# LaTeX2HTML 96.1-c (Feb 29, 1996)
# Associate images original text with physical files.

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$key = q/{acbib}nisplusNISPlusAllaboutAdministeringNIS+RickRamseyPrentice-Hall,19930-13-068800-2{acbib}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[varhostname]Thisisafullyqualifieddomainnameofahost.Ifthismatchestheclient'scanonicalhostnameliterally,theentryapplies,andallfollowingentriesareignored.ditem[varIPaddress]ThisisanIP~addressindottedquadnotation.Iftheclient'sIP~addressmatchesthis,theentryapplies,andallfollowingentriesareignored.ditem[vardomainname]Thisisadomainname,specifiedashost*.vardomain.Iftheclient'shostnamematchesthedomainname,theentrymatches.ditem[varnetworkname]Thisisthenameofanetworkasspecifiedinfileetcnetworks.Ifthenetworknumberoftheclient'sIP~addressmatchesthenetworknumberassociatedwiththenetworkname,theentrymatches.ditem[keyworddefault]Thekeyworddefaultmatchesanyclient.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[option-svarsystem]Callthenamedvarsystemunlessprohibitedbycalltimerestrictions.ditem[option-Svarsystem]Callthenamedvarsystemunconditionally.ditem[option-r1]Startproguucicoinmastermode.Thisisthedefaultwhenoption-soroption-Sisgiven.Allbyitself,theoption-r1optioncausesproguucicototrytocallallsystemsinfilesys,unlessprohibitedbycallorretrytimerestrictions.ditem[option-r0]Startproguucicoinslavemode.Thisisthedefaultwhennooption-soroption-Sisgiven.Inslavemode,eitherstandardinputoutputareassumedtobeconnectedtoaserialport,ortheTCPportspecifiedbytheoption-poptionisused.ditem[option-xvartype,option-Xvartype]Turnondebuggingofthespecifiedtype.Severaltypesmaybegivenasacomma-separatedlist.Thefollowingtypesarevalid:keywordabnormal,keywordchat,keywordhandshake,keyworduucp-proto,keywordproto,keywordport,keywordconfig,keywordspooldir,keywordexecute,keywordincoming,keywordoutgoing.Usingkeywordallturnsonalloptions.ForcompatibilitywithotherUUCPimplementations,anumbermaybespecifiedinstead,whichturnsondebuggingforthefirstvarnitemsfromtheabovelist.DebuggingmessageswillbeloggedtothefilefileDebugbelowfilevarspooluucp.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[filelo]indexinterface!loopbackThelocalloopbackinterface.Itisusedfortestingpurposes,aswellasacoupleofnetworkapplications.Itworkslikeaclosedcircuitinthatanydatagramwrittentoitwillbeimmediatelyreturnedtothehost'snetworkinglayer.There'salwaysoneloopbackdevicepresentinthekernel,andthere'slittlesenseinhavingfewerormore.ditem[fileethvarn]indexinterface!EthernetThevarn-thEthernetcard.ThisisthegenericinterfacenameformostEthernetboards.ditem[filedlvarn]indexinterface!D-LinkDE-600TheseinterfacesaccessaD-LinkDE-600pocketadapter,anotherEthernetdevice.ItisalittlespecialinthattheDE-600isdriventhroughaparallelport.ditem[fileslvarn]indexinterface!SLIPThevarn-thSLIPinterface.SLIPinterfacesareassociatedwithseriallinesintheorderinwhichtheyareallocatedforSLIP;i.e.,thefirstseriallinebeingconfiguredforSLIPbecomesfilesl0,etc.ThekernelsupportsuptofourSLIPinterfaces.ditem[filepppvarn]indexinterface!PPPThevarn-thPPPinterface.JustlikeSLIPinterfaces,aPPPinterfaceisassociatedwithaseriallineonceitisconvertedtoPPPmode.Atthemoment,uptofourinterfacesaresupported.ditem[fileplipvarn]indexinterface!PLIPThevarn-thPLIPinterface.PLIPtransportsIPdatagramsoverparallellines.UptothreePLIPinterfacesaresupported.TheyareallocatedbythePLIPdriveratsystemboottime,andaremappedontoparallelports.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}Forwardtovarrecipient,ldots{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[textbfBoldFont]Usedtomarkhostnamesandmailaddresses,aswellasnewconceptsandwarnings.ditem[textitItalicsFont]Usedtomarkfilenames,UNIXcommands,andkeywordsinconfigurationfiles.Alsousedforemphemphasisintext.ditem[textttTypewriterFont]Usedtorepresentscreeninteraction,suchasuserinteractionwhenrunningaprogram.Alsousedforcodeexamples,whetheritisaconfigurationfile,ashellscript,orsomethingelse.ditem[texttttextslTypewriterSlantedFont]Usedtomarkmeta-variablesinthetext,especiallyinrepresentationsofthecommandline.Forexample,quotett$ls-lvarfooquotewherevarfoowould``standfor''afilename,suchasfiletmp.ditem[keyKey]Representsakeytopress.Youwilloftenseeitinthisform:quotePressrettocontinue.quoteditem[hfill_inline$Diamond$_inline]Adiamondinthemargin,likeablackdiamondonaskihill,marks``danger''or``caution.''Readparagraphsmarkedthiswaycarefully.ifinfoThisfeatureisabsentintheTeXinfoandroffversionsofthebook.fiditem[texttt$andtexttt#]Whenprecedingashellcommandtobetyped,thesedenotetheshellprompt.The`texttt$'symbolisusedwhenthecommandmaybeexecutedasanormaluser;`texttt#'meansthatthecommandrequiressuperuserprivilieges.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tabular}|l|l|hlineBoard;SPMamp;AddressesprobedforhlineWDSMC;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x280,addr0x380,addr0x240SMC16Ultra;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x2803c501;SPMamp;addr0x2803c503;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x310,addr0x330,addr0x350,addr0x250,;SPMamp;addr0x280,addr0x2a0,addr0x2e0NEx000;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x280,addr0x320,addr0x340,addr0x360HP;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x320,addr0x340,addr0x280,addr0x2C0,;SPMamp;addr0x200,addr0x240DEPCA;SPMamp;addr0x300,addr0x320,addr0x340,addr0x360hline{tabular}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}small<verbatim_mark>verbatim55{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}vargrouplistvarpermvartimesvararchive{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[fileconfig]Thisisthemainconfigurationfile.Youcandefineyoursite'sUUCPnamehere.ditem[filesys]Thisfiledescribesallsitesknowntoyou.Foreachsite,itspecifiesitsname,atwhattimestocallit,whichnumbertodial(ifany),whattypeofdevicetouse,andhowtologon.ditem[fileport]Containsentriesdescribingeachportavailable,togetherwiththelinespeedsupportedandthedialertobeused.ditem[filedial]Describesdialersusedtoestablishatelephoneconnection.ditem[filedialcode]Containsexpansionsforsymbolicdialcodes.ditem[filecall]Containstheloginnameandpasswordtobeusedwhencallingasystem.Rarelyused.ditem[filepasswd]Containsloginnamesandpasswordssystemsmayusewhenloggingin.Thisfileisusedonlywhenproguucicodoesitsownpasswordchecking.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim132{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim166{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[hostedu](MostlyUS)educationalinstitutionslikeuniversities,etc.ditem[hostcom]Commercialorganizations,companies.ditem[hostorg]Non-commercialorganizations.OftenprivateUUCPnetworksareinthisdomain.ditem[hostnet]Gatewaysandotheradministrativehostonanetwork.ditem[hostmil]USmilitaryinstitutions.ditem[hostgov]USgovernmentinstitutions.ditem[hostuucp]Officially,allsitenamesformerlyusedasUUCPnameswithoutdomain,havebeenmovedtothisdomain.