# O Manual de &kalzium;

## Introdución

&kalzium; fornece todo tipo de información acerca da Táboa Periódica dos Elementos. Pode procurar moreas de datos acerca dos elementos e tamén usar visualizacións para vé-los. É libre e distribúese sob a licenza &GNU; Public License.

You can visualize the Periodic Table of the Elements by groups, blocks, and families. You can plot data for a range of elements for properties like the boilingpoint or the atomic mass. You can go back in time and see what elements were known at a given date. You can also calculate the molecular mass of molecules.

## Guía rápida de &kalzium;

Here is &kalzium; the first time you run it, either by selecting Applications Edutainment Science&kalzium; from the &kmenu; or with &Alt;F2 and entering `kalzium` into the field.

A xanela principal de &kalzium; A xanela principal de &kalzium;

&kalzium; is divided in a navigation panel on the left (in red, 1) and the table view (in blue, 2) which shows the elements of the periodic table. The standard menubar allows you to choose what you want to display and the status bar reports facts. You can hide the navigation panel using the View Show Sidebar menu.

When you move the mouse cursor on an element of the table, an overview of the current element in the Overview tab of the navigation panel is displayed.

Pode escoller entre varias vistas da táboa: mostrar os elementos por familias, por grupos, por estrutura cristalina, en función do comportamento ácido, &etc;. Pode modificar todo isto no menú Ver Mirar.

Se quer aprender cousas acerca dun elemento en concreto, prema nel na táboa e mostrarase o diálogo de información.

Diálogo de Información Diálogo de Información

You can plot data using the Tools Plot Data... menu item. You choose what you want to plot on the y-axis and a range of elements to plot that for on the x-axis. The screenshot below shows the mass of the elements 1 to 10.

O diálogo de representación de datos O diálogo de representación de datos

The Glossary ( Tools Glossary... ) explains the most important chemical words and shows you pictures of the most common tools along with an explanation.

O glosario O glosario

## Utilización de &kalzium;

### Resumo do uso de Kalzium

Estas son algunhas imaxes de &kalzium; en acción:

&kalzium; é moi fácil de usar. Está especialmente deseñado para ser usado por estudantes de todas as idades como referencia rápida e simples.

A xanela principal de &kalzium;, tras o primeiro arranque a xanela principal de &kalzium;

### O diálogo de información

The information dialog is accessed by clicking with the &LMB; on any element. This is the place to get information about an element. With the buttons at the bottom of the dialog you can change the element which is displayed without closing the dialog.

#### Resumo

In the Overview you will find the most important information about the element. In the middle you see the symbol of the Element with it's elemental number in the bottom left. The top-left corner displays the name of the element while the bottom-right corner shows the elemental weight.

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

#### Orbitais de Bohr

A páxina Modelo Atómico mostra os orbitais atómicos. Cada órbita representa un orbital e cada círculo marelo un electrón.

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

#### Varios

The Miscellaneous tab tells you other informations about the current element, including when it was discovered and the origin of the name.

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

#### Isotopes

The Isotopes tab presents information about the isotopes of an element.

Masa

- A masa deste isótopo.

Neutróns

- O número de neutróns que ten este isótopo.

Porcentaxe

- A porcentaxe de átomos que son deste isótopo. Tamén chamada abundancia.

Período de meia-vida

- Só os isótopos inestábeis teñen período de meia-vida. Defínese como o tempo no cal a metade destes isótopos decaen.

Enerxía e Modo de Decaemento

- Sábese que algúns isótopos emiten partículas de radiación baixo o proceso de decaimento radiactivo. Cada transformación por decaimento libera unha enerxía típica, que está listada xunto co modo de decaimento.

Spin and Parity

- A rotación do núcleo e a súa paridade.

Momento Magnético

- O momento do dipolo magnético do núcleo. Mídese en unidades de magnetrón nuclear.

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

#### Data Overview

The Data Overview tab tells you about different facts related to the element.

