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% Contents: Typesetting Part of LaTeX2e Introduction
% File: typeset.tex (lshort2e.tex)
% Change: 9/11/1994 (to)
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\section{Typesetting Text}
 
\subsection{Linebreaking and Pagebreaking}
 
\subsubsection{Justified Paragraphs}

Often books are typeset with each line having the same length.
\LaTeX{} inserts the necessary \wi{linebreak}s and space between words
by optimising the contents of a whole paragraph. If necessary it
also hyphenates words that would not fit comfortably on a line.
How the paragraphs are typeset depends on the document class.
Normally the first line of a paragraph is indented and there is no
additional space between two paragraphs. Refer to section~\ref{parsp}
for more information.

In special cases it might be necessary to order \LaTeX{} to break a
line: the commands \ci{\bs} or \ci{newline} start a new line without
starting a new paragraph. The command \ci{\bs*} additionally prohibits
a pagebreak after the forced linebreak. The command \ci{newpage}
starts a new page.

The commands: \ci{linebreak}|[|\emph{n}|]|,
\ci{nolinebreak}|[|\emph{n}|]|, \ci{pagebreak}|[|\emph{n}|]| and
\ci{nopagebreak}|[|\emph{n}|]| enable the author to influence their
actions, with \emph{n} being the strength of the influence from zero
to four.

\LaTeX{} always tries to produce the best linebreaks possible. If it
cannot find a way to break the lines which meets its high standards,
it rather lets one line stick out on the right of the paragraph.
\LaTeX{} then complains (``\wi{overfull hbox}'') while processing the
input file. This happens most often when \LaTeX{} cannot find a
suitable place to hyphenate a word. By giving the \ci{sloppy} command
you can instruct \LaTeX{} to lower its standards a little. It then
prevents such over-long lines by increasing the inter-word spacing ---
even if the final output is not optimal.  In this case a warning
(``\wi{underfull hbox}'') is given to the user. In most cases the
result does not look too bad.

\subsubsection{Hyphenation} \label{hyph}

\LaTeX{} hyphenates words whenever necessary. If the hyphenation
algorithm does not find the correct hyphenation points you can
remedy the situation by using the following commands, to tell \TeX{}
about the exception.

The command
\begin{command}
\ci{hyphenation}|{|\emph{word list}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent causes the words listed in the argument to be hyphenated only at the
points marked by ``|-|''.  This command should be given in the
preamble of the input file and should only contain words built from
normal letters. The case of the letters is ignored. The example
below will alow ``hyphenation'' to be hyphenated as well as
``Hyphenation''. No accented characters or symbols are allowed in the argument. 

Example:
\begin{code}
|\hyphenation{FORTRAN Hy-phen-a-tion}|
\end{code}

The command \ci{-} inserts a discretionary hyphen into a word. This also
becomes the only point hyphenation is allowed in this word. This
command is especially useful for words containing special
characters, because \LaTeX{} does not automatically hyphenate words
containing accented characters.
%\footnote{Unless you are using the new
%\wi{DC fonts}.}.
\begin{example}
I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-%
i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-%
al\-i\-do\-cious
\end{example}

Several words can be kept together on one line. The command
\begin{command}
\ci{mbox}|{|\emph{text}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent causes its argument be kept together under all circumstances.

\begin{example}
My phone number will change soon.
It will be \mbox{(0116) 2550 943}.

The parameter 
\mbox{\emph{filename}} should 
contain the name of the file.
\end{example}
 
\subsection{Special Characters and Symbols}
%
% Rewrite Section to be more logical.
%
 
\subsubsection{Quotation Marks}

For \wi{quotation marks} you should \emph{not} use the |"|
\index{""@\texttt{""}} as on a typewriter. In publishing there are
special opening and closing quotation marks.

\begin{example}
``Please press the `x' key.''
\end{example}
 
\subsubsection{Dashes and Hyphens}

\LaTeX{} knows four kinds of \wi{dash}es. You
can access three of these with different numbers of consecutive
dashes. The fourth kind is the mathematical minus:
\index{-}
\index{--}
\index{---}
\index{-@$-$}
\index{mathematical!minus}

\begin{example}
daughter-in-law, X-rated\\
pages 13--67\\
yes---or no? \\
$0$, $1$ and $-1$
\end{example}
The names for these dashes are: 
|-| \wi{hyphen}, |--| \wi{en-dash}, |---| \wi{em-dash} and
|$-$| \wi{minus sign}.