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}$stty-a;SPMlt;devcua1{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}route[add|del]vartarget{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}displaycharset=iso-8859-1{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}#sunews-c;SPMquot;fileusrlibnewsbinctlcheckgroups;SPMquot;;SPMlt;tmpcheck{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim95{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{figure}[htbp]quotedispitemsitem[filemailertable]definesspecialbehaviorforremotehostsordomains.item[fileuucpxtable]forcesUUCPdeliveryofmailtohoststhatareinDNSformat.item[filepathtable]definesUUCPbang-pathstoremotehostsordomains.item[fileuucprelays]short-circuitsthepathaliaspathtowell-knownremotehosts.item[filegenericfrom]convertsinternaladdressesintogenericonesvisibletotheoutsideworld.item[filexaliases]convertsgenericaddressestofromvalidinternalones.item[filedecnetxtable]convertsRFC-822addressestoDECnet-styleaddresses.dispitemsquote{figure}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}ip-upvarifacevardevicevarspeedvarlocal_addrvarremote_addr{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keyworderror_copy_postmaster]indexmail!postmasterindexsmail@progsmail!postmasterindexmail!bounceIfthisbooleanvariableisset,anyerrorwillgenerateamessagetothepostmaster.Usually,thisisonlydoneforerrorsthatareduetoafaultyconfiguration.Thevariablecanbeturnedonbyputtingitinthefileconfigfile,precededbyaplus(keyword+).ditem[keywordmax_hop_count]indexsmail@progsmail!routing!avoidloopsindexavoidmailroutingloopsindexrouting!loopavoidanceIfthehopcountforamessage(i.e.thenumberofhostsalreadytraversed)equalsorexceedsthisnumber,attemptsatremotedeliverywillresultinanerrormessagebeingreturnedtotheser.Thisisusedtopreventmessagesfromloopingforever.ThehopcountisgenerallycomputedfromthenumberofkeywordReceived:fieldsinthemailheader,butmayalsobesetmanuallyusingtheoption-hoptiononthecommandline.Thisvariabledefaultsto20.ditem[keywordpostmaster]indexmail!postmasterindexsmail@progsmail!postmasterThepostmaster'saddress.IftheaddressemailPostmastercannotberesolvedtoavalidlocaladdress,thenthisisusedasthelastresort.Thedefaultisemailroot.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}Gnomovisionversion69,Copyright(C)19yynameofauthorGnomovisioncomeswithABSOLUTELYNOWARRANTY;fordetailstype`showw'.Thisisfreesoftware,andyouarewelcometoredistributeitundercertainconditions;type`showc'fordetails.{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{acbib}liu-dnsAlbitzLiu92DNSandBINDPaulAlbitzandCricketLiuO'ReillyandAssociates,19921-56592-010-4ThisbookisusefulforallthosethathavetomanageDNSnameservice.ItexplainsallfeaturesofDNSingreatdetailandgiveexamplesthatmakeeventhoseBINDoptionsplausiblethatappearoutrightweirdatfirstsight.Ifounditfuntoread,andreallylearnedalotfromit.{acbib}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keywordnisplusorkeywordnis+]UsetheNIS_inline$+$_inlineserverforthisdomain.Thelocationoftheserverisobtainedfromthefileetcnis.conffile.ditem[keywordnis]UsethecurrentNISserverofthisdomain.Thelocationoftheserverqueriedisconfiguredinthefileyp.conffileasshownintheprevioussection.Forthekeywordhostsentry,themapsmaphosts.bynameandmaphosts.byaddrarequeried.ditem[keyworddns]UsetheDNSnameserver.Thisservicetypeisonlyusefulwiththekeywordhostsentry.Thenameserversqueriedarestilldeterminedbythestandardfileresolv.conffile.ditem[keywordfiles]Usethelocalfile,suchasthefileetchostsfileforthekeywordhostsentry.ditem[keyworddbm]LookuptheinformationfromDBMfileslocatedinfilevardbm.ThenameusedforthefileisthatofthecorrespondingNISmap.{dispitems}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim178{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tabular}lrrlfittD0;SPMamp;2;SPMamp;15;SPMamp;ttERRORttD1;SPMamp;3;SPMamp;13;SPMamp;ttSLCTttD2;SPMamp;4;SPMamp;12;SPMamp;ttPAPOUTttD3;SPMamp;5;SPMamp;10;SPMamp;ttACKttD4;SPMamp;6;SPMamp;11;SPMamp;ttBUSYttGROUND;SPMamp;25;SPMamp;25;SPMamp;ttGROUNDttERROR;SPMamp;15;SPMamp;2;SPMamp;ttD0ttSLCT;SPMamp;13;SPMamp;3;SPMamp;ttD1ttPAPOUT;SPMamp;12;SPMamp;4;SPMamp;ttD2ttACK;SPMamp;10;SPMamp;5;SPMamp;ttD3ttBUSY;SPMamp;11;SPMamp;6;SPMamp;ttD4{tabular}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim203{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim35{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tabular}|l|l|l|hlineInterface;SPMamp;IOPort;SPMamp;IRQhlinefileplip0;SPMamp;addr0x3BC;SPMamp;7fileplip1;SPMamp;addr0x378;SPMamp;7fileplip2;SPMamp;addr0x278;SPMamp;5hline{tabular}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim109{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}varservicetypeprotocolwaituserservercmdline{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim122{tscreen}/;
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$key = q/{}parboxtextwidthsfThisisthelastpre-releasebeforethenewNetworkingGuidegoespublic.Iconsiderthetechnicalchaptersmostlycomplete.Ihavetriedtocatchupwiththecurrentdevelopment,butinsomesection,therehavebeenminorchangesoradditionstothesoftwaresinceIwrotethem.Idon'tthinkIwillupdatethemunlessyoutellmeI'vemissedsomethingbig.hspace1emIfyouhaveanycomments,suggestions,orcomplaints,pleasemailmeatemailokir@monad.swb.de.hfill--Olafhspace5mm{}/;
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$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keyworddirectory]Thisspecifiesadirectoryinwhichzonefilesreside.Namesoffilesmaybegivenrelativetothisdirectory.Severaldirectoriesmaybespecifiedbyrepeatedlyusingkeyworddirectory.Accordingtothelinuxfilesystemstandard,thisshouldbefilevarnamed.ditem[keywordprimary]indexprimary(BINDoption)@keywordprimary(BINDoption)indexnameserver!primaryThistakesavardomainnameandavarfilenameasanargument,declaringthelocalserverauthoritativeforthenameddomain.Asaprimaryserver,prognamedloadsthezoneinformationfromthegivenmasterfile.Generally,therewillalwaysbeatleastonekeywordprimaryentryineverybootfile,namelyforreversemappingofnetworkhost127.0.0.0,whichisthelocalloopbacknetwork.ditem[keywordsecondary]indexsecondary(BINDoption)@keywordsecondary(BINDoption)indexnameserver!secondaryThisstatementtakesavardomainname,anvaraddresslist,andavarfilenameasanargument.Itdeclaresthelocalserverasecondarymasterserverforthedomainspecified.Asecondaryserverholdsauthoritativedataonthedomain,too,butitdoesn'tgatheritfromfiles,buttriestodownloaditfromtheprimaryserver.TheIP~addressofatleastoneprimaryservermustthusbegiventoprognamedintheaddresslist.Thelocalserverwillcontacteachoftheminturnuntilitsuccessfullytransfersthezonedatabase,whichisthenstoredinthebackupfilegivenasthethirdargument.Ifnoneoftheprimaryserversresponds,thezonedataisretrievedfromthebackupfileinstead.prognamedwillthenattempttorefreshthezonedataatregularintervals.ThisisexplainedbelowalonginconnectionwiththeSOAresourcerecordtype.ditem[keywordcache]indexcache(BINDoption)@keywordcache(BINDoption)indexnameserver!cacheThistakesavardomainandavarfilenameasarguments.Thisfilecontainstherootserverhints,thatisalistofrecordspointingtotherootnameservers.OnlyNSandArecordswillberecognized.Thevardomainargumentisgenerallytherootdomainname``keyword.''