begin{verbatim}
     \include{/home/kk/foo/bar/hisfile}
   \end{verbatim}
\else
   For example, to include the file \mbox{\texttt{hisfile.tex}} 
   from the directory \texttt{samples} on drive D: you can type
   \begin{verbatim}
     \include{D:/samples/hisfile}
   \end{verbatim}
   (note the use of the forward slash (/) in place of the standard DOS
   backslash (\SLASH)
\fi

For people who don't like to obey rules, here is exactly how \LaTeX\
finds its files.  The root file is found by the operating system
according to its usual rules.  \LaTeX's auxiliary files are read and
written in the directory from which it is run.  All file names
specified in the \LaTeX\ input, including the names of document class
files specified by the \hbox{\verb|\documentclass|}
command, are interpreted relative to the directory from which \LaTeX\
is run.  If \LaTeX\ does not find a file starting in this directory,
it looks in the system directory \STYLES.  You can change the
directories in which \LaTeX\ looks for its input files by setting the
environment variable 
\ifSparcGuide
  \mbox{\texttt{TEXINPUTS}}.
  You need to type a shell  command:
  \begin{quote}
  \begin{tabular}{l>{\tt}l}
  Shell & command to type\\
  \hline
  rc &TEXINPUTS=(. /home/dracula/texdocs)\\
  sh &TEXINPUTS=.:/home/dracula/texdocs:; export TEXINPUTS\\
  csh&setenv TEXINPUTS .:/home/dracula/texdocs:\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{quote}
\else
  \mbox{\texttt{MACROS}}.
  You need to type a shell  command:
  \begin{alltt}
   SET MACROS=.;\STYLES;d:\SLASH{}samples
  \end{alltt}
\fi
This causes \LaTeX\ to look for files first in the current directory (do
not neglect to specify a \texttt{.} for the current directory as the
first place in the list),
\ifSparcGuide
  then in dracula's \texttt{texdocs} directory,
  and then in the system directory (the trailing : implies this).  
  You might want to do this if your name is Dracula and you have your own
  personal package files in your \texttt{texdocs} directory. 
\else
  then on the directory \texttt{samples} on the D: drive   
\fi
\ifSparcGuide
\else
\subsection{Using the em\TeX\ previewer and LaserJet printer driver}
The em\TeX\ previewer and printer driver have the same interface, with
a very large number of parameters to  control use. Some commonly-used
parameters (long and short versions are given), followed where
appropriate by some value like a page number, are:
\begin{description}
\item[+short-help  /?]
  Display help and default or actual values (only displays necessary options)

\item[+help  /??]
  Display help and default or actual values (displays all options, including
  those usually set only once)

\item[+first-page  /b]
  Select the first side to be printed.  The DVI file will then be read from
  the beginning until a matching page is encountered.  

\item[+last-page  /e]
  Select the last side.  After finding a suitable first side, the DVI file
  search will continue until a page matching this option's specification is
  encountered.  The side containing this page will be the last one.  

\item[+deskjet  /od]
  HP DeskJet.  The output is for an HP DeskJet -- this option must be selected
  to output correctly to a DeskJet. The default is +laserjet.

\item[+kyocera  /ok]
  Kyocera.  The output is for a Kyocera F-1010.  If you want to print on the
  Kyocera then you must select this option. The default is +laserjet.

\item[+paintjet  /op]
  HP PaintJet.  The output is for an HP PaintJet -- this option must be
  selected to output correctly to a PaintJet.  You have to set the resolution
  to 180 dpi and to use correct fonts, for instance, by using the p6l.cnf
  configuration file.  The default is +laserjet.

\item[+quietjet  /oq]
  HP QuietJet.  The output is for an HP QuietJet -- this option must be
  selected to output correctly to a QuietJet.  You have to set the resolution
  to 192 dpi and to use correct fonts.  The default is +laserjet.

\item[+laserjet  /ol]
  HP LaserJet. The output is for a HP LaserJet+.  This is the default.

\item[+thinkjet  /ot]
  HP ThinkJet.  The output is for an HP ThinkJet -- this option must be
  selected to output correctly to a ThinkJet.  You have to set the resolution
  to 192 dpi and to use correct fonts.  The default is +laserjet.
\end{description}
A full description of all the parameters is given in the user guide,
\texttt{dvidrv.doc}, in \texttt{\SYSTEX\SLASH{}doc}.