Depending on the data available in &kalzium; you will see different radii of the element. The covalent radius is the radius of a non charged atom of the element in a molecule. The could for example be the O-H-distance in Water. The atomic radius is the radius of an elemental atom, ⪚ not bound to anything. The van der Waals-radius is defined as the distance of two atoms of the same sort in two equal molecules, for example two carbon-atoms in propane. The last possible radius is the ionic radius including its charge.

A masa dun elemento é a masa media de todos os isótopos en relación á súa abundancia.

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

#### Espectro

Diálogo de información de &kalzium; Diálogo de información de &kalzium;

### Numeración

A numeración é o xeito de numerar os 18 grupos da táboa periódica. Pode escoller a numeración entre IUPAC, CAS, ou vella IUPAC, ou apaga-la.

Pode usar as seguintes opcións do menú Ver Numeración para escoller a numeración que mostrar:

- Sen Numeración: se activa esta opción, non haberá numeración dos períodos.

- IUPAC (default) is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This is an organization which defines most of the standards for chemical concerns. The new IUPAC system numbers each column with Arabic numbers from 1 (one) through 18 (eighteen).

- CAS is the Chemical Abstracts Service. In the CAS system the letters A and B were designated to main group elements (A) and transition elements (B). Though the IUPAC numeration is the official, the CAS numeration is what is still used in classrooms and laboratories.

- The Old IUPAC system labeled columns with Roman numerals followed by either the letter A or B. Columns were numbered such that columns one through seven were numbered IA through VIIA, columns 8 through 10 were labeled VIIIA, columns 11 through 17 were numbered IB through VIIB and column 18 was numbered VIII. Because of the confusion the old IUPAC and the CAS system created, the IUPAC adopted their new system.

### Esquemas de Cor

&kalzium; pode mostrarlle que elementos son que con respeito ao seu bloque e grupo na táboa, segundo o comportamento ácido ou polo estado da materia (&ie; sólido/líquido/vapor) no que están a unha temperatura dada.

Color schemes can be changed in the View Look menu.

- One Color: all the elements have the same color. You can change the default color by choosing Settings Configure &kalzium;... and going to the Colors tab.

- Blocks: displays a color for each block.

- Iconic: displays icons for each element.

- Family: represents each of the nine families with a color.

- Groups: displays a color for each group. A group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the elements. There are 18 groups in the standard periodic table. Elements in a group have similar configurations of their valence shell electrons, which gives them similar properties.

- Gradiente

  As vistas en gradiente mostran os elementos de acordo a unha propriedade que pode escoller cun gradiente de cores. Os elementos para os que non se dispoña de datos serán mostrados en cor gris.

  Gradiente segundo o Raio Covalente Gradiente segundo o Raio Covalente

  - Raio de Covalencia

  - Raio de van der Waals

  - Masa Atómica

  - Ponto de Ebulición

  - Ponto de Fusión

  - Electronegativity (Pauling)

  - Electronaffinity

  - Discovery date

  - First Ionisation

### Ferramentas

#### Isotope Table

The Isotope Table... shows you the isotopes of the elements.

There are diffent kinds of isotopes, some are stable, some are not. The unstable isotopes can decay as alpha-rays are two diffent beta-rays. These differences are encoded by using diffenrent colors.

the Isotope Table window

&kalzium; pode mostrar os isótopos dun rango de elementos

#### Risk/Security Phrases

The R/S Phrases, also known as Risk and Safety Statements, R/S statements, R/S numbers, and R/S sentences, is a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals and compounds.The R/S phrase of a compound consists of a risk part (R) and a safety part (S), each followed by a combination of numbers. Each number corresponds to a phrase. The phrase corresponding to the letter/number combination has the same meaning in different languages.

#### Glosario

O glosario fornece definicións das ferramentas mais usadas na química así como algúns datos. Á esquerda da xanela pode ver a lista de itens. Encima, hai termos químicos, en baixo hai outra lista de ferramentas de laboratorio.

On the top of the widget you can see a searchbar. If you type in the bar the trees will be adjusted immediately. The small button in the right end of the searchbar will clear it.