.Thisinformationisabsolutelycrucialtoprognamed:ifthekeywordcachestatementdoesnotoccurinthebootfile,prognamedwillnotdevelopalocalcacheatall.Thiswillseverelydegradeperformanceandincreasenetworkloadifthenextserverqueriedisnotonthelocalnet.Moreover,prognamedwillnotbeabletoreachanyrootnameservers,andthusitwon'tresolveanyaddressesexceptthoseitisauthoritativefor.Anexceptionfromthisruleiswhenusingforwardingservers(cf.thekeywordforwardersoptionbelow).ditem[keywordforwarders]Thisstatementtakesanvaraddresslistasanargument.TheIP~addressesinthislistspecifyalistofnameserversthatprognamedmayqueryifitfailstoresolveaqueryfromitslocalcache.Theyaretriedinorderuntiloneofthemrespondstothequery.ditem[keywordslave]indexnameserver!slaveThisstatementmakesthenameserveraemphslaveserver.Thatis,itwillneverperformrecursivequeriesitself,butonlyforwardsthemtoserversspecifiedwiththekeywordforwardersstatement.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#usrsbinnamed{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[htbp]small<verbatim_mark>verbatim5{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim79{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{table}[htbp]centertabular|l|ll|hlineMasterFile;SPMamp;Map(s);SPMamp;hlinehlinefileetchosts;SPMamp;maphosts.byname;SPMamp;maphosts.byaddrfileetcnetworks;SPMamp;mapnetworks.byname;SPMamp;mapnetworks.byaddrfileetcpasswd;SPMamp;mappasswd.byname;SPMamp;mappasswd.byuidfileetcgroup;SPMamp;mapgroup.byname;SPMamp;mapgroup.bygidfileetcservices;SPMamp;mapservices.byname;SPMamp;mapservices.bynumberfileetcrpc;SPMamp;maprpc.byname;SPMamp;maprpc.bynumberfileetcprotocols;SPMamp;mapprotocols.byname;SPMamp;mapprotocols.bynumberfileusrlibaliases;SPMamp;mapmail.aliases;SPMamp;hlinetabularcenter{table}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim93{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{acbib}reilly-uucpOReilly89ManagingUUCPandUsenet,10thedTimO'ReillyandGraceTodinoO'ReillyandAssociates,19920-93717593-5ThisisthestandardbookonUUCPnetworking.ItcoversVersion~2UUCPaswellasBNU.IthelpsyoutosetupyourUUCPnodefromthestart,givingpracticaltipsandsolutionsformanyproblems,liketestingtheconnection,orwritinggoodchatscripts.Italsodealswithmoreexotictopics,likehowtosetupatravellingUUCPnode,orthesubtletiespresentindifferentflavorsofUUCP.ThesecondpartofthebookdealswithUsenetandnetnewssoftware.ItexplainstheconfigurationofbothBnews(version2.11)andC~news,andintroducesyoutonetnewsmaintenancetasks.{acbib}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim195{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim207{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim63{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}nslookupvarhostname{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}varlocal_addr:varremote_addr{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim126{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}charset=iso-8859-1textencoding=8bit{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim33{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim19{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim173{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#ln-susrlocalbinsmailusrbinrmail#ln-susrlocalbinsmailusrsbinsmail{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[3ComEtherLink]Both3c503and3c50316aresupported,asare3c507and3c509.The3c501issupported,too,butistooslowtobeworthbuying.ditem[NovellEagle]NE1000andNE2000,andavarietyofclones.NE1500andNE2100aresupported,too.ditem[WesternDigitalSMC]WD8003andWD8013(sameasSMCEliteandSMCElitePlus)aresupported,andalsothenewerSMCElite~16Ultra.ditem[HewlettPackard]HP27252,HP27247B,andHPJ2405A.ditem[D-Link]DE-600pocketadaptor,DE-100,DE-200,andDE-220-T.There'salsoapatchkitfortheDE-650-T,whichisaPCMCIAcard.footnoteItcanbegotten~--alongwithotherLaptop-relatedstuff~--fromhosttsx-11.mit.eduinfilepackageslaptops.ditem[DEC]DE200(32K64K),DE202,DE100,andDEPCArevE.ditem[AlliedTeliesis]AT1500andAT1700.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim104{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim138{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}smalltt$vartelnetlocalhostnntpTrying127.0.0.1...ConnectedtoloalhostEscapecharactersis'car]'.201vstoutNNTP[auth]serverversion1.5.11t(16November1991)readyatSunFeb616:02:321194(noposting)varIHAVE_inline$;SPMlt;$_inlinemsg@id_inline$;SPMgt;$_inline435Gotit.varQUIT{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim74{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim151{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim185{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim44{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim210{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}$uucp-mrswim!groucho!~securitytripwire-1.0.tar.gztrip.tgz{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim116{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim14{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{acbib}securitySpaf93PracticalUNIXSecurityGeneSpaffordandSimsonGarfinkelO'ReillyandAssociates,19920-937175-72-2Thisisamust-haveforeveryonewhomanagesasystemwithnetworkaccess,andforothersaswell.Thebookdiscussesallissuesrelevanttocomputersecurity,rangingthebasicsecurityfeaturesunixoffersphysicalsecurity.Althoughyoushouldstrivetosecureallpartsofyoursystem,thediscussionofnetworksandsecurityisthemostinterestingpartofthebookinourcontext.ApartfrombasicsecuritypoliciesthatconcerntheBerkeleyservices(progtelnet,progrlogin,etc),NFSandNIS,italsodealswithenhancedsecurityfeatureslikeMIT'sKerberos,Sun'sSecureRPC,andtheuseoffirewallstoshieldyournetworkfromattacksfromtheInternet.