The em\TeX\ drivers support the inclusion of \texttt{.pcx} or \texttt{.msp}
or \texttt{.bmp} files in the output, using \TeX's \verb|\special|
command --- note this makes the output file non-portable to other
systems. The inclusion is done with the \TeX\ command
\begin{verbatim}
\special{em:graph xxx}
\end{verbatim}
Which  inserts the graphic file `xxx' at this place.  
The upper left corner of the
graphic file is located at the reference point of a character were it to
appear here. You can use MSP (MS Paint under Windows 1.x and 2.x), PCX
(Paintbrush) and B\&W BMP files.  4 colour CGA mode PCX files cannot be used.
Run length encoded BMP files cannot be used. All non-white pixels of a PCX
file are printed (assuming the standard palette).  For efficiency reasons,
usage of MSP files (Windows 2.x) is recommended.  The width of the graphic
must not exceed 32760 pixels, the height must not exceed 32766 pixels.
Example (the size of the graphic is 21pt by 23pt):
\begin{verbatim}
      \begin{center}
      \begin{picture}(21,23)
        \put(0,23){\special{em:graph dvitrans.2}}
      \end{picture}
      \end{center}
\end{verbatim}

\fi
\subsection{How to use the \texttt{dvips} command}
The \texttt{dvips} command is used to convert the \TeX\ output file into
{\PS{}}, and spool it to a LaserWriter or other \PS{}
printer (including screen-based \PS{} interpreters like GhostScript%
\ifSparcGuide
  or OpenWindows%
\fi
). It includes the
facility to incorporate raw {\PS{}} files into \LaTeX, using
a \verb|\special| command (see below, section \ref{epsf}).
\ifSparcGuide
  It is normally configured to invoke \texttt{lpr} directly.
\else
  It normallly produces a \PS\ file in the current directory which you
  can send to the printer and then delete.
\fi

The \verb|dvips| driver has a plethora of command line options.  Reading
through this section will give a good idea of the capabilities of the
driver. 

Many of the parameterless options  can be turned off by
immediately suffixing the option with a zero (0); for instance, to
turn off page reversal if it is turned on by default, use \verb|-r0|.
The options that can be turned off in this way are \verb|-|a,
\verb|-|f, \verb|-|k, \verb|-|i, \verb|-|m, \verb|-|q, \verb|-|r,
\verb|-|s, \verb|-|E, \verb|-|F, \verb|-|K, \verb|-|M, \verb|-|N,
\verb|-|U, and \verb|-|Z.

This is a handy summary of the options; it is printed out when you run
\verb|dvips| with no arguments.
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
This is dvipsk 5.58a Copyright 1986, 1994 Radical Eye Software
     Usage: dvips [options] filename[.dvi]
 a*  Conserve memory, not time      y # Multiply by dvi magnification
 b # Page copies, for posters e.g.  A   Print only odd (TeX) pages
 c # Uncollated copies              B   Print only even (TeX) pages
 d # Debugging                      C # Collated copies
 e # Maxdrift value                 D # Resolution
 f*  Run as filter                  E*  Try to create EPSF
 h f Add header file                F*  Send control-D at end
 i*  Separate file per section      K*  Pull comments from inclusions
 k*  Print crop marks               M*  Don't make fonts
 l # Last page                      N*  No structured comments
 m*  Manual feed                    O c Set/change paper offset
 n # Maximum number of pages        P s Load config.$s
 o f Output file                    R   Run securely
 p # First page                     S # Max section size in pages
 q*  Run quietly                    T c Specify desired page size
 r*  Reverse order of pages         U*  Disable string param trick
 s*  Enclose output in save/restore V*  Send downloadable PS fonts as PK
 t s Paper format                   X # Horizontal resolution
 x # Override dvi magnification     Y # Vertical resolution
                                    Z*  Compress bitmap fonts
 pp #-# First-last page
     # = number   f = file   s = string  * = suffix, `0' to turn off
     c = comma-separated dimension pair (e.g., 3.2in,-32.1cm)

\end{verbatim}
\end{small}

The \texttt{-E} option makes \verb|dvips| attempt to generate an EPSF
file with a tight bounding box.  This only works on one-page files,
and it only looks at marks made by characters and rules, not by any
included graphics.  In addition, it gets the glyph metrics from the
\texttt{tfm} file, so characters that lie outside their enclosing 
\texttt{tfm} box may confuse it.  In addition, the bounding box might be a bit
too loose if the character glyph has significant left or right side
bearings.  Nonetheless, this option works well for creating small EPSF
files for equations or tables or the like.  

\subsubsection{Using the `epsfig' package}\label{epsf}
If you want to include a \PS\ graphic into a \LaTeX\ file, use the
\Cmd{epsfig} package with, e.g.:
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{epsfig}
\end{verbatim}

Now, at the point you want to include the file, enter a line such as
\verb|\epsfig{figure=foo.ps}|.  If your file did not (or does not
currently) have a bounding box comment, you should supply it as in the
following example: 
\begin{verbatim}
\epsfig{bbllx=100,bblly=100,bburx=500,bbury=500,file=foo.ps}
\end{verbatim}
(in the same order they would have been in a normal bounding box
comment). Note that all information for \Cmd{epsfig} is included in a
single parameter, separated by commas.  Now, save your changes and run
\TeX\ and \Cmd{dvips}; the output should have your graphic positioned
at precisely the point you indicated, with the proper amount of space
reserved.