\subsubsection{Ellipsis ( \ldots )}

On a typewriter a \wi{comma} or a \wi{period} takes the same amount of
space as any other letter. In book printing these characters occupy
only a little space and are set very close to the preceding letter.
Therefore you can not enter ``\wi{ellipsis}'' by just typing three
dots, as the spacing would be wrong. Instead there is a special
command for these dots. It is called
\begin{command}
\ci{ldots}
\end{command}
\index{...@\ldots}
\begin{example}
Not like that ... but like that:\\
New York, Tokyo, Budapest, \ldots
\end{example}
 
\subsubsection{Ligatures}

Some letter combinations are typeset not just by setting the
different letters one after the other, but actually by using special
symbols for these combinations.
\begin{code}
{\large ff fi fl ffi\ldots}\quad
instead of\quad {\large f{}f f{}i f{}l f{}f{}i \ldots}
\end{code}
These so-called \wi{ligature}s can be prohibited by inserting a \ci{mbox}|{}|
between the two letters in question. This might be necessary with
words built from two words.
\begin{example}
Not shelfful\\
but shelf\mbox{}ful
\end{example}
 
\subsubsection{Accents and Special Characters}
 
\LaTeX{} supports the use of \wi{accent}s and \wi{special character}s
from many languages. Table~\ref{accents} shows all sorts of accents
being applied to the letter o. Naturally other letters work too.

To place an accent on top of an i or a j, their dots have to be
removed. This is accomplished by typing |\i| and |\j|.
\begin{example}
H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \'el\`eve,\\ 
sm\o rrebr\o d, !`Se\~norita!,\\
Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{} 
Stra\ss e
\end{example}
\begin{table}[!hbp]
\caption{Accents and Special Characters} \label{accents}
\begin{lined}{10cm}
\begin{tabular}{*4{cl}}
\A{\`o} & \A{\'o} & \A{\^o} & \A{\~o} \\
\A{\=o} & \A{\.o} & \A{\"o} \\[6pt]
\B{\u}{o} & \B{\v}{o} & \B{\H}{o} & \B{\c}{o} \\
\B{\d}{o} & \B{\b}{o} & \B{\t}{oo} \\[6pt]
\A{\oe}  &  \A{\OE} & \A{\ae} & \A{\AE} \\
\A{\aa} & \A{\aa} & \A{\AA} \\[6pt]
\A{\o}  & \A{\O} & \A{\l} & \A{\L} \\
\A{\i}  & \A{\j} & !` & |!`| & ?` & |?`| 
\end{tabular}
\index{dotless \i and \j}\index{scandinavian letters}
\index{ae@\ae}\index{umlaut}\index{grave}\index{acute}
\index{oe@\oe}

\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}
 
\subsection{International Language Support}
\index{international} If you need to write documents in \wi{language}s
other than English, \LaTeX{} must apply different \wi{hyphenation
  rules} in order to produce correct output.

For many languages, these changes can be accomplished by using the
\pai{babel} package by Johannes Braams. To use this package, your
\LaTeX{} system has to be specially configured. Your \guide{} should
give more information on this.

If your system is already appropriately configured, you can activate
the \pai{babel} package by adding the command
\begin{command}
\ci{usepackage}|[|\emph{language}|]{babel}| 
\end{command}
\noindent after the |\documentclass| command. Which \emph{language}s your
system supports should also be listed in the Local Guide.

For some languages \textsf{Babel} also specifies new commands, which
simplify the input of special characters. The \wi{German} language for
example, contains a lot of umlauts (\"a\"o\"u).  With \textsf{Babel}
you can enter an \"o by typing |"o| instead of~|\"o|.

Some computer systems allow you  to input special characters directly from
the keyboard. \LaTeX{} can handle such characters. There exist several
packages which add support for special character encodings.  When
using such a package you should consider, that other people might not
be able to display your input files on their computer, because they
use a different encoding. For example, the German umlaut \"a on a PC
is encoded as 132 and on some Unix systems using ISO-LATIN~1 it is
encoded as 228. Therefore, use these features with care.
  