{acbib}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim163{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim209{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim197{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{screen}small<verbatim_mark>verbatim161{screen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}orderhosts{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim85{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[ClassA]ClassAcomprisesnetworkshost1.0.0.0throughhost127.0.0.0.Thenetworknumberiscontainedinthefirstoctet.Thisprovidesfora24~bithostpart,allowingroughly1.6millionhosts.ditem[ClassB]ClassBcontainsnetworkshost128.0.0.0throughhost191.255.0.0;thenetworknumberisinthefirsttwooctets.Thisallowsfor16320netswith65024hostseach.ditem[ClassC]ClassCnetworksrangefromhost192.0.0.0throughhost223.255.255.0,withthenetworknumberbeingcontainedinthefirstthreeoctets.Thisallowsfornearly2~millionnetworkswithupto254hosts.ditem[ClassesD,E,andF]Addressesfallingintotherangeofhost224.0.0.0throughhost254.0.0.0areeitherexperimental,orarereservedforfutureuseanddon'tspecifyanynetwork.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[tbp]ifpscentermboxepsffilefiguressubnet2.epsfcenterelsecentersetlengthunitlength0.0125inpicture(326,220)(0,-10)dottedline5(140,205)(140,185)dottedline5(190,205)(190,185)thicklinespath(215,185)(215,205)(115,205)(115,185)(215,185)path(165,205)(165,185)put(175,190)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm0put(200,190)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm0put(145,190)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm72put(120,190)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm191thinlinespath(140,45)(185,45)(200,35)(200,30)(125,30)(125,35)(140,45)path(185,50)(185,85)(140,85)(140,50)(185,50)path(180,55)(180,80)(145,80)(145,55)(180,55)path(11,27)(38,27)(47,21)(47,18)(2,18)(2,21)(11,27)path(38,30)(38,50)(11,50)(11,30)(38,30)path(35,33)(35,47)(14,47)(14,33)(35,33)path(72,27)(99,27)(108,21)(108,18)(63,18)(63,21)(72,27)path(99,30)(99,50)(72,50)(72,30)(99,30)path(96,33)(96,47)(75,47)(75,33)(96,33)path(315,26)(288,26)(279,20)(279,17)(324,17)(324,20)(315,26)path(288,29)(288,49)(315,49)(315,29)(288,29)path(291,32)(291,46)(312,46)(312,32)(291,32)path(254,26)(227,26)(218,20)(218,17)(263,17)(263,20)(254,26)path(227,29)(227,49)(254,49)(254,29)(227,29)path(230,32)(230,46)(251,46)(251,32)(230,32)texturec0c0c0c00000000c0c0c0c00000000c0c0c0c00000000c0c0c0c00000000shadepath(115,185)(5,115)(55,115)(165,185)(115,185)path(115,185)(5,115)(55,115)(165,185)(115,185)shadepath(167,185)(277,115)(227,115)(117,185)(167,185)path(167,185)(277,115)(227,115)(117,185)(167,185)dottedline5(30,115)(30,95)thicklinespath(105,95)(105,115)(5,115)(5,95)(105,95)blackenpath(140,70)(0,70)(15,75)(15,65)(0,70)path(140,70)(0,70)(15,75)(15,65)(0,70)path(25,70)(25,50)path(25,70)(25,50)path(85,69)(85,50)path(85,69)(85,50)blackenpath(186,69)(326,69)(311,74)(311,64)(326,69)path(186,69)(326,69)(311,74)(311,64)(326,69)path(301,69)(301,49)path(301,69)(301,49)path(241,68)(241,49)path(241,68)(241,49)thinlinesdottedline5(250,115)(250,95)thicklinespath(325,95)(325,115)(225,115)(225,95)(325,95)thinlinesdottedline5(55,115)(55,95)thicklinespath(80,115)(80,95)path(300,115)(300,95)thinlinesdottedline5(275,115)(275,95)put(90,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm0put(35,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm72put(10,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm191put(310,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm0put(255,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm72put(230,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm191put(65,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm1put(285,100)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rm2put(25,0)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2rmBrewerySubnetput(240,0)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2rmWinerySubnetput(145,0)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2rmGatewaypicturecenterfi{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[htbp]tscreen<verbatim_mark>verbatim51tscreen{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}slsiteread|xfer|both|nopost|no[!slexceptgroups]{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim128{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}item[keywordLOCAL_MAILER_DEF]Definedefinethefilethatdefinesthemailersforlocalmaildelivery.Seesection``DefiningtheLocalMailer''aboveforwhatgoesinhere.item[keywordPSEUDONYMS]Defineallthenamesyourlocalhostisknownby.item[keywordDEFAULT_HOST]Putinyourfullyqualifieddomainname.Thisnamewillappearasyourhostnameinalloutgoingmail.item[keywordUUCPNAME]Putinyourunqualifiedhostnmae.item[keywordRELAY_HOSTandkeywordRELAY_MAILER]IfyoutalkUUCPtoasmart-host,setkeywordRELAY_HOSTtotheUUCPnameofyour`smartrelay'uucpneighbor.UsetheUUCP-Amailerifyouwantdomainizedheaders.item[keywordDEFAULT_MAILER]IfyouareonInternetandtalkDNS,youshouldsetthistokeywordTCP-A.ThistellssmailtousethekeywordTCP-Amailer,whichdeliversmailviaSMTPusingnormalRFCstyleaddressingfortheenvelope.InternetsitesprobablydonotneedtodefinekeywordRELAY_HOSTorkeywordRELAY_MAILER.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keywordrsize=varnandkeywordwsize=varn]ThesespecifythedatagramsizeusedbytheNFSclientsonreadandwriterequests,respectively.Theycurrentlydefaultto1024bytes,duetothelimitonUDPdatagramsizedescribedabove.ditem[keywordtimeo=varn]Thissetsthetime(intenthsofasecond)theNFSclientwillwaitforarequesttocomplete.Thedefaultvaluesis0.7seconds.ditem[keywordhard]Explicitlymarkthisvolumeashard-mounted.Thisisonbydefault.ditem[keywordsoft]Soft-mountthedriver(asopposedtohard-mount).ditem[keywordintr]AllowsignalstointerruptanNFScall.Usefulforabortingwhentheserverdoesn'trespond.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim141{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#makevaryourhostname.cf{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim175{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim25{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim200{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim96{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim106{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}X-Mn-Admin:joinDOC{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}in.tftpd,in.fingerd:ALLEXCEPTLOCAL,var.your.domain{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[htbp]iftexifpscentermboxepsffilefiguresgmu.epsfcenterelsecentersetlengthunitlength0.0125inpicture(290,290)(0,-10)thicklinesput(85.919,233.081)arc31.5211.10495.0406put(91.473,255.367)arc32.8212.53415.7994put(128.500,243.000)arc60.2083.86825.5565put(161.000,251.333)arc30.7324.00386.5018put(171.940,236.876)arc33.2544.95918.1556put(147.397,240.244)arc54.9610.46182.4633put(113.500,240.500)arc57.0090.90982.4805path(240