\begindata{text, 268733720}
\textdsversion{12}
\template{help}
\chapter{Using Styles in EZ}


\leftindent{EZ lets you change the appearance of text in many different ways 
by adding format commands called "styles."  Many styles are available on EZ's 
"selected region" menu cards.   Some of the options on these cards change the 
typeface of the text (making it bold or italic, for example), some change text 
positioning (providing indenting or centering) and some change both at once. 
 For easy reference, these options are listed in the \bold{Pop-up Menu 
Meanings} section. }


\leftindent{This document assumes you have read the introductory  \italic{ez 
} help document, although portions of the section on styles are repeated here 
for your convenience.   It has the following sections:}


\leftindent{\flushright{\center{\flushleft{\leftindent{Adding styles

Listing styles

Removing styles

Working through an example

Pop-up Menu Meanings

Related tools}}}}}


\leftindent{You can achieve formatting effects not available as menu options 
by including commands from the formatting package called  \italic{troff} . 
}\leftindent{Type the command in the document and enclose it in a FormatNote 
style so that the printer will perform the command rather than print it out. 
    The  \italic{ez-troff}  help document discusses some of the possible 
effects in detail.  You can also learn about two of the most commonly 
requested features, double-spacing and margin specification, in the 
 \italic{ez}  help document.


Advanced users may wish to change the particular formatting effects associated 
with a style menu option, which you can do with the LookZ program.  See the 
\italic{ lookz } help document.}


\section{Adding styles}  


\leftindent{\bold{To add a single style:} Select the region of text to which 
you want to apply the style, and choose the appropriate menu option.}


\leftindent{\bold{To add multiple styles:}  Do not deselect the region after 
applying each style.  Simply choose each additional style while the region is 
still selected.}


\leftindent{\bold{To "nest" or embed styles:} Deselect the region to which you 
have applied a style.  Select a portion of it and choose the menu option for 
the style that you want to apply only to the subregion.  For example, 
\italic{you can nest a\bold{ bold subregion} in a region of italic type}.}


\leftindent{In general, you should use multiple styles as sparingly as 
possible, because it can be complicated to change or remove the nested styles 
later without disturbing the styled text surrounding them.  You can learn how 
to remove nested styles in the following sections. }


\leftindent{As you apply multiple styles, you may notice a difference between 
styles that change typeface and styles that change text position: 


\leftindent{Styles that change typeface (all those on the\italic{ Font} menu 
card, for example) are "additive," meaning that you can see the effect on the 
typeface of adding each style in turn.  }


\leftindent{In contrast, if you apply multiple positioning styles, you see 
only the effects of the last one you applied.  So, for example, if you select 
some text and apply first \bold{Center} and then \bold{FlushRight} from 
the\italic{ Justify} menu card, you will only see the effect of the 
FlushRight--the text will be flush against the right margin.  This is true 
also for those options that change both typeface and positioning (all the 
options on the \italic{Title} card and several on the \italic{Region} card). 
 The typeface will continue to change as you apply these styles on top of one 
another, but the positioning of the styled text will reflect only the last 
option you chose.  


For the same reason, if you apply one positioning style (say LeftIndent) to a 
subregion that is nested within a region affected by a different positioning 
style (say Center), you cannot see the effects of the LeftIndent positioning 
style on the subregion.  You have to move the subregion to its own line before 
you can see the effects.}}


\section{Listing styles} 


\leftindent{The best way to avoid complications when removing styles is to use 
EZ's style-listing feature, which tells you exactly what styles apply to a 
region of text.  The style-listing feature is very helpful because it also 
automatically selects the affected region for you (showing it in reverse 
video).  You then know exactly what region will be affected when you remove a 
style.}


\bold{\leftindent{To use style-listing feature:}}


\leftindent{\smaller{\leftindent{1) Position the text caret in the text that 
you want to check.


2) Press Esc-s  (the Esc key followed by s.)}}}


\leftindent{Typing Esc-s does two things:  }


\leftindent{1)  The message area at the bottom of the screen lists the styles 
that apply to the region where the text caret is placed.  The list proceeds 
from left to right, ranking the styles from "innermost" to "outermost."  Two 
asterisks appear on either side of one of the listed styles, starting with the 
very innermost.  The ranking depends on two things:}


\leftindent{\leftindent{a) how restricted the region of application is for the 
style. Styles that apply only to the area where the text caret is placed are 
innermost.  }}


\leftindent{\leftindent{b) the order in which styles were added. Within a 
single region of application, styles are ranked according to the order in 
which they were added, such that the style added last becomes innermost.}} 


\leftindent{2)  Esc-s selects the text region associated with the listed style 
surrounded by asterisks, making it appear in reverse video.  The first time 
you type Esc-s, this is the innermost style in the list, which generally has 
the smallest area of application.}


