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\chapter{Advanced Formatting in EZ 

using\italic{ troff} Commands}


\section{Avoiding troff}


If the styles available on menu cards in EZ do not meet your formatting needs, 
you can probably obtain the effect you want through a combination of the 
\italic{lookz} style editor, the \italic{header}/footer object, and 
\italic{compchar}, a facility for composing international characters. See 
these help documents for more information:


\leftindent{\italic{lookz}		(line and paragraph spacing, margins)

\italic{header		}(headers and footers, page numbering)

\italic{compchar}	(international characters)

}
\section{Using troff}


If you've read the section on "Avoiding troff" and have determined that those 
capabilities don't meet your needs, then you may want to use commands from 
\italic{troff }, the UNIX "typeset runoff" formatting package.  This help 
document is not intended to explain all of troff, but it does introduce you to 
some of the troff commands that produce frequently requested formatting 
effects.  It includes sections on:


\leftindent{General instructions

Spacing, paging, and margin effects\leftindent{

Double and triple spacing

Margins

Blank space

Line spacing  

Line numbering

}Page numbering and header/footer effects

\leftindent{Duplex numbering

Suppressing page numbers

Resetting or skipping page numbers

Forcing numbering of the first page

Page number style

}Special character effects

\leftindent{Accents, umlauts and other diacritics}

Miscellaneous commands

Advanced Troff


\begindata{eq,1016896}
{ lpile d_eqstyle { sum below { zilch } int } } \enddata{eq,1016896}
\view{eqview,1016896,0,0,0}
}
For more information about troff, see the  \italic{troff } help document, or 
consult the troff chapter in a hardcopy Unix User's Manual, Supplementary 
Documents. 


\section{General instructions}


\leftindent{\bold{To add troff commands to an EZ document:}


\leftindent{1) Type the command(s) at the point where you wish the effect to 
begin.  Put each command on its own line.


2)  Select the command(s) as you would any region, and choose \bold{FormatNote} 
from the \italic{Region} menu card.  This tells EZ to "pass through" the 
commands for interpretation by the part of Ezprint that does formatting, 
rather than printing them out in the document.

}
You may wish to use \italic{ preview  }before printing your document, to make 
sure that you have achieved the formatting effects you want.  To print an EZ 
document, choose \bold{Print} from the \italic{File} menu card in EZ or from 
the front menu card in Preview, or use the \typewriter{ezprint} command in 
Typescript. 


\bold{Note:} troff macros from the -ms and -me macro packages will not work in 
EZ documents.

}
\section{Spacing, paging and margin effects}


\leftindent{\bold{Double or triple spacing.} The default printed spacing for 
documents prepared with EZ is single-spacing.  To change it, use the 
\italic{\bold{.}ls} (line spacing) command followed by the appropriate number; 
that is, use

\leftindent{
.ls 2      to get double-spacing 

.ls 3      to get triple-spacing 

}
Place the command at the beginning of the section where you wish spacing to 
change.  You can change again at any point.  To return to single-spacing, use 
.ls 1.

}
\leftindent{\bold{Customizing margins globally.  }Using the standard 8 1/2 x 
11 paper, EZ prints documents with default margins of 1 1/4 inches on both 
left and right. If you want to change the margen in globally in the document 
you can use PO and LL.


\leftindent{\bold{Example}. To get 1" margins on both sides, place the 
following command at the beginning of your document. (The "i" following the 
numbers stands for "inches.")


\leftindent{.nr PO .5i   

.nr LL 7i  

 } 

\bold{Example.} To get a 1.5" left margin, but only a 1" right margin, use the 
following commands:


\leftindent{.nr PO 1i

.nr LL 6.5i}

}
\bold{Customized margins locally. }Margins can also be set using two commands: 
the \italic{\bold{.}po} (page offset) command, which sets the left margin, and 
the \bold{.}\italic{ll} (line length) command, which determines how long the 
line of text will be.  The right margin is not controlled directly, but is 
calculated to fill the remaining page width, using the formula 8.5 - ( 
\italic{\bold{.}po}  +  \bold{.}\italic{ll }).  


The smallest possible printed left margin is 1/2", which you get when you set 
\bold{.}po to 0.  In general, 1/2" is \italic{added} to any \bold{.}po that 
you specify. The same 1/2" is \italic{subtracted} from whatever \bold{.}ll you 
specify.


Place the .po and .ll commands at the beginning of the section where you wish 
the margins to change.  The change stays in effect up to the point where you 
place different .po and/or .ll commands.


\leftindent{\bold{Example}. To get 1" margins on both sides, place the 
following command at the beginning of your document. (The "i" following the 
numbers stands for "inches.")


