/******************************************************************************
 * $Id$
 *
 * Name:     vrtmultidim.cpp
 * Purpose:  Implementation of VRTDriver
 * Author:   Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2019, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */

#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <mutex>
#include <unordered_set>
#include <utility>

#include "cpl_mem_cache.h"
#include "cpl_minixml.h"
#include "cpl_multiproc.h"
#include "vrtdataset.h"

struct VRTArrayDatasetWrapper
{
    VRTArrayDatasetWrapper(const VRTArrayDatasetWrapper&) = delete;
    VRTArrayDatasetWrapper& operator= (const VRTArrayDatasetWrapper&) = delete;

    GDALDataset* m_poDS;

    explicit VRTArrayDatasetWrapper(GDALDataset* poDS): m_poDS(poDS)
    {
        CPLDebug("VRT", "Open %s", poDS->GetDescription());
    }

    ~VRTArrayDatasetWrapper()
    {
        CPLDebug("VRT", "Close %s", m_poDS->GetDescription());
        delete m_poDS;
    }

    GDALDataset* get() const { return m_poDS; }
};

typedef std::pair<std::shared_ptr<VRTArrayDatasetWrapper>, std::unordered_set<const void*>> CacheEntry;
static std::mutex g_cacheLock;
static lru11::Cache<std::string, CacheEntry> g_cacheSources(100);

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetRootGroup()                            */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALGroup> VRTDataset::GetRootGroup() const
{
    return m_poRootGroup;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              VRTGroup()                              */
/************************************************************************/

VRTGroup::VRTGroup(const std::string& osParentName, const std::string& osName):
    GDALGroup(osParentName, osName),
    m_poRefSelf(std::make_shared<Ref>(this))
{}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             ~VRTGroup()                              */
/************************************************************************/

VRTGroup::~VRTGroup()
{
    if( m_poSharedRefRootGroup )
    {
        VRTGroup::Serialize();
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetIsRootGroup()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTGroup::SetIsRootGroup()
{
    m_poSharedRefRootGroup = std::make_shared<Ref>(this);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetRootGroupRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTGroup::SetRootGroupRef(const std::weak_ptr<Ref>& rgRef)
{
    m_poWeakRefRootGroup = rgRef;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetRootGroupRef()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::weak_ptr<VRTGroup::Ref> VRTGroup::GetRootGroupRef() const
{
    return m_poSharedRefRootGroup ? m_poSharedRefRootGroup : m_poWeakRefRootGroup;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetRootGroup()                             */
/************************************************************************/

VRTGroup* VRTGroup::GetRootGroup() const
{
    if( m_poSharedRefRootGroup )
        return m_poSharedRefRootGroup->m_ptr;
    auto ref(m_poWeakRefRootGroup.lock());
    return ref ? ref->m_ptr : nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               XMLInit()                              */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTGroup::XMLInit(const std::shared_ptr<VRTGroup>& poRoot,
                       const std::shared_ptr<VRTGroup>& poThisGroup,
                       const CPLXMLNode* psNode,
                       const char* pszVRTPath)
{
    if( pszVRTPath != nullptr )
        m_osVRTPath = pszVRTPath;

    for(const auto* psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
            strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Group") == 0 )
        {
            const char* pszSubGroupName = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "name", nullptr);
            if( pszSubGroupName == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Missing name attribute on Group");
                m_bDirty = false;
                return false;
            }
            auto poSubGroup(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<VRTGroup>(
                CreateGroup(pszSubGroupName)));
            if( poSubGroup == nullptr ||
                !poSubGroup->XMLInit(poRoot, poSubGroup, psIter, m_osVRTPath.c_str()) )
            {
                m_bDirty = false;
                return false;
            }
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Dimension") == 0 )
        {
            auto poDim = VRTDimension::Create(poThisGroup, poThisGroup->GetFullName(), psIter);
            if( !poDim )
            {
                m_bDirty = false;
                return false;
            }
            m_oMapDimensions[poDim->GetName()] = poDim;
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Attribute") == 0 )
        {
            auto poAttr = VRTAttribute::Create(poThisGroup->GetFullName(), psIter);
            if( !poAttr )
            {
                m_bDirty = false;
                return false;
            }
            m_oMapAttributes[poAttr->GetName()] = poAttr;
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Array") == 0 )
        {
            auto poArray = VRTMDArray::Create(
                poThisGroup, poThisGroup->GetFullName(), psIter);
            if( !poArray )
            {
                m_bDirty = false;
                return false;
            }
            m_oMapMDArrays[poArray->GetName()] = poArray;
        }
    }

    m_bDirty = false;
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTGroup::Serialize() const
{
    if( !m_bDirty || m_osFilename.empty() )
        return;
    m_bDirty = false;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Create the output file.                                         */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    VSILFILE *fpVRT = VSIFOpenL( m_osFilename.c_str(), "w" );
    if( fpVRT == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "Failed to write .vrt file in Serialize()." );
        return;
    }

    CPLXMLNode *psDSTree = SerializeToXML( m_osVRTPath.c_str() );
    char *pszXML = CPLSerializeXMLTree( psDSTree );

    CPLDestroyXMLNode( psDSTree );

    bool bOK = true;
    if( pszXML )
    {
        /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
        /*      Write to disk.                                                */
        /* ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
        bOK &=
            VSIFWriteL( pszXML, 1, strlen(pszXML), fpVRT )
            == strlen(pszXML);
        CPLFree(pszXML);
    }
    if( VSIFCloseL( fpVRT ) != 0 )
        bOK = false;
    if( !bOK )
    {
        CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "Failed to write .vrt file in Serialize()." );
        return;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SerializeToXML()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLXMLNode* VRTGroup::SerializeToXML( const char *pszVRTPath ) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psDSTree = CPLCreateXMLNode( nullptr, CXT_Element, "VRTDataset" );
    Serialize(psDSTree, pszVRTPath);
    return psDSTree;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTGroup::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char *pszVRTPath) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psGroup = CPLCreateXMLNode( psParent, CXT_Element, "Group" );
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psGroup, "name", GetName().c_str());
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapDimensions )
    {
        iter.second->Serialize(psGroup);
    }
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapAttributes )
    {
        iter.second->Serialize(psGroup);
    }
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapMDArrays )
    {
        iter.second->Serialize(psGroup, pszVRTPath);
    }
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapGroups )
    {
        iter.second->Serialize(psGroup, pszVRTPath);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetGroupNames()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::vector<std::string> VRTGroup::GetGroupNames(CSLConstList) const
{
    std::vector<std::string> names;
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapGroups )
        names.push_back(iter.first);
    return names;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OpenGroupInternal()                          */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<VRTGroup> VRTGroup::OpenGroupInternal(const std::string& osName) const
{
    auto oIter = m_oMapGroups.find(osName);
    if( oIter != m_oMapGroups.end() )
        return oIter->second;
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetDimensions()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> VRTGroup::GetDimensions(CSLConstList) const
{
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> oRes;
    for( const auto& oIter: m_oMapDimensions )
    {
        oRes.push_back(oIter.second);
    }
    return oRes;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GetDimensionFromFullName()                   */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<VRTDimension> VRTGroup::GetDimensionFromFullName(
                            const std::string& name, bool bEmitError) const
{
    if( name[0] != '/' )
    {
        auto poDim(GetDimension(name));
        if( !poDim )
        {
            if( bEmitError )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Cannot find dimension %s in this group",
                            name.c_str());
            }
            return nullptr;
        }
        return poDim;
    }
    else
    {
        auto curGroup(GetRootGroup());
        if( curGroup == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot access root group");
            return nullptr;
        }
        CPLStringList aosTokens(CSLTokenizeString2(
            name.c_str(), "/", 0));
        for( int i = 0; i < aosTokens.size() - 1; i++ )
        {
            curGroup = curGroup->OpenGroupInternal(aosTokens[i]).get();
            if( !curGroup )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Cannot find group %s", aosTokens[i]);
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        auto poDim(curGroup->GetDimension(aosTokens[aosTokens.size()-1]));
        if( !poDim )
        {
            if( bEmitError )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Cannot find dimension %s",
                        name.c_str());
            }
            return nullptr;
        }
        return poDim;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetAttributes()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>> VRTGroup::GetAttributes(CSLConstList) const
{
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>> oRes;
    for( const auto& oIter: m_oMapAttributes )
    {
        oRes.push_back(oIter.second);
    }
    return oRes;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMDArrayNames()                          */
/************************************************************************/