\leftindent{Typing Esc-s again (without moving the text caret) will cause the 
asterisks to shift to the right to surround the next innermost style, and the 
region associated with that style to become selected.  The region associated 
with this style can be either the same size or larger than the region 
associated with the innermost style.  You can move across the list of styles 
by repeatedly typing Esc-s.  Typing Esc-s when the last style has the 
asterisks makes the asterisks go away and leaves no text selected.  Typing it 
again at that point will start the cycle over again with the innermost style. }


\section{Removing styles}


\leftindent{\bold{Removing a single style.}  If you have added only a single 
style to a region and you know the exact boundaries of the region, it is not 
really necessary to list styles.  To remove the style, place the text caret 
anywhere within the styled region.  Choose \bold{Plainer} from the front menu 
card.  You can also use \bold{Plainer} after selecting the single-styled 
region, if you want the greater degree of control afforded by 
selecting.\leftindent{

}
\bold{Removing all styles from a region.}  If you have added several styles to 
a region and now wish to remove all of them, select the desired region, and 
then choose \bold{Plainest} from the front menu card.  All of the styles that 
apply \bold{\italic{only}} to the selected region are removed. In other words, 
there are certain styles that EZ cannot remove from the region you have 
selected if those styles actually apply to a larger region that includes the 
selected region.  For example, if you apply a single LeftIndent style to three 
paragraphs, then selecting only one of the paragraphs and choosing 
\bold{Plainest} will not remove the LeftIndent style from it.  It will only 
remove all the styles that apply within the bounds of that paragraph.  Listing 
styles before choosing \bold{Plainest} is a good way to see over how large a 
region a style extends.  


}\leftindent{\bold{Removing embedded styles from a region.}  Removing only 
some of the multiple styles that you have added to a region can become 
complicated.  It is here that style listing can be most useful.  The following 
example guides you through a style listing and explains what will happen if 
you choose \bold{Plainer} or \bold{Plainest} at each point. 

} 


\section{Working through an example}


\leftindent{If you wish to follow along through this example, you can use the 
style-listing feature within the Help window, but you cannot actually choose 
\bold{Plainer} or \bold{Plainest}, because this document is Read Only.  If you 
want to be able to perform the actions yourself, select this paragraph, the 
example line, and the paragraphs in Step 1, then choose \bold{Copy} from the 
front menu card and paste them into your own EZ window.  If you actually 
perform the actions described in each step (by choosing \bold{Plainer} or 
\bold{Plainest}), you will have to re-apply the styles you have just removed 
in order to continue on to the next step.  The example line is:


\leftindent{\italic{this indented example shows \bold{bold }in italics}}


\bold{\italic{Step 1.}}  To begin, place the text caret in the word "bold," 
and type Esc-s.  The message line should display the following:


\leftindent{Styles: **bold** <- italic <- leftindent <- leftindent}


This listing indicates that the word surrounding the text caret (the word 
"bold") is in boldface in a line that is in italics and indented from the rest 
of the text.  The "leftindent" at the end of the list appears because all of 
the paragraphs between the "Working through an example" heading and Step 2 are 
indented from the left margin by a LeftIndent style.   There are two further 
things to notice.


First, notice that asterisks appear around the word **bold** in the message 
line to indicate that it is the innermost style for the region surrounding the 
text caret. It is innermost because it applies only to the word surrounding 
the text caret.  (If you put the text caret in the word \italic{shows} 
instead, the innermost style would be italic.)  The other three styles apply 
to the entire line, and are listed in this particular order because they were 
applied in that order (the rightmost style is outermost and was applied 
first).


The second thing to notice is that that typing Esc-s has selected the region 
associated with the style in asterisks--the word \bold{\italic{bold}} in the 
example line.


If you want to delete the bold style so that the example line appeared in 
italics only, bring up the menus and choose \bold{Plainer} from the front menu 
card.}


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Step 2.}}  Type Esc-s again without moving the text 
caret, which causes the region associated with the next innermost style to be 
selected.  The asterisks shift to **italic** on the message line: 


\leftindent{Styles: bold <- **italic**  <- leftindent <- leftindent}


and the region associated with italic (that is, the entire line) is selected 
on the screen.