\leftindent{.po .5i   

.ll 7i  

 } 

\bold{Example.} To get a 1.5" left margin, but only a 1" right margin, use the 
following commands:


\leftindent{.po 1i

.ll 6.5i}}}\leftindent{

}
\leftindent{\bold{Blank space.}  There are two commands that can insert blank 
space: \italic{\bold{.}sp} and \italic{\bold{.}ne }.  It is important to use 
Preview to make sure you are getting the amount of blank space you request, 
because the results of these commands are not always exactly as requested, for 
the reasons explained below.


The \italic{.sp} command is the more basic: it gives you the requested amount 
of blank space, unless it is not possible to fit that amount before the bottom 
of the page.  In that case, \italic{.sp} gives you as much blank space as it 
can (and it does \italic{not} put the remaining blank space at the top of the 
next page).  Thus, if you ask for a 4" blank space with the command


\leftindent{.sp 4i}


and there is only 2" between the command and the bottom of the page, you get 
2" of blank space. (Note that here "bottom of the page" refers to the bottom 
of the printed part of the page, which is about 1" above the physical bottom 
of the page.) 


Using \italic{.ne} is a bit trickier, and is never guaranteed actually to give 
you a certain amount of blank space.   What you are in fact doing with 
\italic{.ne} is telling the formatter that you ".need" a certain amount of 
space for something (like a section of text that you want to keep together). 
 It does \bold{\italic{not} }indicate to troff that you need that amount of 
\italic{blank} space. 


If the amount of space you indicate exists between the command and the bottom 
of the page, you will get no blank space--the needed amount of space is 
available on that page.  If that amount of space is not available between the 
command and the bottom of the page, \italic{.ne} forces a page break, and you 
get the amount of blank space that exists between the command and the bottom 
of the page.  Thus, if you say you need 5" (say, for a section of text that 
should be all together) with the command


\leftindent{.ne 5i

}
and there is only 2.5" between the command and the bottom of the page, 
\italic{.ne} will force a page break, leaving blank the 2.5" of space on the 
page where the command appears.  (This makes sense to troff because the 5" 
that you need are available all together on the next page.)

}
\leftindent{\bold{Customized spacing.}  Use the \italic{\bold{.}vs }(vertical 
spacing) command to customize the spacing in your documents.   Vertical 
spacing refers to the amount of room between the invisible "baselines" on 
which lines of text rest--in EZ the default is 14 points (there are 72 points 
in an inch).  With the default font size of 12 points (the default font is the 
serif font called Andy12), that means you get single-spacing with a 2 point 
gap (called "leading") between a baseline and the tops of the tallest letters 
in the next line.   Here are some other variations for use with a 12-point 
font:


\leftindent{\description{.vs 16p       produces single-spaced, 12-point text 
with four point leading

.vs 28p    produces double-spaced, 12-point text, but \italic{.ls 2} is easier 
and more reliable

}}
If you wish, you can use the \italic{.vs} command to print other line spacings 
as well, but be forewarned that \italic{.vs} sometimes misbehaves when 
sections of text containing the same style (for example, Indent) are broken 
over different pages by the formatter.  Apart from that ceaveat, various 
headers play with the vertical space as well, so you might have to issue this 
command after each header.

}
\leftindent{\bold{Line numbering.}  To print out line numbering at the left 
margin, use the \italic{\bold{.}nm} (number margin) command with two number 
arguments.  The first argument sets the line number of the line that directly 
follows the command--this will almost always be 1.  The second number 
specifies a) the first line where a number will appear and b) how often to 
number the lines.  


\leftindent{\bold{Example.}  To get line numbering every five lines (on lines 
5, 10, 15, etc.) use the command


\leftindent{.nm  1  5 } 

}
Note that using this command causes the text to be indented from the 
prevailing left margin, so it in fact slightly changes the number of lines in 
the document, compared to the un-numbered state.

}
\section{Page numbering and header/footer effects

}
\leftindent{\bold{Simplex versus duplex numbering.}  By default, EZ documents 
print out with "duplex" page numbering, but with the page number in the center 
of the page.  To place even numbers at the upper left corner of left-hand 
pages, and odd numbers at upper right corner of right-hand pages (duplex), add 
the following to the top of the document:


\leftindent{.rm CT      (remove the center string)}

\leftindent{.ds LT \\\\n(PN      (redefine the left string on odd, and right 
on even pages.)}

}
\leftindent{\bold{Suppressing page numbering.}  You can suppress the default 
page numbering with the\italic{ \bold{.}rm} (remove) command.  


\leftindent{.rm CT}

}
\leftindent{\bold{Resetting or skipping page numbers.}   You can set page 
numbers to any value, which allows you to make them non-consecutive if you 
wish.  For example, you may have three pages of non-text inserts, so you want 
the page numbering to skip by three.