std::vector<std::string> VRTGroup::GetMDArrayNames(CSLConstList) const
{
    std::vector<std::string> names;
    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapMDArrays )
        names.push_back(iter.first);
    return names;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             OpenMDArray()                            */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> VRTGroup::OpenMDArray(const std::string& osName,
                                                   CSLConstList) const
{
    auto oIter = m_oMapMDArrays.find(osName);
    if( oIter != m_oMapMDArrays.end() )
        return oIter->second;
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetDirty()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTGroup::SetDirty()
{
    auto poRootGroup(GetRootGroup());
    if( poRootGroup )
        poRootGroup->m_bDirty = true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             CreateGroup()                            */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALGroup> VRTGroup::CreateGroup(const std::string& osName,
                                                 CSLConstList /*papszOptions*/)
{
    if( osName.empty() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Empty group name not supported");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if( m_oMapGroups.find(osName) != m_oMapGroups.end() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "A group with same name (%s) already exists", osName.c_str());
        return nullptr;
    }
    SetDirty();
    auto newGroup(std::make_shared<VRTGroup>(GetFullName(), osName.c_str()));
    newGroup->SetRootGroupRef(GetRootGroupRef());
    m_oMapGroups[osName] = newGroup;
    return newGroup;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             CreateDimension()                        */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension> VRTGroup::CreateDimension(const std::string& osName,
                                                         const std::string& osType,
                                                         const std::string& osDirection,
                                                         GUInt64 nSize,
                                                         CSLConstList)
{
    if( osName.empty() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Empty dimension name not supported");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if( m_oMapDimensions.find(osName) != m_oMapDimensions.end() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "A dimension with same name (%s) already exists", osName.c_str());
        return nullptr;
    }
    SetDirty();
    auto newDim(std::make_shared<VRTDimension>(GetRef(),
                                               GetFullName(), osName, osType,
                                               osDirection, nSize,
                                               std::string()));
    m_oMapDimensions[osName] = newDim;
    return newDim;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateAttribute()                          */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute> VRTGroup::CreateAttribute(
        const std::string& osName,
        const std::vector<GUInt64>& anDimensions,
        const GDALExtendedDataType& oDataType,
        CSLConstList)
{
    if( !VRTAttribute::CreationCommonChecks(osName, anDimensions, m_oMapAttributes) )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    SetDirty();
    auto newAttr(std::make_shared<VRTAttribute>(
        (GetFullName() == "/" ? "/" : GetFullName() + "/") + "_GLOBAL_",
        osName, anDimensions.empty() ? 0 : anDimensions[0], oDataType));
    m_oMapAttributes[osName] = newAttr;
    return newAttr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateMDArray()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> VRTGroup::CreateMDArray(const std::string& osName,
                                                     const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>>& aoDimensions,
                                                     const GDALExtendedDataType& oType,
                                                     CSLConstList)
{
    if( osName.empty() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Empty array name not supported");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if( m_oMapMDArrays.find(osName) != m_oMapMDArrays.end() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "An array with same name (%s) already exists", osName.c_str());
        return nullptr;
    }
    for( auto& poDim: aoDimensions )
    {
        auto poFoundDim(
            dynamic_cast<const VRTDimension*>(poDim.get()) ?
                GetDimensionFromFullName(poDim->GetFullName(), false) : nullptr);
        if( poFoundDim == nullptr || poFoundDim->GetSize() != poDim->GetSize() )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "One input dimension is not a VRTDimension "
                     "or a VRTDimension of this dataset");
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    auto newArray(std::make_shared<VRTMDArray>(
        GetRef(), GetFullName(), osName, aoDimensions, oType));
    newArray->SetSelf(newArray);
    m_oMapMDArrays[osName] = newArray;
    return newArray;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ParseDataType()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static GDALExtendedDataType ParseDataType(const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const auto* psType = CPLGetXMLNode(psNode, "DataType");
    if( psType == nullptr || psType->psChild == nullptr ||
        psType->psChild->eType != CXT_Text )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Unhandled content for DataType or Missing");
        return GDALExtendedDataType::Create(GDT_Unknown);
    }
    GDALExtendedDataType dt(GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString());
    if( EQUAL(psType->psChild->pszValue, "String")  )
    {
        // done
    }
    else
    {
        const auto eDT = GDALGetDataTypeByName(psType->psChild->pszValue);
        dt = GDALExtendedDataType::Create(eDT);
    }
    return dt;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Create()                                */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<VRTDimension> VRTDimension::Create(const std::shared_ptr<VRTGroup>& poThisGroup,
                                                   const std::string& osParentName,
                                                   const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const char* pszName = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "name", nullptr);
    if( pszName == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Missing name attribute on Dimension");
        return nullptr;
    }
    const char* pszType = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "type", "");
    const char* pszDirection = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "direction", "");
    const char* pszSize = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "size", "");
    GUInt64 nSize = static_cast<GUInt64>(
        CPLScanUIntBig(pszSize, static_cast<int>(strlen(pszSize))));
    if( nSize == 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid value for size attribute on Dimension");
        return nullptr;
    }
    const char* pszIndexingVariable =
                        CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "indexingVariable", "");
    return std::make_shared<VRTDimension>(
                poThisGroup->GetRef(),
                osParentName, pszName, pszType, pszDirection, nSize,
                pszIndexingVariable);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTDimension::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psDimension = CPLCreateXMLNode( psParent, CXT_Element, "Dimension" );
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimension, "name", GetName().c_str());
    if( !m_osType.empty() )
    {
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimension, "type", m_osType.c_str());
    }
    if( !m_osDirection.empty() )
    {
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimension, "direction", m_osDirection.c_str());
    }
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimension, "size",
                CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_nSize)));
    if( !m_osIndexingVariableName.empty() )
    {
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimension, "indexingVariable",
                                   m_osIndexingVariableName.c_str());
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                GetGroup()                            */
/************************************************************************/

VRTGroup* VRTDimension::GetGroup() const
{
    auto ref = m_poGroupRef.lock();
    return ref ? ref->m_ptr : nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetIndexingVariable()                        */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> VRTDimension::GetIndexingVariable() const
{
    if( m_osIndexingVariableName.empty() )
        return nullptr;
    auto poGroup = GetGroup();
    if( poGroup == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot access group");
        return nullptr;
    }
    std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> poVar;
    if( m_osIndexingVariableName[0] != '/' )
    {
        poVar = poGroup->OpenMDArray(m_osIndexingVariableName);
    }
    else
    {
        poGroup = poGroup->GetRootGroup();
        if( poGroup == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot access root group");
            return nullptr;
        }
        poVar = poGroup->OpenMDArrayFromFullname(m_osIndexingVariableName);
    }
    if( !poVar )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot find variable %s",
                    m_osIndexingVariableName.c_str());
    }
    return poVar;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetIndexingVariable()                        */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTDimension::SetIndexingVariable(std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> poIndexingVariable)
{
    if( poIndexingVariable == nullptr )
    {
        m_osIndexingVariableName.clear();
        return true;
    }

