encfs - mounts or creates an encrypted virtual filesystem

- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- OPTIONS
- EXAMPLES
- CAVEATS
- FILESYSTEM OPTIONS
- Attacks
- DISCLAIMER
- AUTHORS
- SEE ALSO

# NAME

encfs - mounts or creates an encrypted virtual filesystem

# SYNOPSIS

encfs [--version] [-s] [-f] [-v|--verbose] [-i MINUTES|--idle=MINUTES] [--extpass=program] [-S|--stdinpass] [--anykey] [--forcedecode] [-d|--fuse-debug] [--public] [--no-default-flags] rootdir mountPoint [-- [Fuse Mount Options]]

# DESCRIPTION

encfs creates a virtual encrypted filesystem which stores encrypted data in the rootdir directory and makes the unencrypted data visible at the mountPoint directory. The user must supply a password which is used to (indirectly) encrypt both filenames and file contents.

If encfs is unable to find a supported filesystem at the specified rootdir, then the user will be asked if they wish to create a new encrypted filesystem at the specified location. Options will be presented to the user allowing some control over the algorithms to use. As EncFS matures, there may be an increasing number of choices.

# OPTIONS

-i, --idle=MINUTES
  Enable automatic unmount of the filesystem after a period of inactivity. The period is specified in minutes, so the shortest timeout period that can be requested is one minute. EncFS will not automatically unmount if there are files open within the filesystem, even if they are open in read-only mode. However simply having files open does not count as activity.

-f
  The -f (foreground) option causes encfs to run in the foreground. Normally encfs spawns off as a daemon and runs in the background, returning control to the spawning shell. With the -f option, it will run in the foreground and any warning/debug log messages will be displayed on standard error. In the default (background) mode, all log messages are logged via syslog.

-v, --verbose
  Causes encfs to enable logging of various debug channels within encfs. Normally these logging messages are disabled and have no effect. It is recommended that you run in foreground (-f) mode when running with verbose enabled.

-s
  The -s (single threaded) option causes encfs to run in single threaded mode. By default, encfs runs in multi-threaded mode. This option is used during encfs development in order to simplify debugging and allow it to run under memory checking tools..

-d, --fuse-debug
  Enables debugging within the FUSE library. This should only be used if you suspect a problem within FUSE itself (not encfs), as it generates a lot of low-level data and is not likely to be very helpful in general problem tracking. Try verbose mode (-v) first, which gives a higher level view of what is happening within encfs.

--forcedecode
  This option only has an effect on filesystems which use MAC block headers. By default, if a block is decoded and the stored MAC doesn't match what is calculated, then an IO error is returned to the application and the block is not returned. However, by specifying --forcedecode, only an error will be logged and the data will still be returned to the application. This may be useful for attempting to read corrupted files.

--public
  Attempt to make encfs behave as a typical multi-user filesystem. By default, all FUSE based filesystems are visible only to the user who mounted them. No other users (including root) can view the filesystem contents. The --public option does two things. It adds the FUSE flags ``allow_other'' and ``default_permission'' when mounting the filesystem, which tells FUSE to allow other users to access the filesystem, and to use the ownership permissions provided by the filesystem. Secondly, the --public flag changes how encfs's node creation functions work - as they will try and set ownership of new nodes based on the caller identification.

  Warning: In order for this to work, encfs must be run as root -- otherwise it will not have the ability to change ownership of files. I recommend that you instead investigate if the fuse allow_other option can be used to do what you want before considering the use of --public.

--
  The -- option tells encfs to send any remaining arguments directly to FUSE. In turn, FUSE passes the arguments to fusermount. See the fusermount help page for information on available commands.

--no-default-flags
  Encfs adds the FUSE flags ``use_ino'' and ``default_permissions'' by default, as of version 1.2.2, because that improves compatibility with some programs.. If for some reason you need to disable one or both of these flags, use the option --no-default-flags.

  The following command lines produce the same result:

          encfs raw crypt
          encfs --no-default-flags raw crypt -- -o use_ino,default_permissions

--extpass=program
  Specify an external program to use for getting the user password. When the external program is spawned, the environment variable ``RootDir'' will be set to contain the path to the root directory. The program should print the password to standard output.

  EncFS takes everything returned from the program to be the password, except for a trailing newline (\n) which will be removed.

  For example, specifying --extpass=/usr/lib/ssh/ssh-askpass will cause EncFS to use ssh's password prompt program.

-S, --stdinpass
  Read password from standard input, without prompting. This may be useful for scripting encfs mounts.

  Note that you should make sure the filesystem and mount points exist first. Otherwise encfs will prompt for the filesystem creation options, which may interfere with your script.

--anykey
  Turn off key validation checking. This allows EncFS to be used with secondary passwords. This could be used to store a separate set of files in an encrypted filesystem. EncFS ignores files which do not decode properly, so files created with separate passwords will only be visible when the filesystem is mounted with their associated password.

  Note that if the primary password is changed (using encfsctl), the other passwords will not be usable unless the primary password is set back to what it was, as the other passwords rely on an invalid decoding of the volume key, which will not remain the same if the primary password is changed.