\subsection{The Space between Words}

To get a straight right margin in the output, \LaTeX{} inserts varying
amounts of space between the words. At the end of a sentence it
inserts slightly more space, as this makes the text more readable.
\LaTeX{} assumes that sentences end with periods, question marks or
exclamation marks. If a period follows an uppercase letter this is not
taken as a sentence ending since periods after uppercase letters are
normally for abbreviations.

Any exception from these assumptions has to be specified by the
author. A backslash in front of a space generates a space which will
not be enlarged. A tilde~(|~|) character generates a space which cannot be
enlarged and which additionally prohibits a linebreak. The command
|\@| in front of a period specifies, that this period terminates a
sentence even when it follows a uppercase letter.
\cih{"@} \index{~@\verb.~.} \index{tilde@tilde (\verb.~.)}
\index{., space after}

\begin{example}
Mr.~Smith was happy to see her\\
cf.~Fig.~5\\
I like BASIC\@. What about you?
\end{example}

The additional space after periods can be disabled with the command
\begin{command}
\ci{frenchspacing}
\end{command}
\noindent which tells \LaTeX{} \emph{not} to insert any more space after a
period than after ordinary character. This is very common in
non-English languages. In this case the command |\@| is not necessary.
    
\subsection{Titles, Chapters, and Sections}

To help the reader find his way through your work, you should divide
it into chapters, sections, and subsections.  \LaTeX{} supports this
with special commands which take the section title as their argument.
It is up to you to use them in the correct order.

For the |article| class the following sectioning commands are
available:
\nopagebreak
\begin{code}
\ci{section}|{...}           |\ci{paragraph}|{...}|\\
\ci{subsection}|{...}        |\ci{subparagraph}|{...} |\\
\ci{subsubsection}|{...}     |\ci{appendix}
\end{code}

For the |report| and the |book| class you can use two additional 
sectioning commands:
\begin{code}
\ci{part}|{...}              |\ci{chapter}|{...}|
\end{code}

As the |article| class does not know about chapters, it is quite easy
to add articles as chapters to a book.
The spacing between sections, the numbering and the font size of the
titles will be set automatically by \LaTeX. 

\pagebreak[3]
Two of the sectioning commands are a bit special: 
\begin{itemize}
\item The \ci{part} command does
not influence the numbering sequence of chapters.  
\item The \ci{appendix} command does not take an argument. It just
  changes the chapter\footnote{For the article style the section
    numbering} numbering to letters.
\end{itemize}



\LaTeX{} creates a table of contents by taking the section headings
and page numbers from the previous run of the document. The command
\begin{command}
\ci{tableofcontents}
\end{command}
\noindent expands to a table of contents at the place where it is issued. A new
document has to be processed (``\LaTeX ed'') at least twice to get a
correct \wi{table of contents}.

All sectioning commands listed above also exist as starred versions.
They generate section headings which will not show up in the table of
contents and which will not get numbered. The command |\section{Help}|
for example would become |\section*{Help}|.

Normally the section headings show up in the table of contents exactly
as they were entered in the text. Sometimes this is not possible,
because the heading is to long to fit into the table of contents. The
entry for the table of contents can therefore be specified as optional
argument before the actual heading.
\begin{code}
|\chapter[Read it! It's Exciting]{This is a very long|\\
|                 and especially boring title}|
\end{code} 

The \wi{title} of the whole document is generated by issuing a 
\begin{command}
\ci{maketitle}
\end{command}
\noindent command. The contents of the title has to be defined by the commands
\begin{command}
\ci{title}|{...}|, \ci{author}|{...}| and optionally \ci{date}|{...}| 
\end{command}
\noindent before calling |\maketitle|. In the argument of \ci{authors} you can
supply several names separated by \ci{and} commands. 

An example for some of the above mentioned commands can be found in
Figure~\ref{document} on page~\pageref{document}.