    auto poGroup = GetGroup();
    if( poGroup == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot access group");
        return false;
    }
    poGroup = poGroup->GetRootGroup();
    if( poGroup == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot access root group");
        return false;
    }
    auto poVar(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<VRTMDArray>(
        poGroup->OpenMDArrayFromFullname(poIndexingVariable->GetFullName())));
    if( !poVar )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot find variable %s",
                    poIndexingVariable->GetFullName().c_str());
        return false;
    }
    if( poVar->GetGroup() == GetGroup() )
    {
        m_osIndexingVariableName = poIndexingVariable->GetName();
    }
    else
    {
        m_osIndexingVariableName = poIndexingVariable->GetFullName();
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       CreationCommonChecks()                         */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTAttribute::CreationCommonChecks(const std::string& osName,
                                        const std::vector<GUInt64>& anDimensions,
                                        const std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<VRTAttribute>>& oMapAttributes)
{
    if( osName.empty() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Empty attribute name not supported");
        return false;
    }
    if( oMapAttributes.find(osName) != oMapAttributes.end() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "An attribute with same name (%s) already exists", osName.c_str());
        return false;
    }
    if( anDimensions.size() >= 2 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Only single dimensional attribute handled");
        return false;
    }
    if( anDimensions.size() == 1 &&
        anDimensions[0] > static_cast<GUInt64>(INT_MAX) )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Too large attribute");
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Create()                                */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<VRTAttribute> VRTAttribute::Create(const std::string& osParentName,
                                                   const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const char* pszName = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "name", nullptr);
    if( pszName == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Missing name attribute on Attribute");
        return nullptr;
    }
    GDALExtendedDataType dt(ParseDataType(psNode));
    if( dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_NUMERIC && dt.GetNumericDataType() == GDT_Unknown )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    std::vector<std::string> aosValues;
    for(const auto* psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
            strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Value") == 0 )
        {
            aosValues.push_back(CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, nullptr, ""));
        }
    }
    return std::make_shared<VRTAttribute>(osParentName, pszName,
                                          dt, std::move(aosValues));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                   IRead()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTAttribute::IRead(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      void* pDstBuffer) const
{
    const auto stringDT(GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString());
    if( m_aosList.empty() )
    {
        const char* pszStr = nullptr;
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&pszStr,
                                        stringDT,
                                        pDstBuffer, bufferDataType);
    }
    else
    {
        GByte* pabyDstBuffer = static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer);
        for(size_t i = 0; i < (m_dims.empty() ? 1 : count[0]); i++ )
        {
            const int idx = m_dims.empty() ? 0 :
                        static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[0] + i * arrayStep[0]);
            const char* pszStr = m_aosList[idx].data();
            GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&pszStr,
                                            stringDT,
                                            pabyDstBuffer, bufferDataType);
            if( !m_dims.empty() )
            {
                pabyDstBuffer += bufferStride[0] * bufferDataType.GetSize();
            }
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                  IWrite()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTAttribute::IWrite(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      const void* pSrcBuffer)
{
    m_aosList.resize( m_dims.empty() ? 1 : static_cast<int>(m_dims[0]->GetSize()) );
    const GByte* pabySrcBuffer = static_cast<const GByte*>(pSrcBuffer);
    const auto stringDT(GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString());
    for(size_t i = 0; i < (m_dims.empty() ? 1 : count[0]); i++ )
    {
        const int idx = m_dims.empty() ? 0 :
                    static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[0] + i * arrayStep[0]);
        char* pszStr = nullptr;
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(pabySrcBuffer,
                                        bufferDataType,
                                        &pszStr,
                                        stringDT);
        m_aosList[idx] = pszStr ? pszStr : "";
        CPLFree(pszStr);
        if( !m_dims.empty() )
        {
            pabySrcBuffer += bufferStride[0] * bufferDataType.GetSize();
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTAttribute::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psAttr = CPLCreateXMLNode( psParent, CXT_Element, "Attribute" );
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psAttr, "name", GetName().c_str());
    CPLXMLNode* psDataType = CPLCreateXMLNode( psAttr, CXT_Element, "DataType" );
    if( m_dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_STRING )
        CPLCreateXMLNode( psDataType, CXT_Text, "String" );
    else
        CPLCreateXMLNode( psDataType, CXT_Text, GDALGetDataTypeName(m_dt.GetNumericDataType()) );
    CPLXMLNode* psLast = psDataType;
    for( const auto& str: m_aosList )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psValue = CPLCreateXMLNode( nullptr, CXT_Element, "Value");
        CPLCreateXMLNode( psValue, CXT_Text, str.c_str() );
        psLast->psNext = psValue;
        psLast = psValue;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Create()                                */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<VRTMDArray> VRTMDArray::Create(const std::shared_ptr<VRTGroup>& poThisGroup,
                                               const std::string& osParentName,
                                               const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const char* pszName = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "name", nullptr);
    if( pszName == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Missing name attribute on Array");
        return nullptr;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Check for an SRS node.                                          */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const CPLXMLNode* psSRSNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psNode, "SRS");
    std::unique_ptr<OGRSpatialReference> poSRS;
    if( psSRSNode )
    {
        poSRS = cpl::make_unique<OGRSpatialReference>();
        poSRS->SetFromUserInput( CPLGetXMLValue(psSRSNode, nullptr, ""), OGRSpatialReference::SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get());
        const char* pszMapping =
            CPLGetXMLValue(psSRSNode, "dataAxisToSRSAxisMapping", nullptr);
        if( pszMapping )
        {
            char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeStringComplex( pszMapping, ",", FALSE, FALSE);
            std::vector<int> anMapping;
            for( int i = 0; papszTokens && papszTokens[i]; i++ )
            {
                anMapping.push_back(atoi(papszTokens[i]));
            }
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            poSRS->SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(anMapping);
        }
    }

    GDALExtendedDataType dt(ParseDataType(psNode));
    if( dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_NUMERIC && dt.GetNumericDataType() == GDT_Unknown )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> dims;
    std::map<std::string, std::shared_ptr<VRTAttribute>> oMapAttributes;
    for(const auto* psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Dimension") == 0 )
        {
            auto poDim = VRTDimension::Create(poThisGroup, std::string(), psIter);
            if( !poDim )
                return nullptr;
            dims.emplace_back(poDim);
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "DimensionRef") == 0 )
        {
            const char* pszRef = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "ref", nullptr);
            if( pszRef == nullptr || pszRef[0] == '\0' )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Missing ref attribute on DimensionRef");
                return nullptr;
            }
            auto poDim(poThisGroup->GetDimensionFromFullName(pszRef, true));
            if( !poDim )
                return nullptr;
            dims.emplace_back(poDim);
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Attribute") == 0 )
        {
            auto poAttr = VRTAttribute::Create(osParentName + "/" + pszName, psIter);
            if( !poAttr )
                return nullptr;
            oMapAttributes[poAttr->GetName()] = poAttr;
        }
    }

    auto array(std::make_shared<VRTMDArray>(poThisGroup->GetRef(),
                                            osParentName, pszName,
                                            dt,
                                            std::move(dims),
                                            std::move(oMapAttributes)));
    array->SetSelf(array);
    array->SetSpatialRef(poSRS.get());

    const char* pszNoDataValue = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "NoDataValue", nullptr);
    if( pszNoDataValue )
        array->SetNoDataValue(CPLAtof(pszNoDataValue));

    const char* pszUnit = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "Unit", nullptr);
    if( pszUnit )
        array->SetUnit(pszUnit);

    const char* pszOffset = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "Offset", nullptr);
    if( pszOffset )
        array->SetOffset(CPLAtof(pszOffset));

    const char* pszScale = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "Scale", nullptr);
    if( pszScale )
        array->SetScale(CPLAtof(pszScale));

    for(const auto* psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "RegularlySpacedValues") == 0 )
        {
            if( dt.GetClass() != GEDTC_NUMERIC )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "RegularlySpacedValues only supported for numeric "
                         "data types");
                return nullptr;
            }
            if( array->GetDimensionCount() != 1 )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "RegularlySpacedValues only supported with single "
                         "dimension array");
                return nullptr;
            }
            const char* pszStart = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "start", nullptr);
            if( pszStart == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "start attribute missing");
                return nullptr;
            }
            const char* pszIncrement = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, "increment", nullptr);
            if( pszIncrement == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "increment attribute missing");
                return nullptr;
            }
            std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced> poSource(
                new VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced(CPLAtof(pszStart),
                                                    CPLAtof(pszIncrement)));
            array->AddSource(std::move(poSource));
        }
        else if ( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  (strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "InlineValues") == 0 ||
                   strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "InlineValuesWithValueElement") == 0 ||
                   strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "ConstantValue") == 0) )
        {
            auto poSource(VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues::Create(array.get(),
                                                                psIter));
            if( !poSource )
                return nullptr;
            array->AddSource(std::move(poSource));
        }
        else if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                 strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Source") == 0 )
        {
            auto poSource(VRTMDArraySourceFromArray::Create(
                    array.get(), psIter));
            if( !poSource )
                return nullptr;
            array->AddSource(std::move(poSource));
        }
    }

