CLISP(1)

NAME
clisp - ANSI[38] Common Lisp[1] compiler, interpreter and debugger.

SYNOPSIS

clisp [[-h] | [--help]] [--version] [--license] [-help-image] [-B lisp-lib-dir] [-b] [-K linking-set] [-M mem-file] [-m memory-size] [-L language] [-N locale-dir] [-Edomain encoding] [[-q] | [--quiet] | [--silent] | [-v] | [--verbose]] [-on-error action] [-repl] [-w] [-I] [-disable-readline] [[-ansi] | [-traditional]] [-modern] [-p package] [-C] [-norc] [-lp directory...] [-i init-file...] [-c [-l] lisp-file [-o output-file]...] [-x expressions...] [lisp-file [argument...]]

DESCRIPTION

Invokes the Common Lisp[1] interpreter and compiler.

  Interactive Mode

When called without arguments, executes the read-eval-print loop[2], in which expressions are in turn

    • READ[3] from the standard input,

    • EVAL[4]uated by the lisp interpreter,

    • and their results are PRINT[5]ed to the standard output.

  Non-Interactive (Batch) Mode

Invoked with -c, compiles the specified lisp files to a platform-independent bytecode which can be executed more efficiently.

Invoked with -x, executes the specified lisp expressions.

Invoked with lisp-file, runs the specified lisp file.

OPTIONS

-h
--help
    Displays a help message on how to invoke CLISP[6].

--version
    Displays the CLISP[6] version number, as given by the function LISP-IMPLEMENTATION-VERSION[7], the value of the variable *FEATURES*, as well some other information.

--license
    Displays a summary of the licensing information, the GNU[8] GPL[9].

-help-image
    Displays information about the memory image being invoked: whether is it suitable for scripting as well as the :DOCUMENTATION supplied to EXT:SAVEINITMEM.

-B lisp-lib-dir
    Specifies the installation directory. This is the directory containing the linking sets and other data files. This option is normally not necessary, because the installation directory is already built-in into the clisp executable. Directory lisp-lib-dir can be changed dynamically using the SYMBOL-MACRO[10] CUSTOM:*LIB-DIRECTORY*.

-b
    Print the installation directory and exit immediately. The namestring of CUSTOM:*LIB-DIRECTORY* is printed without any quotes. This is mostly useful in module Makefiles, see, e.g., modules/syscalls/Makefile.in (file in the CLISP sources).

-K linking-set
    Specifies the linking set to be run. This is a directory (relative to the lisp-lib-dir) containing at least a main executable (runtime) and an initial memory image. Possible values are

    base
        the core CLISP[6]

    full
        core plus all the modules with which this installation was built, see Section 32.2, “External Modules”.

    The default is base.

-M mem-file
    Specifies the initial memory image. This must be a memory dump produced by the EXT:SAVEINITMEM function by this clisp runtime. #ifdef UNIX It may have been compressed using GNU[8] gzip[11]. #endif

-m memory-size
    Sets the amount of memory CLISP[6] tries to grab on startup. The amount may be given as

    n
    nB
        measured in bytes

    n
    nW
        measured in machine words (4×n on 32-bit platforms, 8×n on 64-bit platforms)

    nK
    nKB
        measured in kilobytes

    nKW
        measured in kilowords

    nM
    nMB
        measured in megabytes

    nMW
        measured in megawords

    The default is 3 megabytes. #if (oint_addr_len+addr_shift==24) The argument is constrained between 100 KB and 16 MB. #elif (oint_addr_len+addr_shift==26) The argument is constrained between 100 KB and 64 MB. #elif (oint_addr_len+addr_shift==28) The argument is constrained between 100 KB and 256 MB. #else The argument is constrained above 100 KB. #endif

    This version of CLISP[6] #if defined(SPVW_MIXED) && defined(SPVW_BLOCKS) #ifdef GENERATIONAL_GC is not likely to actually use the entire memory-size since garbage-collection will periodically reduce the amount of used memory. It is therefore common to specify 10 MB even if only 2 MB are going to be used. #else eventually uses the entire memory-size. #endif #else allocates memory dynamically. memory-size is essentially ignored (except that it determines the Lisp STACK size). #endif

-L language
    Specifies the language CLISP[6] uses to communicate with the user. This may be #ifndef GNU_GETTEXT only english. #else one of english, german, french, spanish, dutch, russian, danish. Other languages may be specified through the environment variable[12] LANG, provided the corresponding message catalog is installed. #endif The language may be changed dynamically using the SYMBOL-MACRO[10] CUSTOM:*CURRENT-LANGUAGE*.

