perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described below, and all end in .pm. You may discover compiled library file (usually ending in .so) or small pieces of modules to be autoloaded (ending in .al); these were automatically generated by the installation process. You may also discover files in the library directory that end in either .pl or .ph. These are old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still run. The .pl files will all eventually be converted into standard modules, and the .ph files made by h2ph will probably end up as extension modules made by h2xs. (Some .ph values may already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) The pl2pm file in the distribution may help in your conversion, but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.

Pragmatic Modules
They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually work well only when used within a "use", or "no". Most of these are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them by saying: no integer; no strict 'refs'; no warnings; which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the "$^H" hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, like "use vars" and "use subs", which allow you to predeclare a variables or subroutines within a particular file rather than just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with "no vars" or "no subs". The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). Get/set subroutine or variable attributes Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated) Postpone load of modules until a function is used Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package Force byte semantics rather than character semantics Define character names for "\N{named}" string literal escape. Declare constants Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics Compile-time class fields Control the filetest permission operators Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point Request less of something from the compiler Manipulate @INC at compile time Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations Set default disciplines for input and output Restrict unsafe operations when compiling Package for overloading perl operations Alter regular expression behaviour Enable simple signal handling Restrict unsafe constructs Predeclare sub names Enable/disable UTF-8 in source code Predeclare global variable names (obsolete) Control optional warnings Warnings import function

Standard Modules
Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. Provide framework for multiple DBMs Load subroutines only on demand Split a package for autoloading The Perl Compiler Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode Assemble Perl bytecode Walk basic blocks Perl compiler's bytecode backend Perl compiler's C backend Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops Perl compiler backend to produce perl code Disassemble Perl bytecode Perl lint Show lexical variables used in functions or files Helper module for CC backend Show what stashes are loaded Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs Benchmark running times of Perl code Load byte compiled perl code Simple Common Gateway Interface Class Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log Interface to Netscape Cookies CGI Interface for Fast CGI Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code Simple Interface to Server Push Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch Internal utilities used by CGI module Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module Warn of errors (from perspective of caller) Carp guts Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes Get pathname of current working directory Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module Supply object methods for directory handles Provides screen dump of Perl data. Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays Implements default import method for modules Exporter guts Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc. Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications Install files from here to there Inventory management of installed modules Determine libraries to use and how to use them Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker Create an extension Makefile Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader Write linker options files for dynamic extension Manage .packlist files Add blib/* directories to @INC Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die Load the C Fcntl.h defines Split a pathname into pieces Run many filetest checks on a tree Compare files or filehandles Copy files or filehandles DOS like globbing and then some Traverse a file tree Create or remove directory trees Portably perform operations on file names Methods for Epoc file specs Portably perform operations on file names File::Spec for MacOS Methods for OS/2 file specs Methods used by File::Spec Methods for VMS file specs Methods for Win32 file specs Return name and handle of a temporary file safely By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions Keep more files open than the system permits Supply object methods for filehandles Locate directory of original perl script Perl5 access to the gdbm library. Extended processing of command line options Process single-character switches with switch clustering Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale Load various IO modules Open a process for both reading and writing Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling Arbitrary length float math package Arbitrary size integer math package Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions Trigonometric functions Check a remote host for reachability By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 Check pod documents for syntax errors Find POD documents in directory trees Module to convert pod files to HTML Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc. Convert Pod data to formatted Latex Convert POD data to formatted *roff input Helpers for POD parsing and conversion Base class for creating POD filters and translators Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod. Extract selected sections of POD from input Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation Tied access to sdbm files Compile and execute code in restricted compartments Search for key in dictionary file Save and restore selected file handle Load functions only on demand Run shell commands transparently within perl Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators Manipulate Perl symbols and their names Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences Perl termcap interface Perl word completion module Perl interface to various "readline" packages. If Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts Run perl standard test scripts with statistics Create an abbreviation table from a list Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1) Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs Manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to change) Thread-safe queues Thread-safe semaphores Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably Thread-specific keys Base class for tied arrays Base class definitions for tied handles Base class definitions for tied hashes Use references as hash keys Base class definitions for tied scalars Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime Base class for ALL classes (blessed references) By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions To find out all modules installed on your system, including those without documentation or outside the standard release, just do this: % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a find program, you can use the Perl find2perl program instead, which generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you have a man program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have to fix your manpath. See the perl manpage for details. If you have no system man command, you might try the perldoc program.

Extension Modules
Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, but may also be be linked in statically. Supported extension modules include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines like Alta Vista or Deja News. CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl . Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of modules are: Language Extensions and Documentation Tools Development Support Operating System Interfaces Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication Data Types and Data Type Utilities Database Interfaces User Interfaces Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing Internationalization and Locale Authentication, Security, and Encryption World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME Server and Daemon Utilities Archiving and Compression Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing Mail and Usenet News Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities Miscellaneous Modules Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following. You should try to choose one close to you:

Africa
South Africa ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/ ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/

Asia
China ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/ http://cpan.shellhung.org/ ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN Hong Kong http://CPAN.pacific.net.hk/ ftp://ftp.pacific.net.hk/pub/mirror/CPAN/ Indonesia http://piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/ ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ Israel http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ Japan ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ Saudi Arabia ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ Singapore http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg http://ftp.nus.edu.sg/unix/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/ South Korea http://CPAN.bora.net/ ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ http://ftp.kornet.net/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/ Taiwan ftp://coda.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ Thailand http://download.nectec.or.th/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/languages/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/