O Glosario

#### Debuxar Datos

The Plot Data... dialog allows you to plot some information about elements. The X-axis represents a range of elements (from one number to a higher number). You set this range using the First Element and Last Element fields on the dialog.

O Diálogo Debuxar Datos

&kalzium; pode debuxar algúns datos dun rango de elementos.

#### Resolución de Ecuacións

Con Resolución de Ecuacións poderá resolver ecuacións químicas. Este é un exemplo:

> aH2O + bCO2 -> cH2CO3

A ecuación calculada será mostrada á direita da xanela. Como se pode ver neste primeiro exemplo tamén pode definir o valor dun ou mais coeficientes. Os outros coeficientes serán axustados. Ademais, é posíbel usar corchetes arredor dos elementos ou cargas como se mostras nos dous últimos exemplos.

O Diálogo de Resolución de Ecuacións

&kalzium; pode resolver ecuacións químicas

#### Barra Lateral

##### Resumo

Resumo

The Overview tab is the first one and it shows you an overview of the element the mouse is over.

##### Estado da Materia

The State of Matter tab is the second in the navigation panel.

En primeiro lugar móstranselle os seguintes ícones e texto:

O Diálogo Estado da Materia

&kalzium; pode mostrar que elementos son sólidos/líquidos/gases a unha temperatura dada.

##### Liña de tempo

The Timeline feature allows you to explore the elements of the set time period. This is great for getting a feel for how the PSE evolved over time, as more and more elements were discovered. If you move the slider you will notice that some elements disappear if you move it to the left and reappear if you move it to the right. Furthermore the number will change constantly.

O número representa a data na que está a procurar. Se move a barra para ⪚ 1856 só verá os elementos que eran coñecidos no ano 1856.

Verá que algúns elementos non se mostran na data actual. Isto é porque algúns non foron descobertos aínda senón que se predixo que existirán.

A Liña de Tempo

A Táboa periódica no pasado (elementos coñecidos en 1856)

##### Calcular

The Calculate tab is the last in the sidebar. It allows you to calculate molecules weights.

En primeiro lugar móstranselle os seguintes ícones e texto:

Calcular

Calcular

##### Show Legend

The Show Legend action allows you to display the legend for the scheme you are in (Groups, Family, Blocks). The legend is displayed by default but if you hide it, it will stay hidden until you choose to show it. &kalzium; will keep this setting in its configuration file, so that the next time you run it, the setting will be as you left it.

## Configuración de &kalzium;

&kalzium; ten múltiplas opcións de configuración, ás que pode aceder abrindo o diálogo de configuración mediante Configuración Configurar &kalzium;... no menú.

O Diálogo de Configuración de &kalzium; Cores

Na páxina Cores, pode mudar as cores de cada un dos esquemas.

O Diálogo de Configuración de &kalzium; Unidades

Na páxina Unidades, poderá escoller as unidades. Pode escoller se prefere kJ/mol ou eV. A Temperatura está en Kelvins por omisión pero pode cambiá-la a graus Centigrados ou Fahrenheit.

O Diálogo de Configuración de &kalzium; Varios

In the Miscellaneous tab, you can select to display the atomic mass or only the element numbers in the PSE.

## Referencia dos Comandos

### Menús e atallos do teclado

#### O Menú Ficheiro

File Save As...

- Save &kalzium;s table as image.

&Ctrl;Q Ficheiro Sair

- Quits &kalzium;.

#### O Menú Vista

Vista Numeración Sen Numeración

- Display no numeration scheme.

View Numeration IUPAC

- Display the IUPAC numeration.

View Numeration CAS

- Display the CAS numeration.

View Numeration Old IUPAC

- Display the Old IUPAC numeration.

View Look Scheme: One Color

- Display all elements with one background color.

View Look Scheme: Blocks

- Display the four blocks of elements.

View Look Scheme: Iconic

- Display icons for each element.

View Look Scheme: Familiy

- Display the families of elements.

View Look Scheme: Groups

- Display the groups of elements.

View Look Gradient: Covalent Radius

- Display the elements covalent radius.