    return array;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetAttributes()                           */
/************************************************************************/

std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>> VRTMDArray::GetAttributes(CSLConstList) const
{
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>> oRes;
    for( const auto& oIter: m_oMapAttributes )
    {
        oRes.push_back(oIter.second);
    }
    return oRes;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                  Read()                              */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced::Read(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      void* pDstBuffer) const
{
    GDALExtendedDataType dtFloat64(GDALExtendedDataType::Create(GDT_Float64));
    GByte* pabyDstBuffer = static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer);
    for( size_t i = 0; i < count[0]; i++ )
    {
        const double dfVal = m_dfStart +
            (arrayStartIdx[0] + i * arrayStep[0]) * m_dfIncrement;
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&dfVal, dtFloat64,
                                        pabyDstBuffer, bufferDataType);
        pabyDstBuffer += bufferStride[0] * bufferDataType.GetSize();
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char*) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psSource = CPLCreateXMLNode(
                    psParent, CXT_Element, "RegularlySpacedValues" );
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSource, "start",
                               CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_dfStart));
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSource, "increment",
                               CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_dfIncrement));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Create()                                */
/************************************************************************/

std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues> VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues::Create(
                                                const VRTMDArray* array,
                                                const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const bool bIsConstantValue = strcmp(psNode->pszValue, "ConstantValue") == 0;
    const auto& dt(array->GetDataType());
    const size_t nDTSize = dt.GetSize();
    if( nDTSize == 0 )
        return nullptr;
    if( strcmp(psNode->pszValue, "InlineValuesWithValueElement") == 0 )
    {
        if( dt.GetClass() != GEDTC_NUMERIC &&
            dt.GetClass() != GEDTC_STRING )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Only numeric or string data type handled for InlineValuesWithValueElement");
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else if( dt.GetClass() != GEDTC_NUMERIC )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Only numeric data type handled for InlineValues");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const int nDimCount = static_cast<int>(array->GetDimensionCount());
    std::vector<GUInt64> anOffset(nDimCount);
    std::vector<size_t> anCount(nDimCount);
    size_t nArrayByteSize = nDTSize;
    if( nDimCount > 0 )
    {
        const auto& dims(array->GetDimensions());

        const char* pszOffset = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "offset", nullptr);
        if( pszOffset != nullptr )
        {
            CPLStringList aosTokensOffset(CSLTokenizeString2(pszOffset, ", ", 0));
            if( aosTokensOffset.size() != nDimCount )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in offset");
                return nullptr;
            }
            for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
            {
                anOffset[i] = static_cast<GUInt64>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                    aosTokensOffset[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensOffset[i]))));
                if( aosTokensOffset[i][0] == '-' ||
                    anOffset[i] >= dims[i]->GetSize() )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in offset");
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }
        }

        const char* pszCount = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "count", nullptr);
        if( pszCount != nullptr )
        {
            CPLStringList aosTokensCount(CSLTokenizeString2(pszCount, ", ", 0));
            if( aosTokensCount.size() != nDimCount )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in count");
                return nullptr;
            }
            for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
            {
                anCount[i] = static_cast<size_t>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                    aosTokensCount[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensCount[i]))));
                if( aosTokensCount[i][0] == '-' ||
                    anCount[i] == 0 ||
                    anOffset[i] + anCount[i] > dims[i]->GetSize() )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in count");
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
            {
                anCount[i] = static_cast<size_t>(dims[i]->GetSize() - anOffset[i]);
            }
        }
        if( !bIsConstantValue )
        {
            for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
            {
                if( anCount[i] > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / nArrayByteSize )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Integer overflow");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                nArrayByteSize *= anCount[i] ;
            }
        }
    }

    const size_t nExpectedVals = nArrayByteSize / nDTSize;
    CPLStringList aosValues;

    if( strcmp(psNode->pszValue, "InlineValuesWithValueElement") == 0 )
    {
        for( auto psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext )
        {
            if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "Value") == 0 )
            {
                aosValues.AddString(CPLGetXMLValue(psIter, nullptr, ""));
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        const char* pszValue = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, nullptr, nullptr);
        if( pszValue == nullptr ||
            (!bIsConstantValue && nExpectedVals > strlen(pszValue)) )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid content");
            return nullptr;
        }
        aosValues.Assign(CSLTokenizeString2(pszValue, ", \r\n", 0), true);
    }

    if( static_cast<size_t>(aosValues.size()) != nExpectedVals )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Invalid number of values. Got %u, expected %u",
                 static_cast<unsigned>(aosValues.size()),
                 static_cast<unsigned>(nExpectedVals));
        return nullptr;
    }
    std::vector<GByte> abyValues;
    try
    {
        abyValues.resize(nArrayByteSize);
    }
    catch( const std::exception& ex )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "%s", ex.what());
        return nullptr;
    }

    const auto dtString(GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString());
    GByte* pabyPtr = &abyValues[0];
    for( int i = 0; i < aosValues.size(); ++i )
    {
        const char* pszVal = &aosValues[i][0];
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&pszVal, dtString,
                                        pabyPtr, dt);
        pabyPtr += nDTSize;
    }

    return cpl::make_unique<VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues>(
                                       array,
                                       bIsConstantValue,
                                       std::move(anOffset),
                                       std::move(anCount),
                                       std::move(abyValues));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  ~VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues()                    */
/************************************************************************/

VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues::~VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues()
{
    if( m_dt.NeedsFreeDynamicMemory() )
    {
        const size_t nDTSize = m_dt.GetSize();
        const size_t nValueCount = m_abyValues.size() / nDTSize;
        GByte* pabyPtr = &m_abyValues[0];
        for( size_t i = 0; i < nValueCount; ++i )
        {
            m_dt.FreeDynamicMemory(pabyPtr);
            pabyPtr += nDTSize;
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                   Read()                             */
/************************************************************************/
CPL_NOSANITIZE_UNSIGNED_INT_OVERFLOW
static inline void IncrPointer(const GByte*& ptr, GInt64 nInc, size_t nIncSize)
{
    ptr += nInc * nIncSize;
}

CPL_NOSANITIZE_UNSIGNED_INT_OVERFLOW
static inline void IncrPointer(GByte*& ptr, GPtrDiff_t nInc, size_t nIncSize)
{
    ptr += nInc * nIncSize;
}

bool VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues::Read(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      void* pDstBuffer) const
{
    const auto nDims(m_poDstArray->GetDimensionCount());
    std::vector<GUInt64> anReqStart(nDims);
    std::vector<size_t>  anReqCount(nDims);
    // Compute the intersection between the inline value slab and the
    // request slab.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        auto start_i = arrayStartIdx[i];
        auto step_i = arrayStep[i] == 0 ? 1 : arrayStep[i];
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            // For negative step request, temporarily simulate a positive step
            // and fix up the start at the end of the loop.
            // Use double negation so that operations occur only on
            // positive quantities to avoid an artificial negative signed
            // integer to unsigned conversion.
            start_i = start_i - ((count[i]-1) * (-step_i));
            step_i = -step_i;
        }

        const auto nRightDstOffsetFromConfig = m_anOffset[i] + m_anCount[i];
        if( start_i >= nRightDstOffsetFromConfig ||
            start_i + (count[i]-1) * step_i < m_anOffset[i] )
        {
            return true;
        }
        if( start_i < m_anOffset[i] )
        {
            anReqStart[i] = m_anOffset[i] + (step_i - ((m_anOffset[i] - start_i) % step_i)) % step_i;
        }
        else
        {
            anReqStart[i] = start_i;
        }
        anReqCount[i] = 1 + static_cast<size_t>(
            (std::min(nRightDstOffsetFromConfig-1, start_i + (count[i]-1) * step_i)
                                                    - anReqStart[i]) / step_i);
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            anReqStart[i] = anReqStart[i] + (anReqCount[i] - 1) * step_i;
        }
    }