,48)(240,23)(185,23)(185,48)(240,48)put(195,33)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2ttbrewhqpath(290,163)(290,138)(170,138)(170,163)(290,163)put(180,148)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2ttgargleblaster.compath(120,48)(120,23)(35,23)(35,48)(120,48)path(230,138)(205,48)path(185,38)(120,38)path(120,28)(185,28)path(80,48)(55,138)path(40,138)(65,48)path(90,163)(90,138)(0,138)(0,163)(90,163)thinlinesblackenpath(39,138)(39,124)(48,127)(40,138)path(39,138)(39,124)(48,127)(40,138)blackenpath(81,48)(81,62)(72,59)(80,48)path(81,48)(81,62)(72,59)(80,48)blackenpath(120,39)(133,43)(133,34)(120,38)path(120,39)(133,43)(133,34)(120,38)blackenpath(184,29)(171,33)(171,24)(184,28)path(184,29)(171,33)(171,24)(184,28)blackenpath(204,48)(204,62)(213,59)(205,48)path(204,48)(204,62)(213,59)(205,48)thicklinesdrawline(40,163)(40,163)dashline6.000(40,163)(95,218)dashline6.000(55,163)(105,213)dashline6.000(230,163)(173,220)dashline6.000(215,163)(160,218)path(245,138)(220,48)thinlinesblackenpath(246,138)(246,124)(237,127)(245,138)path(246,138)(246,124)(237,127)(245,138)put(109,237)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1214.4rmUsenetput(45,33)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2ttgroucho.eduput(10,148)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1113.2ttbarnyard.eduput(70,103)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttcomp,sci,put(75,88)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttrecput(25,83)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttallput(135,43)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttall,!fjput(125,13)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttcomp.os,put(125,0)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttcomp.periphsput(240,88)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttfjput(205,98)makebox(0,0)[lb]smashSetFigFont1012.0ttfjpicturecenterfielsefi{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keywordinsecure]Permitnon-authenticatedaccessfromthismachine.ditem[keywordunix-rpc]RequireUNIX-domainRPCauthenticationfromthismachine.Thissimplyrequiresthatrequestsoriginatefromareservedinternetport(i.e.theportnumberhastobelessthan1024).Thisoptionisonbydefault.ditem[keywordsecure-rpc]RequiresecureRPCauthenticationfromthismachine.Thishasnotbeenimplementedyet.SeeSun'sdocumentationonSecureRPC.ditem[keywordkerberos]RequireKerberosauthenticationonaccessesfromthismachine.Thishasnotbeenimplementedyet.SeetheMITdocumentationontheKerberosauthenticationsystem.ditem[keywordroot_squash]indexrestrictrootaccess@restrictuserrootaccessindexaccess!restrictThisisasecurityfeaturethatdeniesthesuperuseronthespecifiedhostsanyspecialaccessrightsbymappingrequestsfromuid0ontheclienttouid65534(-2)ontheserver.Thisuidshouldbeassociatedwiththeuserusernobody.ditem[keywordno_root_squash]Don'tmaprequestsfromuid0.Thisoptionisonbydefault.ditem[keywordro]indexmounting!readonlyindexreadonlyNFSvolumeindexNFS!readonlyvolumeMountfilehierarchyread-only.Thisoptionisonbydefault.ditem[keywordrw]Mountfilehierarchyread-write.ditem[keywordlink_relative]Convertabsolutesymboliclinks(wherethelinkcontentsstartwithaslash)intorelativelinksbyprepingthenecessarynumberoffile..'stogetfromthedirectorycontainingthelinktotherootontheserver.Thisoptiononlymakessensewhenahost'sentirefilesystemismounted,elsesomeofthelinksmightpointtonowhere,orevenworse,filestheywerenevermeanttopointto.Thisoptionisonbydefault.ditem[keywordlink_absolute]Leaveallsymboliclinkastheyare(thenormalbehaviorforSun-suppliedNFSservers).ditem[keywordmap_identity]indexNFS!matchinguidsandgidsThekeywordmap_identityoptiontellstheservertoassumethattheclientusesthesameuid'sandgid'sastheserver.Thisoptionisonbydefault.ditem[keywordmap_daemon]ThisoptiontellstheNFSservertoassumethatclientandserverdonotsharethesameuidgidspace.prognfsdwillthenbuildalistmappingid'sbetweenclientandserverbyqueryingtheclient'sprogugidddaemon.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#mkdirtmptest#mountlocalhost:etctmptest{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}X-Mn-Admin:leaveDOC{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim153{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim80{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim66{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim187{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}ogin:vstoutssword:catch22{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[vardomain]Thisisthedomainnametowhichtheentryapplies.Ifnodomainnameisgiven,theRRisassumedtoapplytothedomainofthepreviousRR.ditem[varttl]indexDNS!timetoliveInordertoforceresolverstodiscardinformationafteracertaintime,eachRRisassociateda``emphtimetolive'',oremphttlforshort.Thevarttlfieldspecifiesthetimeinsecondstheinformationisvalidafterithasbeenretrievedfromtheserver.Itisadecimalnumberwithatmosteightdigits.Ifnovarttlvalueisgiven,itdefaultstothevalueofthevarminimumfieldoftheprecedingSOArecord.ditem[varclass]Thisisanaddressclass,likeINforIP~addresses,orHSforobjectsintheHesiodclass.ForTCPIPnetworking,youhavetomakethisIN.Ifnovarclassfieldisgiven,theclassoftheprecedingRRisassumed.ditem[vartype]ThisdescribesthetypeoftheRR.ThemostcommontypesareA,SOA,PTR,andNS.ThefollowingsectionsdescribethevarioustypesofRR's.ditem[varrdata]ThisholdsthedataassociatedwiththeRR.TheformatofthisfielddepsonthetypeoftheRR.Below,itwillbedescribedforeachRRseparately.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#mkdirfilevarspoolnews.tmp#chownnews.newsfilevarspoolnews.tmp{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim212{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim118{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}ether=0,-1,eth0{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}item[!]Anexclamationpointstripsofftherecipienthostnamebeforeforwardingtothemailer.Thiscanbeusedwhenyouwanttowishtoessentiallyforcemailintoamisconfiguredremotesite.item[,]Acommadoesnotchangetheaddressinanyway.Themessageismerelyforwardedviathespecifiedmailertothespecifiedrelayhost.item[:]Acolonremovestherecipienthostnameonlyifthereareintermediatehostsbetweenyouandthedestination.Thus,emailfoo!bar!joewillhaveemailfooremoved,whileemailxyzzy!janetwillremainunchanged.