The effect of the \Cmd{epsffile} macro is to typeset the figure as a
\TeX\ \Cmd{vbox} at the point of the page that the command is
executed.  By default, the graphic will have its `natural' width
(namely, the width of its bounding box).  The \TeX\ box will have
depth zero and a `natural' height. For graphics included
with \Cmd{epsfig} where the size is given in \TeX\ dimensions, this
scaling will produce the correct, or expected, results.  

You can enlarge or reduce the figure by putting
\texttt{width=<dimen>} in the parameter of \Cmd{epsfig}.
Then the width of the \TeX\ box will be \Cmd{<dimen>} and its
height will be scaled proportionately.  Alternatively you can force the
vertical size to a particular size with
\texttt{height=<dimen>}
in which case the height will be set and the width will be scaled
proportionally.  If you set both, the aspect ratio of the included
graphic will be distorted but both size specifications will be
honored.

By default, clipping is disabled for included EPSF images.  This is
because clipping to the bounding box dimensions often cuts off a
small portion of the figure, due to slightly inaccurate bounding
box arguments.  The problem might be subtle; lines around the boundary
of the image might be half their intended width, or the tops or
bottoms of some text annotations might be sliced off.  If you want to
turn clipping on, just use the parameter
\texttt{clip=} to \Cmd{epsfig}.

\section{Document classes}

The normal \texttt{article, book} and \texttt{report} classes
described in the manual are available.  There are three groups of
\emph{package} files available: a) those supplied with \LaTeX, and
endorsed by the maintainers; b) those initially developed by Frank
Mittelbach and Rainer Sch\"opf (sometimes known as the `Mainz'
packages), and other members of the \LaTeX\ team, which will
definitely work; those written and distributed by other \LaTeX\ users
which have come into common use, but which are not so carefully
tested. These packages may affect the main layout and style
(eg `times', `multicol') or add new facilities (eg `longtable').

\subsection{`Mainz' packages}
The recent, widely-used, packages from Mittelbach and Sch\"opf
have their own documentation, stored with the source of the packages
in directories of the relevant name in\\
\MACROS.

If you want to read the full documentation, copy the files from the
relevant directory, and look at the \emph{readme} file for how to get a
printout. The packages are:
\begin{description}
\item[array]\index{packages!array}\index{array.sty}An extensive
revision of the \LaTeX\ tabular and array modes by Frank Mittelbach; 
the chief differences are new options in the preamble,
listed in Table \ref{array}, quoted from the documentation.

 \begin{table}[t]
 \begin{center}
    \extrarowheight=1pt
    \begin{tabular}{|>{\tt}c|m{9cm}|}
       \hline
       m\{width\}    &  Definines a column of width \texttt{width}.
                        Every entry will be centered in proportion to
                        the rest of the line. It is somewhat like
                        \verb+\parbox{width}+. \\
       \hline
       p\{width\}    &  Equivalent to \verb+\parbox[t]{width}+. \\
       \hline
       b\{width\}    &  Coincides with \verb+\parbox[b]{width}+. \\
       \hline
       >\{decl.\}    &  Can be used before an \texttt{l}, \texttt{r},
                        \texttt{c}, \texttt{p}, \texttt{m} or a \texttt{b}
                        option. It inserts
                        \texttt{decl.} directly in front of the entry of
                        the column.   \\
       \hline
       <\{decl.\}    &  Can be used after an \texttt{l}, \texttt{r}, \texttt{c},
                        \verb+p{..}+, \verb+t{..}+ or a \verb+b{..}+
                        option.
                        It inserts \texttt{decl.} right after the entry of
                        the column.   \\
       \hline
       |             &  Inserts a vertical line. The distance between
                        two columns will be enlarged by the width of
                        the line
                        in contrast to the original definition of
                        \LaTeX.  \\
       \hline
       !\{decl.\}    &  Can be used anywhere and corresponds with the
                        \texttt{|} option. The difference is that
                        \texttt{decl.} is inserted instead of a vertical
                        line, so this option doesn't suppress the
                        normally inserted space between columns in
                        contrast to \verb+@{...}+.\\
       \hline
    \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \caption{The new preamble options for `array'} \label{array}
 \end{table}
Additionally there is a new
 parameter called \verb+\extrarowheight+. If it takes a positive
 length, the value of the parameter is added to the normal height of
 every row of the table, while
 the depth will remain the same. This is important for tables
 with horizontal lines because those lines normally touch the
 capital letters. 

Facilities are available for defining new column specifiers, and for
columns which line up on a decimal point.

This package also provides a `longtable' package which implements
arbitrarily-long multi-page tables. For simple multi-page tables, the
\emph{supertab} package described below in section \ref{extras} will
probably suffice.