  Warning: Use this option at your own risk.

# EXAMPLES

Create a new encrypted filesystem. Store the raw (encrypted) data in ``~/.crypt'' , and make the unencrypted data visible in ``~/crypt''. Both directories are in the home directory in this example. This example shows the full output of encfs as it asks the user if they wish to create the filesystem:

        % encfs ~/.crypt ~/crypt
        Directory "/home/me/.crypt" does not exist, create (y,n)?y
        Directory "/home/me/crypt" does not exist, create (y,n)?y
        Creating new encrypted volume.
        Please choose from one of the following options:
         enter "x" for expert configuration mode,
         enter "p" for pre-configured paranoia mode,
         anything else, or an empty line will select standard mode.
        ?>

        Standard configuration selected.
        Using cipher Blowfish, key size 160, block size 512
        New Password: <password entered here>
        Verify: <password entered here>

The filesystem is now mounted and visible in ~/crypt. If files are created there, they can be seen in encrypted form in ~/.crypt. To unmount the filesystem, use fusermount with the -u (unmount) option:

        % fusermount -u ~/crypt

Another example. To mount the same filesystem, but have fusermount name the mount point '/dev/foo' (as shown in df and other tools which read /etc/mtab), and also request kernel-level caching of file data (which are both special arguments to fusermount):

        % encfs ~/.crypt ~/crypt -- -n /dev/foo -c

Or, if you find strange behavior under some particular program when working in an encrypted filesystem, it may be helpful to run in verbose mode while reproducing the problem and send along the output with the problem report:

        % encfs -v -f ~/.crypt ~/crypt 2> encfs-report.txt

In order to avoid leaking sensitive information through the debugging channels, all warnings and debug messages (as output in verbose mode) contain only encrypted filenames. You can use the encfsctl program's decode function to decode filenames if desired.

# CAVEATS

EncFS is not a true filesystem. It does not deal with any of the actual storage or maintenance of files. It simply translates requests (encrypting or decrypting as necessary) and passes the requests through to the underlying host filesystem. Therefor any limitations of the host filesystem will likely be inherited by EncFS (or possibly be further limited).

One such limitation is filename length. If your underlying filesystem limits you to N characters in a filename, then EncFS will limit you to approximately 3*(N-2)/4. For example if the host filesystem limits to 256 characters, then EncFS will be limited to 190 character filenames. This is because encrypted filenames are always longer then plaintext filenames.

# FILESYSTEM OPTIONS

When EncFS is given a root directory which does not contain an existing EncFS filesystem, it will give the option to create one. Note that options can only be set at filesystem creation time. There is no support for modifying a filesystem's options in-place.

If you want to upgrade a filesystem to use newer features, then you need to create a new filesystem and mount both the old filesystem and new filesystem at the same time and copy the old to the new.

Multiple instances of encfs can be run at the same time, including different versions of encfs, as long as they are compatible with the current FUSE module on your system.

A choice is provided for two pre-configured settings ('standard' and 'paranoia'), along with an expert configuration mode.

Standard mode uses the following settings: Cipher: Blowfish Key Size: 160 bits Filesystem Block Size: 512 bytes Filename Encoding: Block encoding with IV chaining Unique initialization vector file headers

Paranoia mode uses the following settings: Cipher: AES Key Size: 256 bits Filesystem Block Size: 512 bytes Filename Encoding: Block encoding with IV chaining Unique initialization vector file headers Message Authentication Code block headers External IV Chaining

In the expert / manual configuration mode, each of the above options is configurable. Here is a list of current options with some notes about what they mean:

Cipher
  Which encryption algorithm to use. The list is generated automatically based on what supported algorithms EncFS found in the encryption libraries. When using a recent version of OpenSSL, Blowfish and AES are the typical options.

  Blowfish is an 8 byte cipher - encoding 8 bytes at a time. AES is a 16 byte cipher.

Cipher Key Size
  Many, if not all, of the supported ciphers support multiple key lengths. There is not really much need to have enormous key lengths. Even 160 bits (the default) is probably overkill.

Filesystem Block Size
  This is the size (in bytes) that EncFS deals with at one time. Each block gets its own initialization vector and is encoded in the cipher's cipher-block-chaining mode. A partial block at the end of a file is encoded using a stream mode to avoid having to store the filesize somewhere.

  Having larger block sizes reduces the overhead of EncFS a little, but it can also add overhead if your programs read small parts of files. In order to read a single byte from a file, the entire block that contains that byte must be read and decoded, so a large block size adds overhead to small requests. With write calls it is even worse, as a block must be read and decoded, the change applied and the block encoded and written back out.

  The default is 512 bytes as of version 1.0. It was hard coded to 64 bytes in version 0.x, which was not as efficient as the current setting for general usage.

Filename Encoding
  New in 1.1. A choice is given between stream encoding of filename and block encoding. The advantage of stream encoding is that the encoded filenames will be as short as possible. If you have a filename with a single letter, it will be very short in the encoded form, where as block encoded filenames are always rounded up to the block size of the encryption cipher (8 bytes for Blowfish and 16 bytes for AES).