-N locale-dir
    Specifies the base directory of locale files. CLISP[6] will search its message catalogs in locale-dir/language/LC_MESSAGES/clisp.mo. This directory may be changed dynamically using the SYMBOL-MACRO[10] CUSTOM:*CURRENT-LANGUAGE*.

-Edomain encoding
    Specifies the encoding used for the given domain, overriding the default which depends on the environment variable[12]s LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG. domain can be

    file
        affecting CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FILE-ENCODING*

    pathname
        affecting CUSTOM:*PATHNAME-ENCODING*

    terminal
        affecting CUSTOM:*TERMINAL-ENCODING*

    foreign
        affecting CUSTOM:*FOREIGN-ENCODING*

    misc
        affecting CUSTOM:*MISC-ENCODING*

    blank
        affecting all of the above.

        Warning
        Note that the values of these SYMBOL-MACRO[10]s that have been saved in a memory image are ignored: these SYMBOL-MACRO[10]s are reset based on the OS environment after the memory image is loaded. You have to use the RC file, CUSTOM:*INIT-HOOKS* or init function to set them on startup, but it is best to set the aforementioned environment variable[12]s appropriately for consistency with other programs. See Section 31.1, “Customizing CLISP Process Initialization and Termination”.

-q
--quiet
--silent
-v
--verbose
    Change verbosity level: by default, CLISP[6] displays a banner at startup and a good-bye message when quitting, and initializes *LOAD-VERBOSE*[13] and *COMPILE-VERBOSE*[14] to T[15], and *LOAD-PRINT*[13] and *COMPILE-PRINT*[14] to NIL[16], as per [ANSI CL standard]. The first -q removes the banner and the good-bye message, the second sets variables *LOAD-VERBOSE*[13], *COMPILE-VERBOSE*[14] and CUSTOM:*SAVEINITMEM-VERBOSE* to NIL[16]. The first -v sets variables CUSTOM:*REPORT-ERROR-PRINT-BACKTRACE*, *LOAD-PRINT*[13] and *COMPILE-PRINT*[14] to T[15], the second sets CUSTOM:*LOAD-ECHO* to T[15]. These settings affect the output produced by -i and -c options. Note that these settings persist into the read-eval-print loop[2]. Repeated -q and -v cancel each other, e.g., -q -q -v -v -v is equivalent to -v.

-on-error action
    Establish global error handlers, depending on action:.PP appease
        continuable[17] ERROR[18]s are turned into WARNING[19]s (with EXT:APPEASE-CERRORS) other ERROR[18]s are handled in the default way

    debug
        ERROR[18]s INVOKE-DEBUGGER[20] (the normal read-eval-print loop[2] behavior), disables batch mode imposed by -c, -x, and lisp-file,

    abort
        continuable[17] ERROR[18]s are appeased, other ERROR[18]s are ABORT[21]ed with EXT:ABORT-ON-ERROR

    exit
        continuable[17] ERROR[18]s are appeased, other ERROR[18]s terminate CLISP[6] with EXT:EXIT-ON-ERROR (the normal batch mode behavior).

    See also EXT:SET-GLOBAL-HANDLER.

-repl
    Start an interactive read-eval-print loop[2] after processing the -c, -x, and lisp-file options and on any ERROR[18] SIGNAL[22]ed during that processing.

    Disables batch mode.

-w
    Wait for a keypress after program termination.

-I
    Interact better with Emacs[23] (useful when running CLISP[6] under Emacs[23] using SLIME[24], ILISP[25] et al). With this option, CLISP[6] interacts in a way that Emacs[23] can deal with:

        • unnecessary prompts are not suppressed.
    #ifdef GNU_READLINE

        • The GNU[8] readline[26] library treats TAB (see TAB key) as a normal self-inserting character (see Q: A.4.6).
    #endif

-disable-readline
    Do not use GNU[8] readline[26] even when it has been linked against. This can be used if one wants to paste non-ASCII[27] characters, or when GNU[8] readline[26] misbehaves due to installation (different versions on the build and install machines) or setup (bad TERM environment variable[12] value) issues.

-ansi
    Comply with the [ANSI CL standard] specification even where CLISP[6] has been traditionally different by setting the SYMBOL-MACRO[10] CUSTOM:*ANSI* to T[15].

-traditional
    Traditional: reverses the residual effects of -ansi in the saved memory image.

-modern
    Provides a modern view of symbols: at startup the *PACKAGE*[28] variable will be set to the “CS-COMMON-LISP-USER” package, and the *PRINT-CASE*[29] will be set to :DOWNCASE. This has the effect that symbol lookup is case-sensitive (except for keywords and old-style packages) and that keywords and uninterned symbols are printed with lower-case preferrence. See Section 11.5, “Package Case-Sensitivity”.