\item[ftnright] a package which sets footnotes in the right-hand
  column of a two column style.
\item[multicol] \index{packages!multicol}\index{multicol.sty}
  Provides a flexible mechanism for multiple columns on a page. An
  ennvironment \verb|multicols| is provided, with a parameter of the
  number of columns desired. The number of columns (up to 10) can be
  changed in the middle of a page.  
\begin{sloppy}
\begin{multicols}{4}
 This is set in four columns across the page, and `multicols' is going
 to take care of the column breaks and making the columns the same
 height. You can see that the normal justification of \TeX\ is finding
 this hard work.

What is that sound high in the air\\
Murmur of maternal lamentation\\
Who are those hooded hordes swarming\\
Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth\\
Ringed by the flat horizon only\\
\textbf{What is the city over the mountains}\\
\emph{Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air}\\
Falling towers\\

\end{multicols}
\end{sloppy}

\item[theorem] new implementations of theorem environments.
\item[verbatim] new, more robust, implementations of verbatim
  environments, including facilities for verbatim input of a text file.
\end{description}
Some of these documents are rather technical. Ask for advice if you do
not understand them.

\subsection{Other packages}\label{extras}
Some commonly-used, or interesting,
packages which change the normal layout or style, or add new
facilities, are
\begin{description}
\item[pifont] Gives you access to Zapf Dingbats, \emph{if you have a
    PostScript printer and use dvips}.
\begin{dinglist}{107}\label{dings}
\item \verb|\ding| generates a Zapf Dingbat character; it has a
parameter of the Dingbat number (see chart p.~\pageref{dingchart}
below). Thus
\verb|\ding{166}| generates \ding{166}.
\item \verb|\dingfill| (with the usual numeric parameter)
 acts like other filling commands, but fills the
space with a chosen Dingbat \dingfill{167} like that.
\item \verb|\dingline| generates a freestanding line of the little chaps:
\dingline{44}
\item Inevitably, the `dinglist' environment  sets up an itemized
list, but has a Dingbat instead of a bullet (you are reading a
\verb|dinglist| at the moment).
\end{dinglist}

\item[rotating]\index{packages!rotate}\index{rotating.sty}
This package provides three new environments.

`Rotate' provides a generalised rotation environment, where the text
will be rotated (clockwise, as is normal in \PS{}) by the number
of degrees specified as a parameter to the environment, but no special
arrangement is made to find space for the result. Note the \% at the
end of \verb|\begin{rotate}{56}| --- this is vital to prevent a space
getting into the rotated text.
\begin{example}
Start here
  \begin{rotate}{56}%
   Save whales
  \end{rotate}
End here
\end{example}

A complete example of rotating text without leaving space
would the `Save the whale' text
written at 10 degree intervals round the compass. We use
`rlap' to ensure that all the texts are printed at the same point.
Just to show that \TeX\ can handle \PS{} muckings-about
properly\ldots
\begin{example} 
\newcount\wang
\newsavebox{\wangtext}
\newdimen\wangspace
\def\wheel#1{\savebox{\wangtext}{#1}%
\wangspace\wd\wangtext
\advance\wangspace by 1cm%
\centerline{%
\rule{0pt}{\wangspace}%
\rule[-\wangspace]{0pt}{\wangspace}%
\wang=-180\loop\ifnum\wang<180
\rlap{\begin{rotate}{\the\wang}%
\rule{1cm}{0pt}#1\end{rotate}}%
\advance\wang by 10\repeat}}
\wheel{Save the whale}
\end{example}

If the user
desires \LaTeX\ to leave space for the rotated box, then `turn' is used:
\begin{example}
 Start here \begin{turn}{-56}%
   Save the whale
  \end{turn} end here
\end{example}
The environment `Sideways' is a  special case, setting the rotation to $-90$,
and leaving the correct space for the rotated box. 
\begin{example}
Start here
\begin{sideways}%
Save the whale
\end{sideways}
End here
\end{example}