\subsection{Cross References}

In books and reports and articles there are often 
\wi{cross references} to figures, tables and special segments of text.
\LaTeX{} provides the following commands for cross referencing
\begin{command}
\ci{label}|{|\emph{marker}|}|, \ci{ref}|{|\emph{marker}|}| 
and \ci{pageref}|{|\emph{marker}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent Where \emph{marker} is an identifier chosen by the user. \LaTeX{}
replaces |\ref| by the number of the section, subsection, figure,
table, or theorem  where the corresponding
|\label| command was issued. |\pageref| prints the page number of the
corresponding |\label| command. Here also the numbers from the
previous run are used.

\begin{example}
A reference to this subsection
\label{sec:this} looks like:
``see section~\ref{sec:this} on 
page~\pageref{sec:this}.''
\end{example}
 
\subsection{Footnotes}
With the command
\begin{command}
\ci{footnote}|{|\emph{footnote text}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent a footnote will be printed at the foot of the current page.

\begin{example}
Footnotes\footnote{This 
  is a footnote} are often used
by people using \LaTeX.
\end{example}
 

\subsection{Emphasised Words}

In manuscripts produced by typewriter, important words get
$\underline{\mathrm{underlined}}$. In printed books these words are
\emph{emphasised}. The command to switch to an \emph{emphasised} font
is called
\begin{command}
\ci{emph}|{|\emph{text}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent Its argument is the text to be \wi{emphasise}d.

\begin{example}
\emph{If you use 
  \emph{emphasising} in an
  already emphasised text, then
  \LaTeX{} uses an 
  \emph{upright} font for 
  emphasising.}
\end{example}
 
\subsection{Environments} \label{env}

To typeset special purpose text, \LaTeX{} defines many different
\wi{environment}s for all sorts of formatting:
\begin{command}
\ci{begin}|{|\emph{name}|}|\quad
   \emph{text}\quad
\ci{end}|{|\emph{name}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent Where \emph{name} is the name of the environment. Environments can be
called several times within each other as long as the calling order is
maintained.
\begin{code}
|\begin{aaa}...\begin{bbb}...\end{bbb}...\end{aaa}|
\end{code}

In the following sections all important environments are explained.

\subsubsection{Quote, Quotation, and Verse}

The \ei{quote} environment is useful for quotes, important phrases and
examples.
\begin{example}
A typographical rule of thumb
for the line length is:
\begin{quote}
No line should contain more than
66~characters.
\end{quote}
That's why multicolumn print is
often used in newspapers.
\end{example}

There are two similar environments: the \ei{quotation} and the
\ei{verse} environments. The |quotation| environment is useful for
longer quotes going over several paragraphs. The |verse| environment
is useful for poems where the line breaks are important. The lines are
separated by issuing a \ci{\bs} at the end of a line and a empty line
after each verse.


\begin{example}
I know only one English poem by 
heart. It is about Humpty Dumpty.
\begin{verse}
\scriptsize
Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall:\\
Humpty Dumpty had a great fall.\\ 
All the King's horses and all
the King's men\\
Couldn't put Humpty together
again.
\end{verse}
\end{example}

\subsubsection{Itemise, Enumerate, and Description}

The \ei{itemize} environment is suitable for simple lists, the
\ei{enumerate} environment for enumerated lists, and the
\ei{description} environment for descriptions.
\cih{item}

\begin{example}
\begin{enumerate}
\item You can mix the list
environments to your taste:
\begin{itemize}
\item But it might start to
look silly. 
\item If you over-do it.
\end{itemize}
\item Therefore remember:
\begin{description}
\item[Stupid] things will not
become smart because they are
in a list.
\item[Smart] things though, can be
presented beautifully in a list.
\end{description}
\end{enumerate}
\end{example}
 
\subsubsection{Flushleft, Flushright, and Center}

The environments \ei{flushleft} and \ei{flushright} generate
paragraphs which are either left or \wi{right aligned}. \index{left
  aligned} The \ei{center} environment generates centred text. If you
do not issue \ci{\bs} to specify linebreaks, \LaTeX{} will
automatically determine linebreaks.

\begin{example}
\begin{flushleft}
This text is\\ left aligned. 
\LaTeX{} is not trying to make 
each line the same length.
\end{flushleft}
\end{example}

\begin{example}
\begin{flushright}
This text is right\\ aligned. 
\LaTeX{} is not trying to make
each line the same length.
\end{flushright}
\end{example}

\begin{example}
\begin{center}
At the centre\\of the earth
\end{center}
\end{example}

\subsubsection{Printing Verbatim}

Text which is enclosed between |\begin{|\ei{verbatim}|}| and
|\end{verbatim}| will be directly printed, as if it was typed on a
typewriter, with all linebreaks and spaces, without any \LaTeX{}
command being executed.