-p package
    At startup the value of the variable *PACKAGE*[28] will be set to the package named package. The default is the value of *PACKAGE*[28] when the image was saved, normally “COMMON-LISP-USER”[30].

-C
    Compile when loading: at startup the value of the variable CUSTOM:*LOAD-COMPILING* will be set to T[15]. Code being LOAD[31]ed will then be COMPILE[32]d on the fly. This results in slower loading, but faster execution.

-norc
    Normally CLISP[6] loads the user “run control” (RC)[33] file on startup (this happens after the -C option is processed). The file loaded is .clisprc.lisp or .clisprc.fas in the home directory USER-HOMEDIR-PATHNAME[34], whichever is newer. This option, -norc, prevents loading of the RC file.

-lp directory
    Specifies directories to be added to CUSTOM:*LOAD-PATHS* at startup. This is done after loading the RC file (so that it does not override the command-line option) but before loading the init-files specified by the -i options (so that the init-files will be searched for in the specified directories). Several -lp options can be given; all the specified directories will be added.

-i init-file
    Specifies initialization files to be LOAD[31]ed at startup. These should be lisp files (source or compiled). Several -i options can be given; all the specified files will be loaded in order.

-c lisp-file
    Compiles the specified lisp-files to bytecode (*.fas). The compiled files can then be LOAD[31]ed instead of the sources to gain efficiency.

    Imposes batch mode.

-o outputfile
    Specifies the output file or directory for the compilation of the last specified lisp-file.

-l
    Produce a bytecode DISASSEMBLE[35] listing (*.lis) of the files being compiled. Useful only for debugging. See Section 24.1, “Function COMPILE-FILE” for details.

-x expressions
    Executes a series of arbitrary expressions instead of a read-eval-print loop[2]. The values of the expressions will be output to *STANDARD-OUTPUT*[36]. Due to the argument processing done by the shell, the expressions must be enclosed in double quotes, and double quotes and backslashes must be escaped with backslashes.

    Imposes batch mode.

lisp-file [ argument ... ]
    Loads and executes a lisp-file, as described in Section 32.6.2, “Scripting with CLISP”. There will be no read-eval-print loop[2]. Before lisp-file is loaded, the variable EXT:*ARGS* will be bound to a list of strings, representing the arguments. #ifdef UNIX The first line of lisp-file may start with #!, thus permitting CLISP[6] to be used as a script interpreter. #endif If lisp-file is -, the *STANDARD-INPUT*[36] is used instead of a file.

    This option is disabled if the memory image was created by EXT:SAVEINITMEM with NIL[16] :SCRIPT argument. In that case the LIST[37] EXT:*ARGS* starts with lisp-file.

    This option must be the last one.

    No RC file will be executed.

    Imposes batch mode.

As usual, -- stops option processing and places all remaining command line arguments into EXT:*ARGS*.

LANGUAGE REFERENCE

The language implemented is ANSI[39][38] Common Lisp[1]. The implementation mostly conforms to the ANSI Common Lisp standard, see Section 31.10, “Maximum ANSI CL compliance”. [ANSI CL] ANSI CL standard1994. ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R1999)
    Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp[40]
    [formerly ANSI X3.226-1994 (R1999)].

COMMAND LINE USER ENVIRONMENT

help
    get context-sensitive on-line help, see Chapter 25, Environment.

(APROPOS name)
    list the SYMBOL[41]s matching name.

(DESCRIBE symbol)
    describe the symbol.

(exit)
(quit)
(bye)
    quit CLISP[6].

EOF #if defined(UNIX) (Control+D on UNIX[42]) #endif #if defined(WIN32_NATIVE) (Control+Z on Win32[43]) #endif
    leave the current level of the read-eval-print loop[2] (see also Section 1.1, “Special Symbols ”).
#ifdef GNU_READLINE

arrow keys
    for editing and viewing the input history, using the GNU[8] readline[26] library.

TAB key
    Context sensitive:

        • If you are in the “function position” (in the first symbol after an opening paren or in the first symbol after a #'[44]), the completion is limited to the symbols that name functions.

        • If you are in the "filename position" (inside a string after #P[45]), the completion is done across file names, GNU[8] bash[46]-style.

        • If you have not typed anything yet, you will get a help message, as if by the help command.

        • If you have not started typing the next symbol (i.e., you are at a whitespace), the current function or macro is DESCRIBEd.

        • Otherwise, the symbol you are currently typing is completed.