\end{description}

\subsection{Local macros and environments}
A number of useful macros and environments are provided in a single
file \texttt{local.sty}, which is read in  by the `localart.sty' style. It
defines (at least) the following commands:
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb|catalogue| is a new environment for lists, demonstrated in
  Fig. \ref{catalogue}.
\begin{figure}
\centerline{\framebox{\begin{minipage}{.6\textwidth}
The following list is like \texttt{description}, but the labels are set
in a wider box:
\begin{catalogue}
\item[cats and bears] are jolly good creatures to make money from, if
you draw greetings cards
\item[vultures] seldom appear on any cards 
\item[fleas, ticks, mites and cockroaches] have no credibility  at
all, though they do appear occasionally in literature, most famously
in the case of `archie and mehitabel'
\end{catalogue}
\end{minipage}}}
\caption{\label{catalogue}Demonstration of \texttt{catalogue} environment}
\end{figure}
\item \verb|widedesc| is a new environment for lists, demonstrated in
Fig. \ref{widedesc}.
\begin{figure}
\centerline{\framebox{\begin{minipage}{.6\textwidth}
The following list is like \texttt{description}, but the labels are set
in a wider box:
\begin{widedesc}
\item[cats and bears] are jolly good creatures to make money from, if
you draw greetings cards
\item[vultures] seldom appear on any cards 
\item[fleas, ticks, mites and cockroaches] have no credibility  at
all, though they do appear occasionally in literature, most famously
in the case of `archie and mehitabel'
\end{widedesc}
\end{minipage}}}
\caption{\label{widedesc}Demonstration of \texttt{widedesc} environment}
\end{figure}
\item \verb|screen| is a new environment for quoting code, demonstrated in
Fig. \ref{screen}. The text is set in a verbatim frame to make it stand out.
\begin{figure}
\begin{screen}
psfig: including cstr3.ps
psfig: searching article1.ps \BS ps@stream for bounding box
psfig: including article1.ps
psfig: searching article2.ps \BS ps@stream for bounding box
psfig: including article2.ps
psfig: searching article3.ps \BS ps@stream for bounding box
psfig: including article3.ps
No file csstyles.ind.
[29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] (csstyles.aux)
LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right.
(see the transcript file for additional information)
\end{screen}
\caption{\label{screen}Demonstration of \texttt{screen} environment}
\end{figure}
\item Leslie Lamport's
\texttt{alltt} environment is provided, which is like 
\texttt{verbatim} except that the
\texttt{\BS}, \{ and \} characters remain active, permitting you to
change font etc

In addition, all the names of \TeX-related products are provided as
macros, listed in Table \ref{texnames}.


\end{itemize}

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|>{\tt\BS }ll|}
\hline
SLiTeX & \SLiTeX \\
SliTeX & \SliTeX \\
slitex & \slitex \\
PiCTeX & \PiCTeX \\
pictex & \pictex \\
AmSTeX & \AmSTeX \\
AMSTeX & \AMSTeX \\
AMSTEX & \AMSTEX \\
amstex & \amstex \\
BIBTeX & \BIBTeX \\
BibTeX & \BibTeX \\
bibtex & \bibtex \\
METAFONT & \METAFONT \\
Metafont & \Metafont \\
metafont & \metafont \\
MF & \MF \\
latex & \latex \\
TeXsis & \TeXsis \\
Unix & \Unix \\
unix & \unix \\
PS & \PS \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{texnames}Macros to print various \TeX\ names}
\end{table}

\section{Additional \BibTeX\ style files}\label{bibtex}
In addition to the `plain' and `alpha' style files for \BibTeX\
described in the \LaTeX\ book, a number of other style files are
available:
\begin{description}
\item[acm]\index{ACM} generates the style suitable for submission to the ACM
\item[ieeetr] generates \index{IEEE}style for IEEETR
\item[apalike] is a generic `natural science' style that is
essentially Harvard. You must use package \verb|apalike| if you
intend to use this bibliography style.\index{Harvard bibliography style}
\end{description}

\section{Fonts}
A very large number of fonts are available to you, both ones generated
by \Metafont, which should be available anywhere, and the \PS{} ones
if you have a \PS\ printer (see \ref{psfonts} below). In case you
are curious about the relationship between magnification, point size,
file name etc, Table \ref{magsteps} may help.

\begin{table}
\centering

\begin{tabular}{|llll|}\hline
\em Magstep & \em GF/PK &\em PXL&\em point\\
\hline
.9 & 270&1350&9\\
1 & 300&1500&10\\
1.095 & 329&1643&11\\
1.2 & 360&1800&12\\
1.440 & 432&2160&14\\
1.728 & 518&2592&17\\
2.073 & 622&3110&20\\
2.488 & 746&3732&24\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Relationship between fontsize conventions\label{magsteps}}
\end{table}




\subsection{Using \PS{} fonts}\label{psfonts}

A number of special packages are available if you know that
output is going to a \PS{} printer: for instance, using package
\texttt{palatino} will make \LaTeX\ use Palatino for Roman, Avant
Garde for Sans Serif, Courier for Typewriter. Similar packages
are available for Times (\texttt{times} package), New Century
Schoolbook (\texttt{newcen}). In general \PS{} fonts are to be
preferred, since the Computer Modern Roman fonts do not reproduce well
on a 300 dpi LaserWriter. You should \emph{not} use the DVI output
files on other systems or send them to other sites; the original
\LaTeX\ source is, however, totally standard, and can be happily
distributed to other \TeX\ users (who will simply get the CMR fonts
when they print by removing the package).  \textbf{BEWARE} that
you may get problems if you use a lot of mathematics: the maths fonts
were designed to go with Knuth's Computer Modern Roman, and may not
look good with Palatino or Times.  You are recommended to consider
using pure Computer Modern Roman if you are a heavy maths user, or
purchase the Lucida Bright and Lucida New Math, or MathTime, fonts.