Choosing \bold{Plainer} at this point removes only the style that appears 
within the asterisks.  The example line would appear in normal typeface rather 
than italics, but the word\bold{ bold} would still be in bold.  Choosing 
\bold{Plainest} from the front menu card removes all the styles associated 
with the selected region.  The example line would be in plain typeface without 
any bold or italics, and would shift to the same margin as the surrounding 
text (because both "italic" and the first "leftindent" apply to the whole 
selected region). }


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Step 3.}}  Type Esc-s again.  This causes the 
asterisks to shift to the next innermost style, **leftindent**:


\leftindent{Styles: bold <- italic <- **leftindent** <- leftindent  }


Note that the same region is selected as before, because this LeftIndent style 
applies only to the single example line.  Choosing \bold{Plainer} at this 
point removes only the style surrounded by asterisks, so the line would shift 
to be lined up with the rest of the text, but would stay in italics and 
bold-italics.  Choosing \bold{Plainest} removes all three styles, so the line 
would appear in plain typeface at the same margin as the other text.}


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Step 4. }} Typing Esc-s yet another time causes the 
asterisks to shift to the last style:


\leftindent{Styles: bold <- italic <- leftindent <- **leftindent**}


The selected area becomes much larger, because the second LeftIndent style 
applies to all of the text from the "Working through an example" heading 
through the directions in Step 1.  Choosing \bold{Plainer} removes this left 
indenting, so that all the text would shift over to the left.  Regular text 
would become flush with the left margin, but the example line would still be 
indented because it is affected by an additional LeftIndent style, and all 
typeface styles would remain in effect.   Choosing \bold{Plainest} would 
remove every style from all text in the selected region.}


\leftindent{\bold{\italic{Step 5.  }}Typing Esc-s one last time leaves none of 
the styles marked with asterisks, and no text selected on the screen.  Typing 
it again will start the cycle described in this example over again. }


\section{Pop-up Menu Meanings }  


Use the menu options on these four menu cards to apply styles to EZ text. 
 These cards are only available when there is a selected region in the 
document.


\italic{Font Menu Card }

\leftindent{
\bold{Bold:}  Makes the selected text appear in boldface. 


\bold{Italic:}  Makes the selected text appear in italics. 


\bold{Superscript:}  Decreases the size of the selected text by 2 points (a 
point equals 1/72 of an inch) and prints the text above the default baseline. 


\bold{Bigger:}  Increases the size of the selected text by 2 points (a point 
equals 1/72 of an inch).  The 2 points are added to the text size specified in 
your ez.bodyfont preference.  The text may not appear to change on the screen 
if there is no screen font that is 2 points larger than the current one. 
 However, when you print the document, the text will be printed out with the 
larger font.


\bold{Smaller:}  Decreases the size of the selected text by 2 points (a point 
equals 1/72 of an inch).  The 2 points are added to the text size specified in 
your ez.bodyfont preference.  The text may not appear to change on the screen 
if there is no screen font that is 2 points smaller than the current one. 
 However, when you print the document, the text will be printed out with the 
smaller font.


\bold{Subscript:}  Decreases the size of the selected text by 2 points (a 
point equals 1/72 or an inch), and prints the text below the default baseline. 
     


\bold{Ty\leftindent{pewriter:}}\leftindent{  Prints the selected text in a 
fixed-width font.}}


\italic{Justify Menu Card }


\bold{\leftindent{Center:}}\leftindent{  Centers the selected text. 


\bold{FlushLeft:}  Justifies the selected text to the prevailing left margin. 


\bold{FlushRight:}  Justifies the selected text to the right margin.

}
\italic{Title Menu Card }


\leftindent{\bold{Major Heading:}  Makes a heading that is centered and in a 
bigger size than the surrounding text. 


\bold{Heading:}  Makes a bold heading and moves it to the left of the default 
left margin. 


\bold{Subheading:}  Makes a bold heading that is flush with the default left 
margin. 


\bold{Chapter:}  Makes a bold heading that is flush with the left margin and 
increases its size by 4 points compared to the surrounding text.  


\bold{Section:}  Makes a bold heading that is flush with the left margin and 
increases its size by 2 points compared to the surrounding text. 


\bold{Subsection:}  Makes a bold heading that is flush with the left margin. 


\bold{Paragraph:}  Makes an italic heading that is flush with the left margin.}


\italic{Region Menu Card }


\leftindent{\bold{Quotation:}  Indents the left and right margins of the 
selected text and makes the text italic. 


\bold{Description:}  Creates a "hanging indent" or "outdented" paragraph by 
indenting the left margin of all but the first line of text. 


\bold{Example:}  Indents the left margin of the selected text and displays it 
in a fixed-width font. 


\bold{Display:}  Indents both the left and right margins of the selected text. 
 The text at the right margin is ragged (not justified).


\bold{Indent:} Indents both the left and right margins of the selected text. 
Both margins are justified.


\bold{Left Indent:}  Indents the left margin of the selected text.


\bold{Format Note:}  This special style is used around commands from the 
formatting package called  \italic{troff }, which you can include in your EZ 
documents in order to produce formatting effects not available as EZ menu 
items.  When the formatting part of the printing program sees a FormatNote, 
the command contained within the note is executed, rather than printed.  For 
details about some troff commands useful in EZ, see the  \italic{ez-troff 
} help document. 

 }


\section{Related tools}  


Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose \bold{Show Help on 
Selected Word} from the pop-up menu to see the help file for:


\leftindent{\italic{ez

lookz

ez-troff

}}
\enddata{text,268733720}