#endif

USING AND EXTENDING CLISP

Common Lisp[1] is a programmable programming language. —John Foderaro[47].PP When CLISP[6] is invoked, the runtime loads the initial memory image and outputs the prompt; at which one can start typing DEFVAR[48]s, DEFUN[49]s and DEFMACRO[50]s.

To avoid having to re-enter the same definitions by hand in every session, one can create a lisp file with all the variables, functions, macros, etc.; (optionally) compile it with COMPILE-FILE[51]; and LOAD[31] it either by hand or from the RC file; or save a memory image to avoid the LOAD[31] overhead.

However, sometimes one needs to use some functionality implemented in another language, e.g., call a C[52] library function. For that one uses the Foreign Function Interface and/or the External Modules facility. Finally, the truly adventurous ones might delve into Extending the Core.

FILES

clisp
clisp.exe
    #if defined(UNIX) && !defined(UNIX_CYGWIN32) #endif #if defined(WIN32_NATIVE) || defined(UNIX_CYGWIN32) #endif startup driver (an executable or, rarely, a shell script) which remembers the location of the runtime and starts it with the appropriate arguments

lisp.run
lisp.exe
    #if defined(UNIX) && !defined(UNIX_CYGWIN32) #endif #if defined(WIN32_NATIVE) || defined(UNIX_CYGWIN32) #endif main executable (runtime) - the part of CLISP[6] implemented in C[52].

lispinit.mem
    initial memory image (the part of CLISP[6] implemented in lisp)

config.lisp
    site-dependent configuration (should have been customized before CLISP[6] was built); see Section 31.12, “Customizing CLISP behavior”

*.lisp
    lisp source

*.fas
    lisp code, compiled by CLISP[6]

*.lib
    lisp source library information, generated by COMPILE-FILE, see Section 24.3, “Function REQUIRE”.

*.c
    C code, compiled from lisp source by CLISP[6] (see Section 32.3, “The Foreign Function Call Facility”)

For the CLISP[6] source files, see Chapter 34, The source files of CLISP. #ifdef HAVE_ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

All environment variable[12]s that CLISP[6] uses are read at most once.

CLISP_LANGUAGE
    specifies the language CLISP[6] uses to communicate with the user. The legal values are identical to those of the -L option which can be used to override this environment variable[12].
#ifdef ENABLE_UNICODE

LC_CTYPE
    specifies the locale which determines the character set in use. The value can be of the form language or language_country or language_country.charset, where language is a two-letter ISO 639 language code (lower case), country is a two-letter ISO 3166 country code (upper case). charset is an optional character set specification, and needs normally not be given because the character set can be inferred from the language and country. This environment variable[12] can be overridden with the -Edomain encoding option.
#endif

LANG
    specifies the language CLISP[6] uses to communicate with the user, unless it is already specified through the environment variable[12] CLISP_LANGUAGE or the -L option. #ifdef ENABLE_UNICODE It also specifies the locale determining the character set in use, unless already specified through the environment variable[12] LC_CTYPE. #endif The value may begin with a two-letter ISO 639 language code, for example en, de, fr.
#ifdef UNIX

HOME
USER
    used for determining the value of the function USER-HOMEDIR-PATHNAME[34].
#endif

SHELL
COMSPEC
    #ifdef UNIX #endif #ifdef WIN32_NATIVE #endif is used to find the interactive command interpreter called by EXT:SHELL.
#ifdef UNIX

TERM
    determines the screen size recognized by the pretty printer.
#endif

ORGANIZATION
    for SHORT-SITE-NAME[53] and LONG-SITE-NAME[53] in config.lisp.

CLHSROOT
    for CUSTOM:CLHS-ROOT in config.lisp.

IMPNOTES
    for CUSTOM:IMPNOTES-ROOT in config.lisp.

EDITOR
    for editor-name in config.lisp.

LOGICAL_HOST_host_FROM
LOGICAL_HOST_host_TO
LOGICAL_HOST_host
    for CUSTOM:*LOAD-LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS-DATABASE*
#endif

INPUT AND OUTUT

See Section 21.1.1, “Initialization of Standard Streams”.

SEE ALSO

    CLISP impnotes
    clisp-link(1)
    CMU CL[54] - cmucl(1)
    Emacs[23] - emacs(1)
    XEmacs[55] - xemacs(1)

BUGS

When you encounter a bug in CLISP[6] or in its documentation (this manual page or CLISP impnotes), please report it to the CLISP[6] SourceForge bug tracker[56].

Before submitting a bug report, please take the following basic steps to make the report more useful:

    1. Please do a clean build (remove your build directory and build CLISP[6] with ./configure --cbc build or at least do a make distclean before make).

