Logging In And Out

The Linux System Administrators' Guide
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# Chapter 8. Logging In And Out

> “I don't care to belong to a club that accepts people like me as a member.” (Groucho Marx)

This section describes what happens when a user logs in or out. The various interactions of background processes, log files, configuration files, and so on are described in some detail.

# Logins via terminals

Figure 8-1 shows how logins happen via terminals. First, init makes sure there is a getty program for the terminal connection (or console). getty listens at the terminal and waits for the user to notify that he is ready to login in (this usually means that the user must type something). When it notices a user, getty outputs a welcome message (stored in `/etc/issue`), and prompts for the username, and finally runs the login program. login gets the username as a parameter, and prompts the user for the password. If these match, login starts the shell configured for the user; else it just exits and terminates the process (perhaps after giving the user another chance at entering the username and password). init notices that the process terminated, and starts a new getty for the terminal.

Figure 8-1. Logins via terminals: the interaction of init, getty, login, and the shell.

Note that the only new process is the one created by init (using the `fork` system call); getty and login only replace the program running in the process (using the `exec` system call).

A separate program, for noticing the user, is needed for serial lines, since it can be (and traditionally was) complicated to notice when a terminal becomes active. getty also adapts to the speed and other settings of the connection, which is important especially for dial-in connections, where these parameters may change from call to call.

There are several versions of getty and init in use, all with their good and bad points. It is a good idea to learn about the versions on your system, and also about the other versions (you could use the Linux Software Map to search them). If you don't have dial-in's, you probably don't have to worry about getty, but init is still important.

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