Examples of common \PS\ typefaces are:

\def\fontexample#1#2{% internal name, full name
\item Family #1 (#2)
\index{#2}\index{font!#2}
\nopagebreak\begin{verse}
\bgroup
\fontfamily{#1}\selectfont\small\rmdefault
What is that sound high in the air\\
Murmur of maternal lamentation\\
Who are those hooded hordes swarming\\
Over endless plains, stumbling in cracked earth\\
Ringed by the flat horizon only\\
\textbf{What is the city over the mountains}\\
\emph{Cracks and reforms and bursts in the violet air}\\
Falling towers\\
\egroup
\end{verse}
}
\begin{itemize}\label{psdemos}
\fontexample{pag}{AvantGarde}
\fontexample{pbk}{Bookman}
\fontexample{phv}{Helvetica}
\fontexample{pnc}{New Century Schoolbook}
\fontexample{ppl}{Palatino}
\fontexample{ptm}{Times}
\fontexample{pcr}{Courier}
\end{itemize}

One particular font is more difficult to use, the collection of
symbols called Zapf Dingbats. A chart of Dingbats is given in table
\ref{dingchart}. See p.\  \pageref{dings} for details of a package
which lets you easily access this font.

If you buy other \PS\ fonts, you will find that you are supplied with
the font itself and a font metric file. The latter can be converted to
a \TeX\ font metric file, and the font either downloaded permanently
to a printer, or sent with every job. The details of this of beyond
the scope of this guide, and you are advised to consult the support
team.

\begin{table}
\footnotesize
\centerline{%
\begin{tabular}{|ll|ll|} \hline
\textbf{\TeX\ font name } & \textbf{LaserWriter font name}&
\textbf{\TeX\ font name } & \textbf{LaserWriter font name} \\ \hline
\hline
pagd & AvantGarde-Demi & pagdo & AvantGarde-DemiOblique\\
pagk & AvantGarde-Book & pagko & AvantGarde-BookOblique\\
pbkd & Bookman-Demi & pbkdi & Bookman-DemiItalic\\
pbkl & Bookman-Light & pbkli & Bookman-LightItalic\\
pcrb & Courier-Bold & pcrbo & Courier-BoldOblique\\
pcrr & Courier & pcrro & Courier-Oblique\\
phvb & Helvetica-Bold & phvbo & Helvetica-BoldOblique\\
phvr & Helvetica & phvro & Helvetica-Oblique\\
pnbb & NewBaskerville-Bold  & pnbbi & NewBaskerville-BoldItalic \\
pnbr & NewBaskerville-Roman  & pnbri & NewBaskerville-Italic \\
pncb & NewCenturySchlbk-Bold & pncbi & NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic\\
pncr & NewCenturySchlbk-Roman & pncri & NewCenturySchlbk-Italic\\
pplb & Palatino-Bold & pplbi & Palatino-BoldItalic\\
pplr & Palatino-Roman  & pplri & Palatino-Italic\\
psyr & Symbol & ptmb & Times-Bold\\
ptmbi & Times-BoldItalic & ptmr & Times-Roman\\
ptmri & Times-Italic & pzcmi & ZapfChancery-MediumItalic\\
pzdr & ZapfDingbats  & &\\
\hline
\end{tabular}}
\caption{Names for  common \PS{} fonts in \TeX\label{tab:fnames}}
\end{table}