  

The least complicated way to reset or skip numbers is to give a number 
argument to the \italic{\bold{.}bp} (break page) command, which forces a page 
break and numbers the new page as you specify (you can use Preview to see 
where the pages break naturally, and put the command there).  For example, to 
skip from page 2 to page 6, put the following command where page 2 ends:


\leftindent{.bp 6      (forces a page break and numbers the new page "6")}

\bold{Forcing numbering of the first page.}  You can force a page number to 
appear in the default position on the first page, which normally does not 
happen.  Simply put the command


\leftindent{.bp1 }


at the top of the document, before any text.  You will get a blank page, 
un-numbered (which you have fooled troff into believing is the first page of 
the document), and the first page of text will be numbered 1.


}\leftindent{\bold{Changing page number style.}  You can change the style of 
page numbering you use by putting the \italic{\bold{.}af} command at the 
beginning of your document.  Examples:


\leftindent{.af  %  i          (Gives lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii. . . iv. 
. . x)

.af  %  I          (Gives uppercase Roman numerals: I, II. . .IV. . .X)

.af  %  A        (Gives uppercase letters: A, B. . .D. . .J)

.af  %  a         (Gives lowercase letters: a, b. . .d. . .j)

.af  %  0001   (Gives numbering like: 0001, 0002. . .0004. . 
.0010)}}\leftindent{\leftindent{

}}\leftindent{
}\section{Special character effects}


\leftindent{\bold{Getting accents, umlauts and other diacritics.}   It is 
possible to get printed accents, umlauts and other special characters by using 
troff's "overstriking" capability, whereby two characters are printed in the 
same location, without the formatter moving forward to the next location.  The 
general format of the command for overstriking is


\leftindent{\\o'\italic{char1}\italic{char2}'}


where \italic{char1} and \italic{char2} are the two characters you want to 
overlap.  Surround this entire sequence in a FormatNote style.


Use \bold{\\(aa} to get an acute accent (like the single quote, but a straight 
line) 

        \bold{\\(ga} to get a grave accent (like the back quote, but a 
straight line)


Other special characters, including Greek letters, are available with 
the\bold{\bold{ }\\(} sequence.  See the section on troff in a hardcopy 
version of the \italic{Unix User's Guide, Supplementary Documents}.


Some examples:   


\leftindent{\bold{\\o'a^'    } gives a with a "hat"


\bold{\\o'e\\(aa'} gives e with acute accent


\bold{\\o'a\\(ga'} gives a with grave accent


\bold{\\o'c,'}      gives the cedilla (French c with a tail)


\bold{\\o'u"'}     gives u with umlaut 

}}\leftindent{
}\section{Miscellaneous commands}


\leftindent{You may wish to experiment with the following commands.  They have 
not all been thoroughly tested by the authors of this document, so no 
guarantee is made about how well they work.

\leftindent{
.nh    Turn off hyphenation.

.hy    Turn on hyphenation.


.pl 13i    Set page length to 13 inches.


}\description{\leftindent{.mc |   Start printing of vertical bar character (|) 
in the right margin. (Can be used to mark changed sections of a document. 
Other characters can be used too.})}\leftindent{

.mc    Stop printing the character in the right margin.


.ta 1i +.25iR    Tab stops at 1 inch and 1.25 inches, right justified.  Note 
that the numbers between the tab intervals have spaces between them, not 
commas.

.ta    End tab stops. This turns off tab stops.

Note: in general, it is difficult to predict tab placement in EZ.


.tl   '\italic{left string}'\italic{center string}'\italic{right string}' 
 Makes a three part title.


\\(em   Sets an em-dash


}}\section{Advanced Troff}\leftindent{\leftindent{


}Since troff is a very powerfull program, there are various things you might 
want to do with it.  If you want to do complicated things, you probably want 
to have a troff manual handy.  


\bold{What can you do to\italic{ really} use troff?  }If you do an ezprint -t 
you will see that the first line is:


.so /usr/andrew/lib/tmac/tmac.atk


This sucks in the macros definitions for troff.  If you really want to do 
fancy things, the obvious thing to do is to copy this file and change the 
definitions of macros in there. You can easily automatically inserted your own 
version of this file by having in the preferences the line


*.tmacfile: <path to your macros file>


where <your macros file> contains a modified copy of the standard macros.  Of 
course, if you follow this route you might consider using troff with a 
standard macro package, TeX or Scribe directly.\leftindent{

}}
\section{Related Tools}


Select (highlight) one of the italicized names and choose \bold{Show Help on 
Selected Word }from the pop-up menu to see the help file for:

\leftindent{\italic{
}\italic{ez

preview    } (on-screen document viewer)\italic{

}}\enddata{text,1105280}