    size_t nSrcOffset = 0;
    GPtrDiff_t nDstOffset = 0;
    const auto nBufferDataTypeSize(bufferDataType.GetSize());
    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        const size_t nRelStartSrc =
            static_cast<size_t>(anReqStart[i] - m_anOffset[i]);
        nSrcOffset += nRelStartSrc * m_anInlinedArrayStrideInBytes[i];
        const size_t nRelStartDst =
            static_cast<size_t>(anReqStart[i] - arrayStartIdx[i]);
        nDstOffset += nRelStartDst * bufferStride[i] * nBufferDataTypeSize;
    }
    std::vector<const GByte*> abyStackSrcPtr(nDims+1);
    abyStackSrcPtr[0] = m_abyValues.data() + nSrcOffset;
    std::vector<GByte*> abyStackDstPtr(nDims+1);
    abyStackDstPtr[0] = static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer) + nDstOffset;

    const auto dt(m_poDstArray->GetDataType());
    std::vector<size_t> anStackCount(nDims);
    size_t iDim = 0;

lbl_next_depth:
    if( iDim == nDims )
    {
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(abyStackSrcPtr[nDims], dt,
                                        abyStackDstPtr[nDims], bufferDataType);
    }
    else
    {
        anStackCount[iDim] = anReqCount[iDim];
        while(true)
        {
            ++iDim;
            abyStackSrcPtr[iDim] = abyStackSrcPtr[iDim-1];
            abyStackDstPtr[iDim] = abyStackDstPtr[iDim-1];
            goto lbl_next_depth;
lbl_return_to_caller:
            --iDim;
            --anStackCount[iDim];
            if( anStackCount[iDim] == 0 )
                break;
            IncrPointer(abyStackSrcPtr[iDim], arrayStep[iDim], m_anInlinedArrayStrideInBytes[iDim]);
            IncrPointer(abyStackDstPtr[iDim], bufferStride[iDim], nBufferDataTypeSize);
        }
    }
    if (iDim > 0 )
        goto lbl_return_to_caller;

    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArraySourceInlinedValues::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char*) const
{
    const auto dt(m_poDstArray->GetDataType());
    CPLXMLNode *psSource = CPLCreateXMLNode(
        psParent, CXT_Element,
        m_bIsConstantValue ?             "ConstantValue" :
        dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_STRING ? "InlineValuesWithValueElement" :
                                        "InlineValues" );

    std::string osOffset;
    for( auto nOffset: m_anOffset )
    {
        if( !osOffset.empty() )
            osOffset += ',';
        osOffset += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(nOffset));
    }
    if( !osOffset.empty() )
    {
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSource, "offset", osOffset.c_str());
    }

    std::string osCount;
    size_t nValues = 1;
    for( auto nCount: m_anCount )
    {
        if( !osCount.empty() )
            osCount += ',';
        nValues *= nCount;
        osCount += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(nCount));
    }
    if( !osCount.empty() )
    {
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSource, "count", osCount.c_str());
    }

    const auto dtString(GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString());
    const size_t nDTSize(dt.GetSize());
    if( dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_STRING )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psLast = psSource->psChild;
        if( psLast )
        {
            while( psLast->psNext )
                psLast = psLast->psNext;
        }
        for( size_t i = 0; i < (m_bIsConstantValue ? 1 : nValues); ++i )
        {
            char* pszStr = nullptr;
            GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&m_abyValues[i * nDTSize],
                                            dt,
                                            &pszStr,
                                            dtString);
            if( pszStr )
            {
                auto psNode = CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(nullptr, "Value", pszStr);
                if( psLast )
                    psLast->psNext = psNode;
                else
                    psSource->psChild = psNode;
                psLast = psNode;
                CPLFree(pszStr);
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        std::string osValues;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < (m_bIsConstantValue ? 1 : nValues); ++i )
        {
            if( i > 0 )
                osValues += ' ';
            char* pszStr = nullptr;
            GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&m_abyValues[i * nDTSize],
                                            dt,
                                            &pszStr,
                                            dtString);
            if( pszStr )
            {
                osValues += pszStr;
                CPLFree(pszStr);
            }
        }
        CPLCreateXMLNode(psSource, CXT_Text, osValues.c_str());
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Create()                                */
/************************************************************************/

std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySourceFromArray> VRTMDArraySourceFromArray::Create(
                                                const VRTMDArray* poDstArray,
                                                const CPLXMLNode* psNode)
{
    const char* pszFilename = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "SourceFilename", nullptr);
    if( pszFilename == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "SourceFilename element missing");
        return nullptr;
    }
    const char* pszRelativeToVRT =
        CPLGetXMLValue( psNode, "SourceFilename.relativetoVRT", nullptr);
    const bool bRelativeToVRTSet = pszRelativeToVRT != nullptr;
    const bool bRelativeToVRT = pszRelativeToVRT ? CPL_TO_BOOL(
        atoi( pszRelativeToVRT )) : false;
    const char* pszArray = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "SourceArray", "");
    const char* pszSourceBand = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode,"SourceBand","");
    if( pszArray[0] == '\0' && pszSourceBand[0] == '\0' )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "SourceArray or SourceBand element missing or empty");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if( pszArray[0] != '\0' && pszSourceBand[0] != '\0' )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "SourceArray and SourceBand are exclusive");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char* pszTranspose = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "SourceTranspose", "");
    std::vector<int> anTransposedAxis;
    CPLStringList aosTransposedAxis(CSLTokenizeString2(pszTranspose, ",", 0));
    for( int i = 0; i < aosTransposedAxis.size(); i++ )
        anTransposedAxis.push_back(atoi(aosTransposedAxis[i]));

    const char* pszView = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "SourceView", "");

    const int nDimCount = static_cast<int>(poDstArray->GetDimensionCount());
    std::vector<GUInt64> anSrcOffset(nDimCount);
    std::vector<GUInt64> anCount(nDimCount);
    std::vector<GUInt64> anStep(nDimCount, 1);
    std::vector<GUInt64> anDstOffset(nDimCount);

    if( nDimCount > 0 )
    {
        const CPLXMLNode* psSourceSlab = CPLGetXMLNode(psNode, "SourceSlab");
        if( psSourceSlab )
        {
            const char* pszOffset = CPLGetXMLValue(psSourceSlab, "offset", nullptr);
            if( pszOffset != nullptr )
            {
                CPLStringList aosTokensOffset(CSLTokenizeString2(pszOffset, ", ", 0));
                if( aosTokensOffset.size() != nDimCount )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in offset");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
                {
                    anSrcOffset[i] = static_cast<GUInt64>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                        aosTokensOffset[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensOffset[i]))));
                    if( aosTokensOffset[i][0] == '-' )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in offset");
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }
            }

            const char* pszStep = CPLGetXMLValue(psSourceSlab, "step", nullptr);
            if( pszStep != nullptr )
            {
                CPLStringList aosTokensStep(CSLTokenizeString2(pszStep, ", ", 0));
                if( aosTokensStep.size() != nDimCount )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in step");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
                {
                    anStep[i] = static_cast<GUInt64>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                        aosTokensStep[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensStep[i]))));
                    if( aosTokensStep[i][0] == '-' )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in step");
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }
            }