\font\smallzd=pzdr at 9 pt
\def\donger#1{\makebox[0.2in][l]{\smallzd\char#1}}
\begin{table}\small
\centerline{%
\begin{tabular}{||l|c||l|c||l|c||l|c||} \hline
\rule{0mm}{12pt}
32 & \donger{32} & 80 & \donger{80} & 160 & \donger{160} & 208 & \donger{208} \\ \hline
33 & \donger{33} & 81 & \donger{81} & 161 & \donger{161} & 209 & \donger{209} \\ \hline
34 & \donger{34} & 82 & \donger{82} & 162 & \donger{162} & 210 & \donger{210} \\ \hline
35 & \donger{35} & 83 & \donger{83} & 163 & \donger{163} & 211 & \donger{211} \\ \hline
36 & \donger{36} & 84 & \donger{84} & 164 & \donger{164} & 212 & \donger{212} \\ \hline
37 & \donger{37} & 85 & \donger{85} & 165 & \donger{165} & 213 & \donger{213} \\ \hline
38 & \donger{38} & 86 & \donger{86} & 166 & \donger{166} & 214 & \donger{214} \\ \hline
39 & \donger{39} & 87 & \donger{87} & 167 & \donger{167} & 215 & \donger{215} \\ \hline
40 & \donger{40} & 88 & \donger{88} & 168 & \donger{168} & 216 & \donger{216} \\ \hline
41 & \donger{41} & 89 & \donger{89} & 169 & \donger{169} & 217 & \donger{217} \\ \hline
42 & \donger{42} & 90 & \donger{90} & 170 & \donger{170} & 218 & \donger{218} \\ \hline
43 & \donger{43} & 91 & \donger{91} & 171 & \donger{171} & 219 & \donger{219} \\ \hline
44 & \donger{44} & 92 & \donger{92} & 172 & \donger{172} & 220 & \donger{220} \\ \hline
45 & \donger{45} & 93 & \donger{93} & 173 & \donger{173} & 221 & \donger{221} \\ \hline
46 & \donger{46} & 94 & \donger{94} & 174 & \donger{174} & 222 & \donger{222} \\ \hline
47 & \donger{47} & 95 & \donger{95} & 175 & \donger{175} & 223 & \donger{223} \\ \hline
48 & \donger{48} & 96 & \donger{96} & 176 & \donger{176} & 224 & \donger{224} \\ \hline
49 & \donger{49} & 97 & \donger{97} & 177 & \donger{177} & 225 & \donger{225} \\ \hline
50 & \donger{50} & 98 & \donger{98} & 178 & \donger{178} & 226 & \donger{226} \\ \hline
51 & \donger{51} & 99 & \donger{99} & 179 & \donger{179} & 227 & \donger{227} \\ \hline
52 & \donger{52} & 100 & \donger{100} & 180 & \donger{180} & 228 & \donger{228} \\ \hline
53 & \donger{53} & 101 & \donger{101} & 181 & \donger{181} & 229 & \donger{229} \\ \hline
54 & \donger{54} & 102 & \donger{102} & 182 & \donger{182} & 230 & \donger{230} \\ \hline
55 & \donger{55} & 103 & \donger{103} & 183 & \donger{183} & 231 & \donger{231} \\ \hline
56 & \donger{56} & 104 & \donger{104} & 184 & \donger{184} & 232 & \donger{232} \\ \hline
57 & \donger{57} & 105 & \donger{105} & 185 & \donger{185} & 233 & \donger{233} \\ \hline
58 & \donger{58} & 106 & \donger{106} & 186 & \donger{186} & 234 & \donger{234} \\ \hline
59 & \donger{59} & 107 & \donger{107} & 187 & \donger{187} & 235 & \donger{235} \\ \hline
60 & \donger{60} & 108 & \donger{108} & 188 & \donger{188} & 236 & \donger{236} \\ \hline
61 & \donger{61} & 109 & \donger{109} & 189 & \donger{189} & 237 & \donger{237} \\ \hline
62 & \donger{62} & 110 & \donger{110} & 190 & \donger{190} & 238 & \donger{238} \\ \hline
63 & \donger{63} & 111 & \donger{111} & 191 & \donger{191} & 239 & \donger{239} \\ \hline
64 & \donger{64} & 112 & \donger{112} & 192 & \donger{192} & 240 & \donger{240} \\ \hline
65 & \donger{65} & 113 & \donger{113} & 193 & \donger{193} & 241 & \donger{241} \\ \hline
66 & \donger{66} & 114 & \donger{114} & 194 & \donger{194} & 242 & \donger{242} \\ \hline
67 & \donger{67} & 115 & \donger{115} & 195 & \donger{195} & 243 & \donger{243} \\ \hline
68 & \donger{68} & 116 & \donger{116} & 196 & \donger{196} & 244 & \donger{244} \\ \hline
69 & \donger{69} & 117 & \donger{117} & 197 & \donger{197} & 245 & \donger{245} \\ \hline
70 & \donger{70} & 118 & \donger{118} & 198 & \donger{198} & 246 & \donger{246} \\ \hline
71 & \donger{71} & 119 & \donger{119} & 199 & \donger{199} & 247 & \donger{247} \\ \hline
72 & \donger{72} & 120 & \donger{120} & 200 & \donger{200} & 248 & \donger{248} \\ \hline
73 & \donger{73} & 121 & \donger{121} & 201 & \donger{201} & 249 & \donger{249} \\ \hline
74 & \donger{74} & 122 & \donger{122} & 202 & \donger{202} & 250 & \donger{250} \\ \hline
75 & \donger{75} & 123 & \donger{123} & 203 & \donger{203} & 251 & \donger{251} \\ \hline
76 & \donger{76} & 124 & \donger{124} & 204 & \donger{204} & 252 & \donger{252} \\ \hline
77 & \donger{77} & 125 & \donger{125} & 205 & \donger{205} & 253 & \donger{253} \\ \hline
78 & \donger{78} & 126 & \donger{126} & 206 & \donger{206} & 254 & \donger{254} \\ \hline
79 & \donger{79} & 127 & \donger{127} & 207 & \donger{207} & 255 & \donger{255} \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
}
\caption{\label{dingchart}Dingbat Chart}
\end{table}

\ifSparcGuide
\section{Previewers}
Previewing your output before printing can  save lots of
paper. There are two possibilities:
\begin{enumerate}
\item  Use a \texttt{dvi} previewer. The recommended ones are 
\emph{  dvipage} for those using Sunview, and \emph{xdvi} for those using X
  Windows. The former is fast, and has an excellent interface, but it
  does not support some of the more modern features of dvi drivers,
  and may not reproduce your output accurately (not at all if you use
  \PS\ fonts). The latter is rather more cumbersome, but has more
  features. In particular, it can access a set of bitmap versions of
  the common \PS{} fonts, which allows users of packages
  like `times' to see exactly what they are getting. The manual pages
  for the two commands should be consulted for usage.