Within a paragraph, similar functionality can be accessed with
\begin{command}
\ci{verb}|+|\emph{text}|+|
\end{command}
\noindent The |+| is just an example delimiter character. You can use any
character except |*| or blank. Many \LaTeX{} examples in this
booklet are typeset with this command.

\begin{example}
The \verb|\ldots| command \ldots

\begin{verbatim}
10 PRINT "HELLO WORLD ";
20 GOTO 10
\end{verbatim}
\end{example}

%
% Is this correct ?
%
The |verbatim| environment and the |\verb| command may not be used
within parameters of other commands.


\subsubsection{Tabular}

The \ei{tabular} environment can be used to typeset beautiful
\wi{table}s with optional horizontal and vertical lines. \LaTeX{}
determines the width of the columns automatically.

The \emph{table spec} argument of the 
\begin{command}
|\begin{tabular}{|\emph{table spec}|}|
\end{command} 
\noindent command defines the format of the table. Use an |l| for a column of
left aligned text, |r| for right aligned text and |c| for centred
text, |p{|\emph{width}|}| for a column containing justified text
with linebreaks, and \verb.|. for a vertical line. 
 
Within a |tabular| environment |&| jumps to the next column, \ci{\bs}
starts a new line and \ci{hline} inserts an horizontal line.
\DeleteShortVerb{\|}
\index{"|@\verb."|.}
\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{|r|l|}
\hline
7C0 & hexadecimal \\
3700 & octal \\
11111000000 & binary \\
\hline \hline
1984 & decimal \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{example}

\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{|p{4.5cm}|}
\hline
Welcome to `Paragraph in a
box.' We sincerely hope
you'll all enjoy the show.\\
\hline 
\end{tabular}

\end{example}

\MakeShortVerb{\|}

With the |@{...}| construct it is possible to specify the column
separator. This command kills the intercolumn space and
replaces it with whatever is included in the curly braces. 
One common use for this command is explained below in the decimal
alignment problem. Another possible usage is to suppress leading space
in a table with |@{}|.

\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{@{} l @{}}
\hline 
no leading space\\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{example}
\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{l}
\hline
leading space left and right\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{example}

%
% This part by Mike Ressler
%

\index{decimal alignment} Since there is no built-in way to align
numeric columns on a decimal point\footnote{If the `tools' bundle is
  installed on your system, have a look at the \pai{dcolumn} package},
we can ``cheat'' and do it by using two columns: a right-aligned
integer and a left-aligned fraction. The |@{}| command in the
|\begin{tabular}| line replaces the normal intercolumn spacing with
just a ``.'', giving the appearance of a single,
decimal-point-justified column.  Don't forget to replace the decimal
point in your numbers with a column separator (|&|)! A column label
can be placed above our numeric ``column'' by using the
\ci{multicolumn} command.
 
\begin{example}
\begin{tabular}{c r @{.} l}
Pi expression       &
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Value} \\
\hline
$\pi$               & 3&1416  \\
$\pi^{\pi}$         & 36&46   \\
$(\pi^{\pi})^{\pi}$ & 80662&7 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{example}

\subsection{Floating Bodies}
Today most publications contain a lot of figures and tables. These
elements need special treatment because they cannot be broken across
pages.  One method would be to start a new page every time a figure or
a table is too large to fit on the present page. This approach would
leave pages partially empty which looks very bad.

The solution to this problem is to `float' any figure or table, which
does not fit on the current page, to a later page while filling the
current page with body text. \LaTeX{} offers two environments for
\wi{floating bodies}. One for tables and  one for figures.  To
take full advantage of these two environments it is important to
understand approximately how \LaTeX{} handles floats internally.
Otherwise floats may become a major source of frustration because
they will simply never end up where where you want them to be.