            const char* pszCount = CPLGetXMLValue(psSourceSlab, "count", nullptr);
            if( pszCount != nullptr )
            {
                CPLStringList aosTokensCount(CSLTokenizeString2(pszCount, ", ", 0));
                if( aosTokensCount.size() != nDimCount )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in count");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
                {
                    anCount[i] = static_cast<GUInt64>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                        aosTokensCount[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensCount[i]))));
                    if( aosTokensCount[i][0] == '-' )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in count");
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        const CPLXMLNode* psDestSlab = CPLGetXMLNode(psNode, "DestSlab");
        if( psDestSlab )
        {
            const auto& dims(poDstArray->GetDimensions());
            const char* pszOffset = CPLGetXMLValue(psDestSlab, "offset", nullptr);
            if( pszOffset != nullptr )
            {
                CPLStringList aosTokensOffset(CSLTokenizeString2(pszOffset, ", ", 0));
                if( aosTokensOffset.size() != nDimCount )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong number of values in offset");
                    return nullptr;
                }
                for( int i = 0; i < nDimCount; ++i )
                {
                    anDstOffset[i] = static_cast<GUInt64>(CPLScanUIntBig(
                        aosTokensOffset[i], static_cast<int>(strlen(aosTokensOffset[i]))));
                    if( aosTokensOffset[i][0] == '-' ||
                        anDstOffset[i] >= dims[i]->GetSize() )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Wrong value in offset");
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return cpl::make_unique<VRTMDArraySourceFromArray>(
                                              poDstArray,
                                              bRelativeToVRTSet,
                                              bRelativeToVRT,
                                              pszFilename,
                                              pszArray,
                                              pszSourceBand,
                                              std::move(anTransposedAxis),
                                              pszView,
                                              std::move(anSrcOffset),
                                              std::move(anCount),
                                              std::move(anStep),
                                              std::move(anDstOffset));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArraySourceFromArray::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent,
                                          const char* pszVRTPath) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psSource = CPLCreateXMLNode(
        psParent, CXT_Element, "Source" );

    if( m_bRelativeToVRTSet )
    {
        auto psSourceFilename =
            CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceFilename",
                                    m_osFilename.c_str());
        if( m_bRelativeToVRT )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSourceFilename, "relativetoVRT", "1");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        int bRelativeToVRT = FALSE;
        const char* pszSourceFilename =
            CPLExtractRelativePath( pszVRTPath,
                                    m_osFilename.c_str(),
                                    &bRelativeToVRT );
        auto psSourceFilename =
            CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceFilename",
                                        pszSourceFilename);
        if( bRelativeToVRT )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSourceFilename, "relativetoVRT", "1");
        }
    }

    if( !m_osArray.empty() )
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceArray",
                                    m_osArray.c_str());
    else
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceBand",
                                    m_osBand.c_str());

    if( !m_anTransposedAxis.empty() )
    {
        std::string str;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < m_anTransposedAxis.size(); i++ )
        {
            if( i > 0 )
                str += ',';
            str += CPLSPrintf("%d", m_anTransposedAxis[i]);
        }
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceTranspose", str.c_str());
    }

    if( !m_osViewExpr.empty() )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSource, "SourceView",
                                    m_osViewExpr.c_str());
    }

    if( m_poDstArray->GetDimensionCount() > 0 )
    {
        CPLXMLNode *psSourceSlab = CPLCreateXMLNode(
            psSource, CXT_Element, "SourceSlab" );
        {
            std::string str;
            for( size_t i = 0; i < m_anSrcOffset.size(); i++ )
            {
                if( i > 0 )
                    str += ',';
                str += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_anSrcOffset[i]));
            }
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSourceSlab, "offset", str.c_str());
        }
        {
            std::string str;
            for( size_t i = 0; i < m_anCount.size(); i++ )
            {
                if( i > 0 )
                    str += ',';
                str += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_anCount[i]));
            }
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSourceSlab, "count", str.c_str());
        }
        {
            std::string str;
            for( size_t i = 0; i < m_anStep.size(); i++ )
            {
                if( i > 0 )
                    str += ',';
                str += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_anStep[i]));
            }
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSourceSlab, "step", str.c_str());
        }

        CPLXMLNode *psDestSlab = CPLCreateXMLNode(
            psSource, CXT_Element, "DestSlab" );
        {
            std::string str;
            for( size_t i = 0; i < m_anDstOffset.size(); i++ )
            {
                if( i > 0 )
                    str += ',';
                str += CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_anDstOffset[i]));
            }
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDestSlab, "offset", str.c_str());
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      ~VRTMDArraySourceFromArray()                    */
/************************************************************************/

VRTMDArraySourceFromArray::~VRTMDArraySourceFromArray()
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_cacheLock);

    // Remove from the cache datasets that are only used by this array
    // or drop our reference to those datasets
    std::unordered_set<std::string> oSetKeysToRemove;
    std::unordered_set<std::string> oSetKeysToDropReference;
    auto lambda = [&oSetKeysToRemove, &oSetKeysToDropReference, this]
                    (const decltype(g_cacheSources)::node_type& key_value)
    {
        auto& listOfArrays(key_value.value.second);
        auto oIter = listOfArrays.find(this);
        if( oIter != listOfArrays.end() )
        {
            if( listOfArrays.size() == 1 )
                oSetKeysToRemove.insert(key_value.key);
            else
                oSetKeysToDropReference.insert(key_value.key);
        }
    };
    g_cacheSources.cwalk(lambda);
    for( const auto& key: oSetKeysToRemove )
    {
        CPLDebug("VRT", "Dropping %s", key.c_str());
        g_cacheSources.remove(key);
    }
    for( const auto& key: oSetKeysToDropReference )
    {
        CPLDebug("VRT", "Dropping reference to %s", key.c_str());
        CacheEntry oPair;
        g_cacheSources.tryGet(key, oPair);
        oPair.second.erase(oPair.second.find(this));
        g_cacheSources.insert(key, oPair);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                   Read()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static std::string CreateKey(const std::string& filename)
{
    return filename + CPLSPrintf("__thread_" CPL_FRMT_GIB, CPLGetPID());
}

bool VRTMDArraySourceFromArray::Read(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      void* pDstBuffer) const
{
    // Preliminary check without trying to open source array
    const auto nDims(m_poDstArray->GetDimensionCount());
    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        auto start_i = arrayStartIdx[i];
        auto step_i = arrayStep[i] == 0 ? 1 : arrayStep[i];
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            // For negative step request, temporarily simulate a positive step
            start_i = start_i - (m_anCount[i]-1) * (-step_i);
            step_i = -step_i;
        }
        if( start_i + (count[i]-1) * step_i < m_anDstOffset[i] )
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        if( m_anCount[i] == 0 ) // we need to open the array...
            break;

        auto start_i = arrayStartIdx[i];
        auto step_i = arrayStep[i] == 0 ? 1 : arrayStep[i];
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            // For negative step request, temporarily simulate a positive step
            start_i = start_i - (m_anCount[i]-1) * (-step_i);
            //step_i = -step_i;
        }
        if( start_i >= m_anDstOffset[i] + m_anCount[i] )
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    const std::string osFilename = m_bRelativeToVRT ?
        std::string(CPLProjectRelativeFilename(m_poDstArray->GetVRTPath().c_str(),
                                               m_osFilename.c_str())):
        m_osFilename;
    const std::string key(CreateKey(osFilename));

    std::shared_ptr<VRTArrayDatasetWrapper> poSrcDSWrapper;
    GDALDataset* poSrcDS;
    CacheEntry oPair;
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_cacheLock);
        if( g_cacheSources.tryGet(key, oPair) )
        {
            poSrcDSWrapper = oPair.first;
            poSrcDS = poSrcDSWrapper.get()->get();
            if( oPair.second.find(this) == oPair.second.end() )
            {
                oPair.second.insert(this);
                g_cacheSources.insert(key, oPair);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            poSrcDS =
                GDALDataset::Open(m_osFilename.c_str(),
                                (m_osBand.empty() ? GDAL_OF_MULTIDIM_RASTER: GDAL_OF_RASTER) |
                                GDAL_OF_INTERNAL |
                                GDAL_OF_VERBOSE_ERROR,
                                nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
            if( !poSrcDS )
                return false;
            poSrcDSWrapper = std::make_shared<VRTArrayDatasetWrapper>(poSrcDS);
            oPair.first = poSrcDSWrapper;
            oPair.second.insert(this);
            g_cacheSources.insert(key, oPair);
        }
    }

    std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> poArray;
    if( m_osBand.empty() )
    {
        auto rg(poSrcDS->GetRootGroup());
        if( rg == nullptr )
            return false;

