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# The services and protocols Files

The port numbers on which certain ``standard'' services are offered are defined in the ``Assigned Numbers'' RFC. To enable server and client programs to convert service names to these numbers, at least a part of the list is kept on each host; it is stored in a file called /etc/services. An entry is made up like this:

               service port/protocol   [aliases]

Here, service specifies the service name, port defines the port the service is offered on, and protocol defines which transport protocol is used. Commonly, this is either udp or tcp. It is possible for a service to be offered for more than one protocol, as well as offering different services on the same port, as long as the protocols are different. The aliases field allows to specify alternative names for the same service.

Usually, you don't have to change the services file that comes along with the network software on your system. Nevertheless, we give a small excerpt from that file below.

               # The services file:
               #
               # well-known services
               echo           7/tcp                 # Echo
               echo           7/udp                 #
               discard        9/tcp  sink null      # Discard
               discard        9/udp  sink null      #
               daytime       13/tcp                 # Daytime
               daytime       13/udp                 #
               chargen       19/tcp  ttytst source  # Character Generator
               chargen       19/udp  ttytst source  #
               ftp-data      20/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol (Data)
               ftp           21/tcp                 # File Transfer Protocol (Contr
               telnet        23/tcp                 # Virtual Terminal Protocol
               smtp          25/tcp                 # Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
               nntp         119/tcp  readnews       # Network News Transfer Protoco
               #
                # UNIX services
               exec         512/tcp                 # BSD rexecd
               biff         512/udp  comsat         # mail notification
               login        513/tcp                 # remote login
               who          513/udp  whod           # remote who and uptime
               shell        514/tcp  cmd            # remote command, no passwd use
               syslog       514/udp                 # remote system logging
               printer      515/tcp  spooler        # remote print spooling
               route        520/udp  router routed  # routing information protocol

Note that, for example, the echo service is offered on port 7 for both TCP and UDP, and that port 512 is used for two different services, namely the COMSAT daemon (which notifies users of newly arrived mail, see xbiff(1x)), over UDP, and for remote execution (rexec(1)), using TCP.

Similar to the services file, the networking library needs a way to translate protocol names--- for example, those used in the services file--- to protocol numbers understood by the IP layer on other hosts. This is done by looking up the name in the /etc/protocols file. It contains one entry per line, each containing a protocol name, and the associated number. Having to touch this file is even more unlikely than having to meddle with /etc/services. A sample file is given below: # # Internet (IP) protocols # ip 0 IP # internet protocol, pseudo protocol icmp 1 ICMP # internet control message protocol igmp 2 IGMP # internet group multicast protocol tcp 6 TCP # transmission control protocol udp 17 UDP # user datagram protocol raw 255 RAW # RAW IP interface

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