\bigskip
\noindent Let's first have a look at the commands \LaTeX{} supplies
for floats:

Any material enclosed in a \ei{figure} or \ei{table} environment will
be treated as floating matter. Both float environments support an optional
parameter
\begin{command}
|\begin{figure}[|\emph{placement specifier}|]| or
|\begin{table}[|\emph{placement specifier}|]|
\end{command}
\noindent called the \emph{placement specifier}. This parameter is
is used to tell \LaTeX{} about the locations the float is allowed to
go.  A \emph{placement specifier} is constructed by building a string
of \emph{float placing permissions}. See Table~\ref{tab:permiss}.

\begin{table}[!bp]
\caption{Float Placing Permissions}\label{tab:permiss}
\noindent \begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
\medskip
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{@{}cp{10cm}@{}}
Spec&Permission to place the float \ldots\\
\hline
\rule{0pt}{1.05em}|h| & \emph{here} at the very place in the text
  where it occurred.  This is useful mainly for small floats.\\[0.3ex]
|t| & at the \emph{top} of a page\\[0.3ex]
|b| & at the \emph{bottom} of a page\\[0.3ex]
|p| & on a special \emph{page} containing only floats.\\[0.3ex]
|!| & without considering most of the  internal parameters\footnote{Such as the
    maximum number of floats allowed  on one page} which could stop this
  float from being placed.
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{minipage}
\end{table}

\pagebreak[3]
A table could be started with the following line for example
\begin{code}
|\begin{table}[!hbp]|
\end{code}
\noindent The \wi{placement specifier} |[!hbp]| allows \LaTeX{} to 
place the table right here (|h|) or at the bottom (|b|) of some page
or on a special floats page (|p|) and all that even if it does not
look that good (|!|). If no placement specifier is given, the standard
classes assume |[tbp]|.

\LaTeX{} will place every float it encounters according to the
placement specifier supplied by the author. If a float cannot be
placed on the current page it is deferred either to the \emph{figures}
or the \emph{tables} queue.  When a new page is started, \LaTeX{}
first checks if it is possible to fill a special `float' page with
floats from the queues. If this is not possible, the first float
on each queue is treated as if they had just occurred in the text:
\LaTeX{} tries again to place them according to their respective
placement specifiers (except `h' which is no longer possible).
Any new floats occurring in the text get placed
into the appropriate queues, because \LaTeX{} strictly maintains the
original order of appearance for each type of float. 

From the things said above it becomes clear, why a figure which cannot
be placed, pushes all the further figures to the end of the
document. Therefore:

\begin{quote}
If \LaTeX{} is not placing the floats as you expected,
it is often only one float jamming one of the two float queues.
\end{quote}                 

\bigskip
\noindent Having explained the difficult bit, there are some more things to
mention about the \ei{table} and \ei{figure} environments.
With the 
\begin{command}
\ci{caption}|{|\emph{caption text}|}|
\end{command}
\noindent command you can define a caption for the float. A running number and the
string ``Figure'' or ``Table'' will be added by \LaTeX.

The two commands
\begin{command}
\ci{listoffigures} and \ci{listoftables} 
\end{command}
\noindent operate analogously to the |\tableofcontents| command,
printing a list of figures or tables respectively.  In these lists,
the whole caption will be repeated. If you tend to use long captions,
you must have a shorter version of the caption going into the lists.
This is accomplished by entering the short version in brackets after
the |\caption| command.
\begin{code}
|\caption[Short]{LLLLLoooooonnnnnggggg}| 
\end{code}

With |\label| and |\ref| you can create a reference to a float 
within your text.

\begin{code}
\begin{verbatim}
Figure~\ref{white} is an example of Pop-Art.
\begin{figure}[!hbp]
\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[5cm]{\rule{0pt}{5cm}}}
\caption{Five by Five in Centimetres} \label{white}
\end{figure}
\end{verbatim}
\end{code}

\noindent In the example above\footnote{assuming the figure queue is empty} 
\LaTeX{} will try \emph{really hard}~(|!|) to
place the figure right \emph{here}~(|h|). If this is not possible,
it tries to place the figure at the \emph{bottom}~(|b|) of the page. 
Failing to place the figure on the current page, it determines if it
is possible to create a float page containing this figure and maybe
some tables form the tables queue. If there is not enough material for
a special float page, \LaTeX{} starts a new page and once more treats the
figure as if it had just occurred in the text.

Under certain circumstances it might be necessary to use the 
\begin{command}
\ci{clearpage}
\end{command}
\noindent command. It orders \LaTeX{} to immediately place all floats remaining
in the queues and then start a new page.

\endinput


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