        auto curGroup(rg);
        std::string arrayName(m_osArray);
        poArray = m_osArray[0] == '/' ?
                        rg->OpenMDArrayFromFullname(arrayName) :
                        curGroup->OpenMDArray(arrayName);
        if( poArray == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Cannot find array %s", m_osArray.c_str());
            return false;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        int nSrcBand = atoi(m_osBand.c_str());
        auto poBand = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(nSrcBand);
        if( poBand == nullptr )
            return false;
        poArray = poBand->AsMDArray();
        CPLAssert(poArray);
    }
    if( !m_anTransposedAxis.empty() )
    {
        poArray = poArray->Transpose(m_anTransposedAxis);
        if( poArray == nullptr )
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    if( !m_osViewExpr.empty() )
    {
        poArray = poArray->GetView(m_osViewExpr);
        if( poArray == nullptr )
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    if( m_poDstArray->GetDimensionCount() != poArray->GetDimensionCount() )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Inconsistent number of dimensions");
        return false;
    }

    const auto& srcDims(poArray->GetDimensions());
    std::vector<GUInt64> anReqDstStart(nDims);
    std::vector<size_t>  anReqCount(nDims);
    // Compute the intersection between the inline value slab and the
    // request slab.
    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        if( m_anSrcOffset[i] >= srcDims[i]->GetSize() )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid SourceSlab.offset");
            return false;
        }
        auto start_i = arrayStartIdx[i];
        auto step_i = arrayStep[i] == 0 ? 1 : arrayStep[i];
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            if( m_anCount[i] == 0 )
                m_anCount[i] = (m_anSrcOffset[i]+1) / -step_i;
            // For negative step request, temporarily simulate a positive step
            // and fix up the start at the end of the loop.
            start_i = start_i - (m_anCount[i]-1) * (-step_i);
            step_i = -step_i;
        }
        else
        {
            if( m_anCount[i] == 0 )
                m_anCount[i] = (srcDims[i]->GetSize() - m_anSrcOffset[i]) / step_i;
        }

        const auto nRightDstOffsetFromConfig =
            m_anDstOffset[i] + m_anCount[i];
        if( start_i >= nRightDstOffsetFromConfig )
        {
            return true;
        }
        if( start_i < m_anDstOffset[i] )
        {
            anReqDstStart[i] = m_anDstOffset[i] + (step_i - ((m_anDstOffset[i] - start_i) % step_i)) % step_i;
        }
        else
        {
            anReqDstStart[i] = start_i;
        }
        anReqCount[i] = 1 + static_cast<size_t>(
            (std::min(nRightDstOffsetFromConfig - 1,
                                  start_i + (count[i] - 1) * step_i)
                                            - anReqDstStart[i]) / step_i);
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
        {
            anReqDstStart[i] = anReqDstStart[i] + (anReqCount[i] - 1) * step_i;
        }
    }

    GPtrDiff_t nDstOffset = 0;
    const auto nBufferDataTypeSize(bufferDataType.GetSize());
    std::vector<GUInt64> anSrcArrayOffset(nDims);
    std::vector<GInt64> anSrcArrayStep(nDims);
    for(size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        const size_t nRelStartDst =
            static_cast<size_t>(anReqDstStart[i] - arrayStartIdx[i]);
        nDstOffset += nRelStartDst * bufferStride[i] * nBufferDataTypeSize;
        anSrcArrayOffset[i] = m_anSrcOffset[i] +
                            (anReqDstStart[i] - m_anDstOffset[i]) * m_anStep[i];
        if( arrayStep[i] < 0 )
            anSrcArrayStep[i] = -static_cast<GInt64>(m_anStep[i] * static_cast<GUInt64>(-arrayStep[i]));
        else
            anSrcArrayStep[i] = m_anStep[i] * arrayStep[i];
    }
    return poArray->Read(anSrcArrayOffset.data(),
                             anReqCount.data(),
                             anSrcArrayStep.data(),
                             bufferStride,
                             bufferDataType,
                             static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer) + nDstOffset);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                   IRead()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTMDArray::IRead(const GUInt64* arrayStartIdx,
                      const size_t* count,
                      const GInt64* arrayStep,
                      const GPtrDiff_t* bufferStride,
                      const GDALExtendedDataType& bufferDataType,
                      void* pDstBuffer) const
{
    const auto nDims(m_dims.size());

    // Initialize pDstBuffer
    bool bFullyCompactStride = true;
    std::map<size_t, size_t> mapStrideToIdx;
    for( size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
    {
        if( bufferStride[i] < 0 ||
            mapStrideToIdx.find(static_cast<size_t>(bufferStride[i])) != mapStrideToIdx.end() )
        {
            bFullyCompactStride = false;
            break;
        }
        mapStrideToIdx[static_cast<size_t>(bufferStride[i])] = i;
    }
    size_t nAccStride = 1;
    if( bFullyCompactStride )
    {
        for( size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
        {
            auto oIter = mapStrideToIdx.find(nAccStride);
            if( oIter == mapStrideToIdx.end() )
            {
                bFullyCompactStride = false;
                break;
            }
            nAccStride = nAccStride * count[oIter->second];
        }
    }

    const auto nDTSize(m_dt.GetSize());
    const auto nBufferDTSize(bufferDataType.GetSize());
    const GByte* pabyNoData = static_cast<const GByte*>(GetRawNoDataValue());
    std::vector<GByte> abyFill;
    if( pabyNoData )
    {
        bool bAllZero = true;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < nDTSize; i++ )
        {
            if( pabyNoData[i] )
            {
                bAllZero = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        if( bAllZero )
        {
            pabyNoData = nullptr;
        }
        else
        {
            abyFill.resize(nBufferDTSize);
            GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(pabyNoData, m_dt,
                                            &abyFill[0], bufferDataType);
        }
    }

    if( bFullyCompactStride )
    {
        if( pabyNoData == nullptr )
        {
            memset(pDstBuffer, 0, nAccStride * nBufferDTSize);
        }
        else if( bufferDataType.NeedsFreeDynamicMemory() )
        {
            GByte* pabyDstBuffer = static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer);
            for( size_t i = 0; i < nAccStride; i++ )
            {
                GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(
                    pabyDstBuffer, bufferDataType,
                    &abyFill[0], bufferDataType);
                pabyDstBuffer += nBufferDTSize;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            GByte* pabyDstBuffer = static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer);
            for( size_t i = 0; i < nAccStride; i++ )
            {
                memcpy(pabyDstBuffer, &abyFill[0], nBufferDTSize);
                pabyDstBuffer += nBufferDTSize;
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        const bool bNeedsDynamicMemory = bufferDataType.NeedsFreeDynamicMemory();
        std::vector<size_t> anStackCount(nDims);
        std::vector<GByte*> abyStackDstPtr;
        size_t iDim = 0;
        abyStackDstPtr.push_back(static_cast<GByte*>(pDstBuffer));
        abyStackDstPtr.resize(nDims+1);
lbl_next_depth:
        if( iDim == nDims )
        {
            if( pabyNoData == nullptr )
            {
                memset(abyStackDstPtr[nDims], 0, nBufferDTSize);
            }
            else if( bNeedsDynamicMemory )
            {
                GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(
                    abyStackDstPtr[nDims], bufferDataType,
                    &abyFill[0], bufferDataType);
            }
            else
            {
                memcpy(abyStackDstPtr[nDims], &abyFill[0], nBufferDTSize);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            anStackCount[iDim] = count[iDim];
            while(true)
            {
                ++iDim;
                abyStackDstPtr[iDim] = abyStackDstPtr[iDim-1];
                goto lbl_next_depth;
lbl_return_to_caller:
                --iDim;
                --anStackCount[iDim];
                if( anStackCount[iDim] == 0 )
                    break;
                abyStackDstPtr[iDim] += bufferStride[iDim] * nBufferDTSize;
            }
        }
        if (iDim > 0 )
            goto lbl_return_to_caller;
    }

    if( !abyFill.empty() )
    {
        bufferDataType.FreeDynamicMemory(&abyFill[0]);
    }

    for( const auto& poSource: m_sources )
    {
        if( !poSource->Read(arrayStartIdx, count, arrayStep, bufferStride,
                            bufferDataType, pDstBuffer) )
        {
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetDirty()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArray::SetDirty()
{
    auto poGroup(GetGroup());
    if( poGroup )
    {
        poGroup->SetDirty();
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                GetGroup()                            */
/************************************************************************/