 \item Neither of the previewers lets you see embedded \PS{}
   graphics, or effects like text rotation or gray shades. It is
   therefore often desirable to run the output through \emph{dvips}
   (using the \texttt{-o} option to save the output) and use a
   \PS\ previewer. If you use Sun's OpenWindows, this includes
   the \emph{pageview} command to show any \PS\ file. The public domain
   Ghostscript (\emph{gs}) is rather faster and more reliable, 
   but has a poor interface. It is enhanced by the GhostView 
   (\emph{ghostview}) command which offers a good interface and calls on 
   \emph{ghostscript} to do the work.
\end{enumerate}
\fi

\section{Related software}
There is a wide variety of supporting or related software available; a
brief description is given below of commands which may be of interest.
\ifSparcGuide
Unix manual pages are provided for all of these; note that you must
add /usr/local/\texttt{man} to your \emph{manpath} to access some of these:
\fi

\begin{description}
\item[tex] Plain \TeX.
\end{description}
 The following commands are for serious \TeX nicians only:
\begin{description}
\ifSparcGuide
\item[MakeTeXPK] used by dvips and xdvi to create new .pk files from
  font sources on demand
\fi
\item[afm2tfm] create .tfm files from Adobe .afm files
\item[dvicopy] take a .dvi file and resolve all virtual font
  references, and write a new .dvi file with the result
\item[dvitype] list a .dvi file in human-readable form for debugging
\item[gftodvi] convert .gf font file to .dvi form for printing
\item[gftopk] convert .gf font file to .pk form
\item[gftype] list a .gf font file in human-readable form
\ifSparcGuide
\item[initex] a special version of \TeX\ which can read hyphenation
  patterns and write format files
\fi
\item[patgen] generate a \TeX\ hyphenation file from list of hyphenated words
\item[pktogf ] convert .pk font file to .gf form
\item[pktype ] list a .pk font file in human-readable form
\item[pltotf] convert a .pl (human readable) font metric file to .tfm
\item[tangle] convert .web files to compilable Pascal
\item[tftopl ] convert a .tfm font metric file to .pl (human readable) form
\item[vftovp] convert .vf virtual font files to .vpl (human readable) form
\item[vptovf] convert .vpl (human readable) form virtual font files to .vf form
\item[weave] convert .web files to .tex files for printing
\end{description}
\appendix
\section{Joining the \protect\TeX{} and \protect\LaTeX{} Community}
Thanks to the generosity of Don Knuth and Leslie Lamport, and
contributions from many individuals around the world, \TeX{}, \MF{} and
\LaTeX{} are available, and in the public domain, on machines ranging
from microcomputers like the IBM PC and the Apple Macintosh, to
large mainframes.  Actual implementations of these programs
usually cost some money, but only because a certain expenditure
of human effort is required to prepare a smoothly-functioning
installation.   

    There is a large and active \TeX{} Users Group, \textsc{TUG},
which meets every summer, and which publishes an excellent quarterly
journal, \textsc{TUGboat}, which averages about 200 pages per year.
Membership in \textsc{TUG} costs only about \pounds50 a year, and order
forms for membership, back issues, and other \TeX{} publications are
available from the \TeX\ Users Group, P. O. Box 869, Santa Barbara, CA
93102, USA.  Telephone 805-899-4673.  Email (Internet)
tug@tug.org


  Immediately before and after the summer conference,
there are workshops and tutorials for new, intermediate, and
advanced users, and video tapes of several of them are available
for rent or purchase through \textsc{TUG}.  If sufficient local
interest and support exists, \textsc{TUG} will also coordinate the
holding of local on-site workshops to train people in the use of
\TeX{} and \LaTeX{}.

\subsection{UK \TeX\ users}\label{uktex}
The UK \TeX\ Users Group offers a joint membership with international
TUG, publishes a newsletter, and has regular workshop meetings. Mail
\texttt{p.abbott@aston.ac.uk} for details. It is also closely associated
with the UK \TeX\ Archive at Aston University. This is a huge
collection of \TeX-related material which may have what you want. You
can access it using \emph{ftp} to site ftp.tex.ac.uk
(134.151.40.18). 

Local \TeX\ users with access to Usenet news and becoming addicted to
\TeX\ should also read \emph{comp.text.tex}, but be warned that this is
a high-volume news group and can get quite technical.

\printindex
\end{document}