View Look Gradient: van Der Waals

- Display the elements van der Waals radius.

View Look Gradient: Atomic Mass

- Display the elements atomic mass.

View Look Gradient: Boiling Point

- Display the elements boiling point.

View Look Gradient: Melting Point

- Display the elements melting point.

View Look Gradient: Electronegativity (Pauling)

- Display the elements electronegativity.

View Look Gradient: Electronaffinity

- Display the elements electron affinity.

View Look Gradient: Discovery date

- Display the discovery date of each element with different background colors for each century.

View Look Gradient: First Ionisation

- Display the elements energy of first ionisation.

View Tables Table: Classic Periodic Table

- Display the classic periodic table with all elements.

View Tables Table: Short Periodic Table

- Display a periodic table without transition elements.

View Tables Table: Transition Elements

- Display a periodic table only with transition elements.

View Tables Table: DZ Periodic Table

- This item represents the table the DZ Deutscher Zentralausschuss "German Central Comitee" suggests.

Vista Mostrar/Acochar Lenda

- Toggle the legend view.

Vista Mostrar/Acochar Barra Lateral

- Toggle the Sidebar.

#### O Menú Ferramentas

Tools Plot Data...

- Open the Plot Data dialog.

Tools Isotope Table...

- Open the Isotope Table window.

Tools Glossary...

- Open the Glossary.

Tools Equation Solver...

- Open the Equationsolver dialog.

Tools Convert chemical files...

- Open a dialog to import and export a wide range of chemical file formats and data types with the Open Babel library.

Tools R/S Phrases

- Open the Risk/Security Phrases dialog.

Tools Tables...

- Display a dialog with the Greek alphabet and Numeric Prefixes and Roman Numerals.

View Tools Molecular Editor...

- Open the Molecular Editor dialog.

Tools Export Data...

- Opens a dialog where you can select Elements and their Properties to export them to a &HTML; file.

#### O Menú Configuración

Settings Show Toolbar

- Toggle the Main Toolbar.

Settings Show Statusbar

- Toggle the Statusbar.

Configuración Configurar Atallos de Teclado...

- Configura as techas que usar para aceder ás diferentes accións.

Configuración Configurar Barras de Ferramentas...

- Configure the items you want to put in the toolbar.

Configuración Configurar &kalzium;...

- Display the &kalzium; settings dialog.

#### O Menú Axuda

&help.menu.documentation;

## Perguntas e Respostas

Terei que pagar algunha vez por &kalzium;?

Non, nunca. Pero o autor sempre agradecerá un correo dándolle azos ou un DVD dándolle as Grazas. &kalzium; é distribuido sob a licenza GPL, polo que nunca terá que pagar por este programa.

Haberá algunha vez unha versión para &Windows;?

No, at the moment not, but you can download the source and make your own &Windows; version. It should not be a big problem, because it is written with Trolltech &Qt; libs. But what do you need &Windows; for? Get the latest &Linux;, and live on the edge.

## Como podo contribuir?

Axudenos cos datos.

No mundo da ciencia, o avance é bastante rápido. Se algunha vez acha un valor incorrecto ou a faltar, envienos un email.

Atopou algún erro ou ten algunha suxestión

If you find any bugs in the program, or have a few suggestions for improvements, please let me know at &Carsten.Niehaus.mail;.

## Recoñecimentos e Licenza

&kalzium;

Copyright do programa, 2001-2005 &Carsten.Niehaus; &Carsten.Niehaus.mail;

Contribuintes:

- Pino Toscano toscano.pino@tiscali.it

mvillarinomvillarino@users.sourceforge.net

&underFDL; &underGPL;

## Instalación

### Como obter &kalzium;

&install.intro.documentation;

### Requerimentos

&kalzium; itself can be found on The &kalzium; home page and is part of the &kde;-Edu project

Pode achar unha lista de cambios no ficheiro `ChangeLog` da súa distribuición de &kalzium;.

### Compilación e Instalación

&install.compile.documentation;
&documentation.index;