VRTGroup* VRTMDArray::GetGroup() const
{
    auto ref = m_poGroupRef.lock();
    return ref ? ref->m_ptr : nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateAttribute()                          */
/************************************************************************/

std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute> VRTMDArray::CreateAttribute(
        const std::string& osName,
        const std::vector<GUInt64>& anDimensions,
        const GDALExtendedDataType& oDataType,
        CSLConstList)
{
    if( !VRTAttribute::CreationCommonChecks(osName, anDimensions, m_oMapAttributes) )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
    SetDirty();
    auto newAttr(std::make_shared<VRTAttribute>(
        GetFullName(), osName,
        anDimensions.empty() ? 0 : anDimensions[0], oDataType));
    m_oMapAttributes[osName] = newAttr;
    return newAttr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               CopyFrom()                             */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTMDArray::CopyFrom(GDALDataset* poSrcDS,
                           const GDALMDArray* poSrcArray,
                           bool bStrict,
                           GUInt64& nCurCost,
                           const GUInt64 nTotalCost,
                           GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                           void * pProgressData)
{
    if( pfnProgress == nullptr )
        pfnProgress = GDALDummyProgress;

    nCurCost += GDALMDArray::COPY_COST;

    if( !CopyFromAllExceptValues(poSrcArray, bStrict,
                                 nCurCost, nTotalCost,
                                 pfnProgress, pProgressData) )
    {
        return false;
    }

    nCurCost += GetTotalElementsCount() * GetDataType().GetSize();

    if( poSrcDS )
    {
        const auto nDims(GetDimensionCount());
        if( nDims == 1 && m_dims[0]->GetSize() > 2 &&
            m_dims[0]->GetSize() < 10 * 1000 * 1000 )
        {
            std::vector<double> adfTmp(static_cast<size_t>(m_dims[0]->GetSize()));
            const GUInt64 anStart[] = { 0 };
            const size_t nCount = adfTmp.size();
            const size_t anCount[] = { nCount };
            if( poSrcArray->Read(anStart, anCount, nullptr, nullptr,
                         GDALExtendedDataType::Create(GDT_Float64),
                         &adfTmp[0]) )
            {
                bool bRegular = true;
                const double dfSpacing = (adfTmp.back() - adfTmp[0]) / (nCount - 1);
                for(size_t i = 1; i < nCount; i++ )
                {
                    if( fabs((adfTmp[i] - adfTmp[i-1]) - dfSpacing) > 1e-3 * fabs(dfSpacing) )
                    {
                        bRegular = false;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if( bRegular )
                {
                    std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced> poSource(
                        new VRTMDArraySourceRegularlySpaced(adfTmp[0], dfSpacing));
                    AddSource(std::move(poSource));
                }
            }
        }

        if( m_sources.empty() )
        {
            std::vector<GUInt64> anSrcOffset(nDims);
            std::vector<GUInt64> anCount(nDims);
            std::vector<GUInt64> anStep(nDims, 1);
            std::vector<GUInt64> anDstOffset(nDims);
            for( size_t i = 0; i < nDims; i++ )
                anCount[i] = m_dims[i]->GetSize();

            std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySource> poSource(
                new VRTMDArraySourceFromArray(
                    this,
                    false,
                    false,
                    poSrcDS->GetDescription(),
                    poSrcArray->GetFullName(),
                    std::string(), // osBand
                    std::vector<int>(), // anTransposedAxis,
                    std::string(), // osViewExpr
                    std::move(anSrcOffset),
                    std::move(anCount),
                    std::move(anStep),
                    std::move(anDstOffset)));
            AddSource(std::move(poSource));
        }
    }

    return true;
}


/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetRawNoDataValue()                         */
/************************************************************************/

const void* VRTMDArray::GetRawNoDataValue() const
{
    return m_abyNoData.empty() ? nullptr : m_abyNoData.data();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetRawNoDataValue()                         */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTMDArray::SetRawNoDataValue(const void* pNoData)
{
    SetDirty();

    if( !m_abyNoData.empty() )
    {
        m_dt.FreeDynamicMemory(&m_abyNoData[0]);
    }

    if( pNoData == nullptr )
    {
        m_abyNoData.clear();
    }
    else
    {
        const auto nSize = m_dt.GetSize();
        m_abyNoData.resize(nSize);
        memset(&m_abyNoData[0], 0, nSize);
        GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue( pNoData, m_dt, &m_abyNoData[0], m_dt );
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool VRTMDArray::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference* poSRS)
{
    SetDirty();

    m_poSRS.reset();
    if( poSRS )
    {
        m_poSRS = std::shared_ptr<OGRSpatialReference>(poSRS->Clone());
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            AddSource()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArray::AddSource(std::unique_ptr<VRTMDArraySource>&& poSource)
{
    SetDirty();

    m_sources.emplace_back(std::move(poSource));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Serialize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void VRTMDArray::Serialize(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char * pszVRTPath) const
{
    CPLXMLNode *psArray = CPLCreateXMLNode( psParent, CXT_Element, "Array" );
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psArray, "name", GetName().c_str());
    CPLXMLNode* psDataType = CPLCreateXMLNode( psArray, CXT_Element, "DataType" );
    if( m_dt.GetClass() == GEDTC_STRING )
        CPLCreateXMLNode( psDataType, CXT_Text, "String" );
    else
        CPLCreateXMLNode( psDataType, CXT_Text, GDALGetDataTypeName(m_dt.GetNumericDataType()) );
    for( const auto& dim: m_dims )
    {
        auto vrtDim(std::dynamic_pointer_cast<VRTDimension>(dim));
        CPLAssert(vrtDim);
        auto poGroup(GetGroup());
        bool bSerializeDim = true;
        if( poGroup )
        {
            auto groupDim(poGroup->GetDimensionFromFullName(dim->GetFullName(), false));
            if( groupDim && groupDim->GetSize() == dim->GetSize() )
            {
                bSerializeDim = false;
                CPLAssert(groupDim->GetGroup());
                CPLXMLNode *psDimRef = CPLCreateXMLNode( psArray, CXT_Element, "DimensionRef" );
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psDimRef, "ref",
                    groupDim->GetGroup() == poGroup ?
                        dim->GetName().c_str() :
                        dim->GetFullName().c_str());
            }
        }
        if( bSerializeDim )
        {
            vrtDim->Serialize(psArray);
        }
    }

    if( m_poSRS && !m_poSRS->IsEmpty() )
    {
        char* pszWKT = nullptr;
        const char* const apszOptions[2] = { "FORMAT=WKT2_2018", nullptr };
        m_poSRS->exportToWkt(&pszWKT, apszOptions);
        CPLXMLNode* psSRSNode = CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue( psArray, "SRS", pszWKT );
        CPLFree(pszWKT);
        const auto& mapping = m_poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
        CPLString osMapping;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < mapping.size(); ++i )
        {
            if( !osMapping.empty() )
                osMapping += ",";
            osMapping += CPLSPrintf("%d", mapping[i]);
        }
        CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psSRSNode, "dataAxisToSRSAxisMapping",
                                   osMapping.c_str());
    }

    if( !m_osUnit.empty() )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue( psArray, "Unit", m_osUnit.c_str() );
    }

    bool bHasNodata = false;
    double dfNoDataValue = GetNoDataValueAsDouble(&bHasNodata);
    if( bHasNodata )
    {
        CPLSetXMLValue( psArray, "NoDataValue",
            VRTSerializeNoData(dfNoDataValue,
                               m_dt.GetNumericDataType(), 18).c_str());
    }

    if( m_bHasOffset )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue( psArray, "Offset",
                                     CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_dfOffset) );
    }

    if( m_bHasScale )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue( psArray, "Scale",
                                     CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_dfScale) );
    }

    for( const auto& poSource: m_sources )
    {
        poSource->Serialize(psArray, pszVRTPath);
    }

    for( const auto& iter: m_oMapAttributes )
    {
        iter.second->Serialize(psArray);
    }
}

/*! @endcond */