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim36{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}linux-activists-request@niksula.hut.fi{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}small<verbatim_mark>verbatim160{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim131{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}item[fileuucprelays]indexsmail@progsmail!routing!UUCPThefileuucprelaysfileisusedto``short-circuit''theUUCPpathtoespeciallywellknownsitesratherthanusingamulti-hoporunreliablepathgeneratedbyprocessingtheUUCPmapswithfilepathalias.item[filegenericfromandfilexaliases]indexsmail@progsmail!useraliasesThefilegenericfromfilehideslocalusernamesandaddressesfromtheoutsideworldbyautomaticallyconvertinglocalusernamestogenericseraddressesthatdonotmatchinternalusernames.Theassociatedfilexalparseutilityautomatesthegenerationofthegenericfromandaliasesfilesothatbothincomingandoutgoingusernametranslationsoccurfromamasterxaliasesfile.item[filedecnetxtable]indexsmail@progsmail!DECnetThefiledecnetxtablerewritesdomainizedaddressesintodecnet-styleaddressesmuchlikethedomaintablecanbeusedtorewriteundomainizedaddressesintodomainizedSMTP-styleaddresses.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim165{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim199{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[emphg]Thisisthemostcommonprotocolandshouldbeunderstoodbyvirtuallyallproguucico's.Itdoesthorougherrorcheckingandisthereforewell-suitedfornoisytelephonelinks.emphg~requiresaneight-bitcleanconnection.Itisapacket-orientedprotocolwhichusesasliding-windowtechnique.ditem[emphi]Thisisabidirectionalpacketprotocolwhichcansandreceivefilesatthesametime.Itrequiresafull-duplexconnectionandaneight-bitcleandatapath.ItiscurrentlyunderstoodonlybyTaylorUUCP.ditem[empht]ThisisaprotocolintedforuseoveraTCPconnection,orothertrulyerror-freenetworks.Itusespacketsof1024bytesandrequiresaneight-bitcleanconnection.ditem[emphe]Thisshouldbasicallydothesameasempht.Themaindifferenceisthatemphe~isastreamingprotocol.ditem[emphf]ThisisintedforusewithreliableX.25connections.Itisastreamingprotocolandexpectsaseven-bitdatapath.Eight-bitcharactersarequoted,whichcanmakeitveryinefficient.ditem[emphG]ThisistheSystemVRelease4versionoftheemphg~protocol.ItisalsounderstoodbysomeotherversionsofUUCP.ditem[empha]ThisprotocolissimiliartoZMODEM.Itrequiresaneightbitconnection,butquotescertaincontrolcharacterslikeXONandXOFF.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[shellvarRESOLV_HOST_CONF]Thisspecifiesafiletobereadinsteadoffileetchost.conf.ditem[shellvarRESOLV_SERV_ORDER]Overridesthekeywordorderoptiongiveninfilehost.conf.Servicesaregivenaskeywordhosts,keywordbind,andkeywordnis,separatedbyaspace,comma,colon,orsemicolon.ditem[shellvarRESOLV_SPOOF_CHECK]Determinesthemeasurestakenagainstspoofing.Itiscompletelydisabledbykeywordoff.Thevalueskeywordwarnandkeywordwarnoffenablespoofchecking,butturnloggingonandoff,respectively.Avalueofkeyword*turnsonspoofchecks,butleavestheloggingfacilityasdefinedinfilehost.conf.ditem[shellvarRESOLV_MULTI]Avalueofkeywordonorkeywordoffmaybeusedtooverridethekeywordmultioptionsfromtthost.conf.ditem[shellvarRESOLV_OVERRIDE_TRIM_DOMAINS]Thisenvironmentspecifiesalistoftrimdomainswhichoverridethosegiveninfilehost.conf.ditem[shellvarRESOLV_ADD_TRIM_DOMAINS]Thisenvironmentspecifiesalistoftrimdomainswhichareaddedtothosegiveninfilehost.conf.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim20{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim9{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#domainnamebrewery{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim91{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim77{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim6{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}slalias:slrecipients{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}+:*:0:0:::{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#routeadddefaultgwvlager{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}reserve=addr0x340,32ether=0,addr0x340,eth0{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{acbib}stevensStevens90UNIXNetworkProgrammingRichardW.StevensPrentice-HallInternational,19900-13-949876-XThisisprobablyemphthemostwidelyusedbookonTCPIPnetworkprogramming,which,atthesametime,tellsyoualotaboutthenutsandboltsoftheInternetProtocols.footnoteNotethatStevenshasjustwrittenanewTCPIP,calledemphTCPIPIllustrated,Volume1,TheProtocols,publishedbyAddisonWesley.Ididn'thavethetimetolookatit,though.{acbib}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keywordEOT]Endoftransmissioncharacter(termcarD).ditem[keywordBREAK]Breakcharacter.ditem[keywordbsc]Suppresssingofcarriagereturnatofstring.ditem[keywordbsd]Delaysingfor1second.ditem[keywordbsE]Enableechochecking.Thisrequiresproguucicotowaitfortheechoofeverythingitwritestobereadbackfromthedevicebeforeitcancontinuewiththechat.Itisprimarilyusefulwhenusedinmodemchats(whichwewillencounterbelow).Echocheckingisoffbydefault.ditem[keywordbse]Disableechochecking.ditem[keywordbsK]SameaskeywordBREAK.ditem[keywordbsp]Pauseforfractionofasecond.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}$sttycrtscts;SPMlt;devcua1{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}Content-Type:textplain;charset=iso-8859-1{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim143{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim61{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim177{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{acbib}zenKehoe92ZenandtheArtoftheInternetBranP.Kehoe``Zen''wasoneof,ifnotemphthefirstInternetGuide,introducingthenoviceusertothevarioustrades,servicesandthefolkloreoftheInternet.Beinga100-pagetome,itcoveredtopicsrangingfromemailtoUsenetnewstotheInternetWorm.ItisavailableviaanonymousFTPfrommanyFTPservers,andmaybefreelydistributedandprinted.AprintedcopyisalsoavailablefromPrentice-Hall.{acbib}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[prognewsdaily]Thenamealreadysaysit:runsthisonceaday.Itisanimportantscriptthathelpsyoukeeplogfilessmall,retainingcopiesofeachfromthelastthreeruns.Italsotriestosenseanyanomalies,likestalebatchesintheincomingandoutgoingdirectories,postingstounkownormoderatednewsgroups,etc.Resultingerrormessageswillbemailedtothenewsmaster.ditem[prognewswatch]Thisisascriptthatshouldberunregularlytolookforanomaliesinthenewssystem,onceanhourorso.Itisintedtodetectproblemsthatwillhaveimmediateeffectontheoperabilityofyournewssystemandmailatroublereporttothenewsmaster.Thingscheckedincludestalelockfilesthatdon'tgetremoved,unattedinputbatches,anddiskspaceshortage.ditem[progaddgroup]Addsagrouptoyoursitelocally.Theproperinvocationistscreenaddgroupvargroupnamey|n|m|=varrealgrouptscreenThesecondargumenthasthesamemeaningastheflaginthefileactivefile,meaningthatanyonemayposttothegroup(keywordy),thatno-onemaypost(keywordn),thatitismoderated(keywordm),orthatitisanaliasforanothergroup(keyword=varrealgroup).Youmightalsowanttouseprogaddgroupwhenthefirstarticlesinanewlycreatedgrouparriveearlierthanthekeywordnewgroupcontrolmessagethatisintedtocreateit.ditem[progdelgroup]Allowsyoutodeleteagrouplocally.InvokeitastscreendelgroupvargroupnametscreenYoustillhavetodeletethearticlesthatremaininthenewsgroup'sspooldirectory.Alternatively,youmightleaveittothenaturalcourseofevents(a.k.a.progexpire)tomakethemgoaway.ditem[progaddmissing]Addsmissingarticlestothefilehistoryfile.Runthisscriptwhentherearearticlesthatseemtohangaroundforever.footnoteEverwonderedhowtogetridofthat``Help!Ican'tgetX11toworkwith0.97.2!!!''article?ditem[prognewsboot]Thisscriptshouldberunatsystemboottime.Itremovesanylockfilesleftoverwhennewsprocesseswerekilledatshutdown,andclosesandexecutesanybatchesleftoverfromNNTPconnectionsthatwereterminatedwhenshuttingdownthesystem.ditem[prognewsrunning]Thisresidesinfileusrlibnewsbinfileinput,andmaybeusedtodisableunbatchingofincomingnews,forinstanceduringworkhours.YoumayturnoffunbatchingbyinvokingtscreenfileusrlibnewsbininputnewsrunningofftscreenItisturnedonbyusingkeywordoninsteadofkeywordoff.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim190{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim202{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim108{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim31{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim17{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim121{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#routeaddwine-netgwvlager{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim155{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim189{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tabular}|l|l|l|hlineNetwork;SPMamp;Gateway;SPMamp;Interfacehlinehlinehost149.76.1.0;SPMamp;-;SPMamp;hostfddi0host149.76.2.0;SPMamp;host149.76.1.2;SPMamp;hostfddi0host149.76.3.0;SPMamp;host149.76.1.3;SPMamp;hostfddi0host149.76.4.0;SPMamp;-;SPMamp;hosteth0host149.76.5.0;SPMamp;host149.76.1.5;SPMamp;hostfddi0ldots;SPMamp;ldots;SPMamp;ldotshost0.0.0.0;SPMamp;host149.76.1.2;SPMamp;hostfddi0hline{tabular}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim72{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim58{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[htbp]small<verbatim_mark>verbatim4{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{acbib}stern-nfsStern92ManagingNISandNFSHalSternO'ReillyandAssociates,19920-937175-75-7ThisisacompanionbooktoCraigHunt's``TCPIPNetworkAdministration''book.ItcoverstheuseofNIS,theNetworkInformationSystem,andNFS,theNetworkFileSystem,inextenso,includingtheconfigurationofanautomounter,andPCNFS.{acbib}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim133{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim28{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim42{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim167{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim99{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}varservicelist:varhostlist[:varshellcmd]{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{figure}[htbp]tscreen<verbatim_mark>verbatim47tscreen{figure}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim180{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#pppdldotsdomainvbrew.com{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[keywordorder]indexNIS!andtheresolverindexorderofresolverservicesusedThisdeterminestheorderinwhichtheresolvingservicesaretried.Validoptionsarekeywordbindforqueryingthenameserver,filehostsforlookupsinfileetchosts,andkeywordnisforNISlookups.Anyorallofthemmaybespecified.Theorderinwhichtheyappearonthelinedeteminestheorderinwhichtherespectiveservicesaretried.ditem[keywordmulti]Takeskeywordonorkeywordoffasoptions.ThisdeteminesifahostinfileetchostsisallowedtohaveseveralIP~addresses,whichisusuallyreferredtoasbeing``multi-homed''.ThisflaghasnoeffectonDNSorNISqueries.ditem[keywordnospoof]indexsecurity!falsehostnamesindexsecurity!spoofingindexpreventspoofingindexspoofingAsexplainedinthepreviouschapter,DNSallowsyoutofindthehostnamebelongingtoanIP~addressbyusingthehostin-addr.arpadomain.Attemptsbynameserverstosupplyafalsehostnamearecalled``emphspoofing''.Toguardagainstthis,theresolvermaybeconfiguredtocheckiftheoriginalIP~addressisinfactassociatedwiththehostnameobtained.Ifnot,thenameisrejectedandanerrorreturned.Thisbehavioristurnedonbysettingkeywordnospoofon.ditem[keywordalert]Thisoptiontakeskeywordonorkeywordoffasarguments.Ifitisturnedon,anyspoofattempts(seeabove)willcausetheresolvertologamessagetotheprogsyslogfacility.ditem[keywordtrim]Thisoptiontakesadomainnameasanargument,whichwillberemovedfromhostnamesbeforelookup.Thisisusefulforfilehostsentries,whereyoumightonlywanttospecifyhostnameswithoutlocaldomain.Alookupofahostwiththelocaldomainnameappedwillhavethisremoved,thusallowingthelookupinfileetchoststosucceed.keywordtrimoptionsaccumulate,makingitpossibletoconsideryourhostasbeinglocaltoseveraldomains.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim12{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim111{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim83{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim69{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[filesys]indexCNews!sysfile@filesysfileYouprobablyhavetomodifythekeywordMElinethatdescribesyoursystem,althoughusingkeywordallallisalwaysasafebet.Youalsohavetoaddalineforeachsiteyoufeednewsto.Ifyouarealeafsite,youonlyneedalinethatssalllocallygeneratedarticlestoyourfeed.Assumeyourfeedishostmoria,thenyourfilesysfileshouldlooklikethis:tscreenME:allall::moriamoria.orcnet.org:allall,!local:f:tscreenditem[fileorganization]Yourorganization'sname.Forexample,``termVirtualBrewery,Inc.''.Onyourhomemachine,enter``privatesite'',oranythingelseyoulike.Mostpeoplewillnotcallyoursiteproperlyconfiguredifyouhaven'tcustomizedthisfile.ditem[filenewsgroups]ditem[filemailname]Yoursite'smailname,e.g.hostvbrew.com.ditem[filewhoami]Yoursite'snamefornewspurposes.Quiteoften,theUUCPsitenameisused,forexamplehostvbrew.ditem[fileexplist]Youshouldprobablyeditthisfiletoreflectyourpreferredexpirytimesforsomespecialnewsgroups.Diskspacemayplayanimportantroleinit.