  The advantage of block encoding mode is that filename lenths all come out as a multiple of the cipher block size. This means that someone looking at your encrypted data can't tell as much about the length of your filenames. It is on by default, as it takes a similar amount of time to using the stream cipher. However stream cipher mode may be useful if you want shorter encrypted filenames for some reason.

  Prior to version 1.1, only stream encoding was supported.

Filename Initialization Vector Chaining
  New in 1.1. In previous versions of EncFS, each filename element in a path was encoded separately. So if ``foo'' encoded to ``XXX'', then it would always encode that way (given the same encryption key), no matter if the path was ``a/b/foo'', or ``aa/foo/cc'', etc. That meant it was possible for someone looking at the encrypted data to see if two files in different directories had the same name, even though they wouldn't know what that name decoded to.

  With initialization vector chaining, each directory gets its own initialization vector. So ``a/foo'' and ``b/foo'' will have completely different encoded names for ``foo''. This features has almost no performance impact (for most operations), and so is the default in all modes.

  Note: One significant exception is directory renames. Since the initialization vector for filename encoding depends on the directory path, any rename requires re-encoding every filename in the tree of the directory being changed. If there are thousands of files, then EncFS will have to do thousands of renames. It may also be possible that EncFS will come across a file that it can't decode or doesn't have permission to move during the rename operation, in which case it will attempt to undo any changes it made up to that point and the rename will fail.

Per-File Initialization Vectors
  New in 1.1. In previous versions of EncFS, each file was encoded in the same way. Each block in a file has always had its own initialization vector, but in a deterministic way so that block N in one file is encoded in the same was as block N in another file. That made it possible for someone to tell if two files were identical (or parts of the file were identical) by comparing the encoded data.

  With per-file initialization vectors, each file gets its own 64bit random initialization vector, so that each file is encrypted in a different way.

  This option is enabled by default.

External IV Chaining
  New in 1.1.3. This option is closely related to Per-File Initialization Vectors and Filename Initialization Vector Chaining. Basically it extends the initialization vector chaining from filenames to the per-file initialization vector.

  When this option is enabled, the per-file initialization vector is encoded using the initialization vector derived from the filename initialization vector chaining code. This means that the data in a file becomes tied to the filename. If an encrypted file is renamed outside of encfs, it will no longer be decodable within encfs. Note that unless Block MAC headers are enabled, the decoding error will not be detected and will result in reading random looking data.

  There is a cost associated with this. When External IV Chaining is enabled, hard links will not be allowed within the filesystem, as there would be no way to properly decode two different filenames pointing to the same data.

  Also, renaming a file requires modifying the file header. So renames will only be allowed when the user has write access to the file.

  Because of these limits, this option is disabled by default for standard mode (and enabled by default for paranoia mode).

Block MAC headers
  New to 1.1. If this is enabled, every block in every file is stored along with a cryptographic checksum (Message Authentication Code). This makes it virtually impossible to modify a file without the change being detected by EncFS. EncFS will refuse to read data which does not pass the checksum, and will log the error and return an IO error to the application.

  This adds substantial overhead (default being 8 bytes per filesystem block), plus computational overhead, and is not enabled by default except in paranoia mode.

  When this is not enabled and if EncFS is asked to read modified or corrupted data, it will have no way to verify that the decoded data is what was originally encoded.

# Attacks

The primary goal of EncFS is to protect data off-line. That is, provide a convenient way of storing files in a way that will frustrate any attempt to read them if the files are later intercepted.

Some algorithms in EncFS are also meant to frustrate on-line attacks where an attacker is assumed to be able to modify the files.

The most intrusive attacks, where an attacker has complete control of the user's machine (and can therefor modify EncFS, or FUSE, or the kernel itself) are not guarded against. Do not assume that encrypted files will protect your sensitive data if you enter your password into a compromised computer. How you determine that the computer is safe to use is beyond the scope of this documentation.

That said, here are some example attacks and data gathering techniques on the filesystem contents along with the algorithms EncFS supports to thwart them:

Attack: modifying a few bytes of an encrypted file (without knowing what they will decode to).
  EncFS does not use any form of XOR encryption which would allow single bytes to be modified without affecting others. Most modifications would affect dozens or more bytes. Additionally, MAC Block headers can be used to identify any changes to files.

Attack: copying a random block of one file to a random block of another file.
  Each block has its own [deterministic] initialization vector.

Attack: copying block N to block N of another file.
  When the Per-File Initialization Vector support is enabled (default in 1.1.x filesystems), a copied block will not decode properly when copied to another file.

Attack: copying an entire file to another file.
  Can be prevented by enabling External IV Chaining mode.

Attack: determine if two filenames are the same by looking at encrypted names.
  Filename Initialization Vector chaining prevents this by giving each file a 64-bit initialization vector derived from its full path name.

Attack: compare if two files contain the same data.
  Per-File Initialization Vector support prevents this.

# DISCLAIMER

This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Please refer to the ``COPYING'' file distributed with encfs for complete details.

# AUTHORS

EncFS was written by Valient Gough >>.

# SEE ALSO

`encfsctl(1)`