    2. If you are reporting a “hard crash” (segmentation fault, bus error, core dump etc), please do ./configure --with-debug --cbc build-g ; cd build-g; gdb lisp.run, then load the appropriate linking set by either base or full gdb[57] command, and report the backtrace (see also Q: A.1.1.10).

    3. If you are using pre-built binaries and experience a hard crash, the problem is likely to be in the incompatibilities between the platform on which the binary was built and yours; please try compiling the sources and report the problem if it persists.

When submitting a bug report, please specify the following information:

    1. What is your platform (uname -a on a UNIX[42] system)? Compiler version? GNU[8] libc[58] version (on GNU[8]/Linux[59])?

    2. Where did you get the sources or binaries? When? (Absolute dates, e.g., “2006-01-17”, are preferred over the relative ones, e.g., “2 days ago”).

    3. How did you build CLISP[6]? (What command, options &c.)

    4. What is the output of clisp --version?

    5. Please supply the full output (copy and paste) of all the error messages, as well as detailed instructions on how to reproduce them.

PROJECTS

    • Enhance the compiler so that it can inline local functions.

    • Embed CLISP[6] in VIM[60].

AUTHORS

Bruno Haible <http://www.haible.de/bruno/>
    The original author and long-time maintainer.

Michael Stoll <http://www.faculty.iu-bremen.de/mstoll/>
    The original author.

Sam Steingold <http://sds.podval.org/>
    Co-maintainer since 1998.

Others
    See COPYRIGHT (file in the CLISP sources) for the list of other contributors and the license.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 1992-2010 Bruno Haible
Copyright © 1998-2010 Sam Steingold

NOTES

1.  Common Lisp
    http://www.lisp.org

2.  read-eval-print loop
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/sec_25-1-1

3.  READ
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_readcm_re_g-whitespace.html

4.  EVAL
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html

5.  PRINT
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html

6.  CLISP
    http://clisp.cons.org

7.  LISP-IMPLEMENTATION-VERSION
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_lisp-impl_tion-version.html

8.  GNU
    http://www.gnu.org

9.  GPL
    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html

10. SYMBOL-MACRO
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/mac_define-symbol-macro

11. gzip
    http://www.gzip.org/

12. environment variable
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html

13. *LOAD-VERBOSE*
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/var_stload-pr_ad-verbosest.html

14. *COMPILE-VERBOSE*
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/var_stcompile_le-verbosest.html

15. T
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html

16. NIL
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html

17. continuable
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/clhs/glo

18. ERROR
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html

19. WARNING
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html

20. INVOKE-DEBUGGER
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_invoke-debugger.html

21. ABORT
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html

22. SIGNAL
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html

23. Emacs
    http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/

24. SLIME
    http://common-lisp.net/project/slime/

25. ILISP
    http://sourceforge.net/projects/ilisp/

26. readline
    http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/readline.html

27. ASCII
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

28. *PACKAGE*
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/var_stpackagest.html

29. *PRINT-CASE*
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-casest.html

30. “COMMON-LISP-USER”
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/sec_11-1-2-2

31. LOAD
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_load.html

32. COMPILE
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compile.html

33. “run
         control” (RC)
    http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/ch10s03.html

34. USER-HOMEDIR-PATHNAME
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_user-homedir-pathname.html

35. DISASSEMBLE
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_disassemble.html

36. *STANDARD-OUTPUT*
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/var_stdebug-i_ace-outputst.html

37. LIST
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html

38. ANSI
    http://www.ansi.org/

39. The American National Standards Institute

40. Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp
    http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ANSI+INCITS+226-1994+(R1999)

41. SYMBOL
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html

42. UNIX
    http://www.unix.org/online.html

43. Win32
    http://winehq.org/

44. #'
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/sec_2-4-8-2

45. #P
    [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/sec_2-4-8-14

46. bash
    http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/

47. John Foderaro
    http://www.franz.com/~jkf/

48. DEFVAR
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html

49. DEFUN
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html

50. DEFMACRO
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmacro.html

51. COMPILE-FILE
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compile-file.html

52. C
    http://c-faq.com/

53. SHORT-SITE-NAME
    http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/iiip/doc/CommonLISP/HyperSpec/Body/fun_short-sit_ng-site-name.html

54. CMU CL
    http://www.cons.org/cmucl/

55. XEmacs
    http://www.xemacs.org

56. SourceForge bug tracker
    http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=add&group_id=1355&atid=101355

57. gdb
    http://sources.redhat.com/gdb/

58. libc
    http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/

59. Linux
    http://www.linux.org/

60. VIM
    http://www.vim.org