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim145{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim179{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#mountnews:usrspoolnews{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#cpvaryourhostname.cfetcsmail.cf{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim39{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim192{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim204{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[1340]AssignedNumbers,emphPostel,J.,andemphReynolds,J.TheAssignedNumbersRFCdefinesthemeaningofnumbersusedinvariousprotocols,suchastheportnumbersstandardTCPandUDPserversareknowntolistenon,andtheprotocolnumbersusedintheIPdatagramheader.ditem[1144]CompressingTCPIPheadersforlow-speedseriallinks,emphJacobson,V.ThisdocumentdescribesthealgorithmusedtocompressTCPIPheadersinCSLIPandPPP.Veryworthwhilereading!ditem[1033]DomainAdministratorsOperationsGuide,emphLottor,M.TogetherwithitscompanionRFCs,RFC~1034andRFC~1035,thisisthedefinitivesourceonDNS,theDomainNameSystem.ditem[1034]DomainNames-ConceptsandFacilities,emphMockapetris,P.V.AcompaniontoRFC~1033.ditem[1035]Domainnames-ImplementationandSpecification,emphMockapetris,P.V.AcompaniontoRFC~1033.ditem[974]MailRoutingandtheDomainSystem,emphPartridge,C.ThisRFCdescribesmailroutingontheInternet.ReadthisforthefullstoryaboutMXrecordsldotsditem[977]NetworkNewsTransferProtocol,emphKantor,B.,andemphLapsley,P.ThedefinitionofNNTP,thecommonnewstransportusedontheInternet.ditem[1094]NFS:NetworkFileSystemProtocolspecification,emphNowicki,B.TheformalspecificationoftheNFSandmountprotocols(version~2).ditem[1055]NonstandardforTransmissionofIPDatagramsoverSerialLines:SLIP,emphRomkey,J.L.DescribesSLIP,theSerialLineInternetProtocol.ditem[1057]RPC:RemoteProcedureCallProtocolSpecification:Version2,emphSunMicrosystems,Incditem[1058]RoutingInformationProtocol,emphHedrick,C.L.DescribesRIP,whichisusedtoexchangedynamicroutinginformationwithinLANsandMANs.ditem[821]SimpleMailTransferProtocol,emphPostel,J.B.DefinesSMTP,themailtransportprotocoloverTCPIP.ditem[1036]StandardfortheInterchangeofUSENETmessages,emphAdams,R.,andemphHorton,M.R.ThisRFCdescribestheformatofUsenetNewsmessages,andhowtheyareexchangedontheInternetaswellasonUUCPnetworks.ArevisionofthisRFCisexpectedtobereleasedsometimesoon.ditem[822]StandardfortheFormatofARPAInternettextmessages,emphCrocker,D.Thisisthedefinitivesourceofwisdomregarding,well,RFC-conformantmail.Everyoneknowsit,fewhavereallyreadit.ditem[968]TwastheNightBeforeStart-up,emphCerf,V.Whosaystheheroesofnetworkingremainunsung?{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}varnewsgroupvarhighvarlowvarperm{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{dispitems}ditem[optionup]Thismarksaninterface``up'',i.e.accessibletotheIPlayer.Thisoptionisimpliedwhenanvaraddressisgivenonthecommandline.Itmayalsobeusedtore-eenableaninterfacethathasbeentakendowntemporarilyusingtheoptiondownoption.noindent(ThisoptioncorrespondstotheflagstermUPRUNNING.)ditem[optiondown]Thismarksaninterface``down'',i.e.inaccessibletotheIPlayer.ThiseffectivelydisablesanyIP~trafficthroughtheinterface.Notethatthisdoesnotdeleteallroutingentriesthatusethisinterfaceautomatically.Ifyoutaketheinterfacedownpermanently,youshouldtodeletetheseroutingentriesandsupplyalternativeroutesifpossible.ditem[optionnetmaskvarmask]indexIP!netmaskindexinterface!netmaskThisassignsasubnetmasktobeusedbytheinterface.Itmaybegivenaseithera32-bithexadecimalnumberprecededby0x,orasadottedquadofdecimalnumbers.ditem[optionpointopointvaraddress]indexpoint-to-pointlinkThisoptionisusedforpoint-to-pointIPlinksthatinvolveonlytwohosts.Thisoptionisneededtoconfigure,forexample,SLIPorPLIPinterfaces.noindent(Ifapoint-to-pointaddresshasbeenset,progifconfigdisplaysthetermPOINTOPOINTflag.)ditem[optionbroadcastvaraddress]indexIP!broadcastaddressindexbroadcastaddressindexaddress!broadcastThebroadcastaddressisusuallymadeupfromthenetworknumberbysettingallbitsofthehostpart.SomeIPimplementationsuseadifferentscheme;thisoptionistheretoadapttothesestrangeenvironments.noindent(Ifabroadcastaddresshasbeenset,progifconfigdisplaysthetermBROADCASTflag.)ditem[optionmetricvarnumber]indexRoutingInformationProtocolindexrouting!metricindexIP!metricThisoptionmaybeusedtoassignametricvaluetotheroutingtableentrycreatedfortheinterface.ThismetricisusedbytheRoutingInformationProtocol(RIP)tobuildroutingtablesforthenetwork.footnotelabeliface.interface.ifconfig.metricRIPchoosestheoptimalroutetoagivenhostbasedonthe``length''ofthepath.Itiscomputedbysumminguptheindividualmetricvaluesofeachhost-to-hostlink.Bydefault,ahophaslength1,butthismaybeanypositiveintegerlessthan16.(Aroutelengthof16isequaltoinfinity.Suchroutesareconsideredunusable.)Theoptionmetricparametersetsthishopcost,whichisthenbroadcastbytheroutingdaemon.Thedefaultmetricusedbyprogifconfigisavalueofzero.Ifyoudon'trunaRIPdaemon,youdon'tneedthisoptionatall;ifyoudo,youwillrarelyneedtochangethemetricvalue.ditem[optionmtuvarbytes]indexMaximumTransferUnitindexMTU|seeMaximumTransferUnitindexIP!MTU|seeMaximumTransferUnitThissetstheMaximumTransmissionUnit,whichisthemaximumnumberofoctetstheinterfaceisabletohandleinonetransaction.ForEthernets,theMTUdefaultsto1500;forSLIPinterfaces,thisis296.ditem[optionarp]indexdisablingARPindexenablingARPindexARP!enablingThisisanoptionspecifictobroadcastnetworkssuchasEthernetsorpacketradio.ItenablestheuseofARP,theAddressResolutionProtocol,todetectthephysicaladdressesofhostsattachedtothenetwork.Forbroadcastnetworks,isonbydefault.noindent(IfARPisdisabled,progifconfigdisplaystheflagtermNOARP.)ditem[option-arp]DisablestheuseofARPonthisinterface.ditem[optionpromisc]indexEthernet!promiscuousmodeindexsecurity!EthernetPutstheinterfaceinpromiscuousmode.Onabroadcastnetwork,thismakestheinterfacereceiveallpackets,regardlessofwhethertheyweredestinedforanotherhostornot.Thisallowsananalysisofnetworktrafficusingpacketfiltersandsuch,alsocalledemphEthernetsnooping.Usually,thisisagoodtechniqueofhuntingdownnetworkproblemsthatareotherwisehardtocomeby.Ontheotherhand,thisallowsattackerstoskimthetrafficofyournetworkforpasswordsanddoothernastythings.OneprotectionagainstthistypeofattackisnottoletanyonejustplugintheircomputersinyourEthernet.Anotheroptionistousesecureauthenticationprotocols,suchasKerberos,ortheSRAloginsuite.footnoteSRAcanbeobtainedfromhostftp.tamu.eduinfilepubsecTAMU.noindent(ThisoptioncorrespondstotheflagtermPROMISC.)ditem[option-promisc]Turnsoffpromiscuousmode.ditem[optionallmulti]indexIP!multicastaddressesMulticastaddressesaresomesortofbroadcasttoagroupofhostswhodon'tnecessarilyhavetobeonthesamesubnet.Multicastaddressesarenotyetsupportedbythekernel.noindent(ThisoptioncorrespondstotheflagtermALLMULTI.)ditem[option-allmulti]Turnsoffmulticastaddresses.{dispitems}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim123{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}#slattachdevcua3&{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim23{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
$key = q/{tscreen}<verbatim_mark>verbatim157{tscreen}/;
$cached_env_img{$key} = ''; 
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