Central America
Costa Rica ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/ http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/

Europe
Austria ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ Belgium http://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ Bulgaria ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ Croatia ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ Czech Republic http://www.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ Denmark ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ England http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/ http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/ ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ Estonia ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ Finland ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ France ftp://cpan.ftp.worldonline.fr/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ Germany ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/ http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/general/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ Greece ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ Hungary http://cpan.artifact.hu/ ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ Iceland http://cpan.gm.is/ ftp://ftp.gm.is/pub/CPAN/ Ireland http://cpan.indigo.ie/ ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ Italy http://cpan.nettuno.it/ http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN http://softcity.iol.it/cpan ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ Latvia http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ Netherlands ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ Norway ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ Poland ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/ ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ Portugal ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/ Romania ftp://archive.logicnet.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ ftp://ftp.opsynet.com/cpan/ ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ Russia ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ http://cpan.rinet.ru/ ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ Slovakia ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ Slovenia ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ Spain ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ Sweden http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ Switzerland ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ Turkey ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/

North America
Canada Alberta http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ Manitoba http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ Nova Scotia ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ Ontario ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/lang/perl/CPAN/ Mexico http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ United States Alabama http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ California http://www.cpan.org/ ftp://ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/ http://www.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/ Colorado ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ Florida ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ Georgia ftp://ftp.twoguys.org/CPAN/ Illinois http://www.neurogames.com/mirrors/CPAN http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ Indiana ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ http://cpan.nitco.com/ ftp://cpan.nitco.com/pub/CPAN/ ftp://cpan.in-span.net/ http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN Kentucky http://cpan.uky.edu/ ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ Massachusetts ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/ New Jersey ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ New York ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/perl/CPAN/ http://www.deao.net/mirrors/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.deao.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ http://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/CPAN/ ftp://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/pub/CPAN/ http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ North Carolina ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ Ohio ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/ Oklahoma ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ Oregon ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/ Pennsylvania http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ Tennessee ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ Texas http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ http://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ ftp://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ Utah ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ Virginia http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/ http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/ Washington http://cpan.llarian.net/ ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/

Oceania
Australia http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ New Zealand ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/

South America
Argentina ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ Brazil ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/ ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/ Chile ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/ ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/perl/ For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on demand, but this is also transparent. Only the .pm file is required to exist. See the perlsub manpage, the perltoot manpage, and the AutoLoader manpage for details about the AUTOLOAD mechanism.

Guidelines for Module Creation
Do similar modules already exist in some form? If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not practical try to get together with the module authors to work on extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing with command line options. If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction scheme as the original author. Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. Try to "use warnings;" (or "use warnings qw(...);"). Remember that you can add "no warnings qw(...);" to individual blocks of code that need less warnings. Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, e.g.,: sub new { my $class = shift; return bless {}, $class; } or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static or a virtual method. sub new { my $self = shift; my $class = ref($self) || $self; return bless {}, $class; } Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. Avoid class name tests like: "die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'". Generally you can delete the "eq 'FOO'" part with no harm at all. Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired class names as far as possible. Avoid "$r->Class::func()" where using "@ISA=qw(... Class ...)" and "$r->func()" would work (see the perlbot manpage for more details). Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say "@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);" your applications should be able to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, does your application still work if you change: "$obj = new YOURCLASS;" into: "$obj = new SUBCLASS;" ? Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state information in objects. Always use -w. Try to "use strict;" (or "use strict qw(...);"). Remember that you can add "no strict qw(...);" to individual blocks of code that need less strictness. Always use -w. Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. Always use -w. Some simple style guidelines The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their style over several years as they learn what helps them write and maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that seem to be widely used by experienced developers: Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope or nature of a variable. For example: $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. e.g., "$obj->as_string()". You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or function should not be used outside the package that defined it. Select what to export. Do NOT export method names! Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the module using the ModuleName::item_name (or "$blessed_ref->method") syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: "my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;". But there's no way to call that directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol table.) As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. Select a name for the module. This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. Module names should begin with a capital letter. Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in those modules. If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure that their names will not clash with any future public module. You can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. Have you got it right? How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! README and other Additional Files. It's well known that software developers usually fully document the software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of your software and there is not enough time to write the full documentation please at least provide a README file containing: A description of the module/package/extension etc. A copyright notice - see below. Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. How to install it. Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, Copying, ToDo etc. How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL. My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the Perl community at large is to state something simply like: Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. Give the module a version/issue/release number. To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you should store your module's version number in a non-my package variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, e.g, "$VERSION = "0.01""). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. See the Exporter manpage for details. It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. Use the number in announcements and archive file names when releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. How to release and distribute a module. It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off distribution. If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should include details of its location in your announcement. Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its location. FTP Archives for Perl Modules: Follow the instructions and links on: http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html or upload to one of these sites: https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ http://pause.perl.org/pause/ and notify <modules@perl.org>. By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on CPAN! Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! Take care when changing a released module. Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.

Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
There is no requirement to convert anything. If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. Consider the implications. All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? Make the most of the opportunity. If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module creation above include many of the issues you should consider. The pl2pm utility will get you started. This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: Adds the standard Module prologue lines Converts package specifiers from ' to :: Converts die(...) to croak(...) Several other minor changes Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works!

Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy to reuse. Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases the application could invoked as: % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... or % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not because it has a shotgun. The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other provisions. But then you know when you "use RedefineTheWorld" that you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.