<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//KDE//DTD DocBook V3.1-Based Variant V1.0//EN" [
  <!ENTITY kappname "&ksysv;" -- replace kapp here. This only *seems* redundant -->
  <!ENTITY % addindex "IGNORE">
  <!ENTITY % English "INCLUDE" -- change language only here -->
  <!ENTITY % ents PUBLIC "-//KDE//ENTITIES Documentation V1.0//EN">
  %ents;
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<book lang="&language;">
<bookinfo>
<title>The &ksysv; Handbook</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Peter</firstname>
<surname>Putzer</surname>
<affiliation>
<address><email>putzer@kde.org</email></address>
</affiliation>
</author>
</authorgroup>

<date>14/12/2000</date>
<releaseinfo>1.3.6</releaseinfo>

<copyright>
<year>1998</year>
<year>2000</year>
<holder>Peter Putzer</holder>
</copyright>

<legalnotice>&FDLNotice;</legalnotice>

<abstract>
<para>This Handbook describes the System V Init Editor, &ksysv;, an editor for
the SYSV style init configuration.</para>
</abstract>

<keywordset>
<keyword>KDE</keyword>
<keyword>KSysV</keyword>
<keyword>Runlevel</keyword>
<keyword>Runlevel editor</keyword>
<keyword>System V init</keyword>
</keywordset>
</bookinfo>

<chapter id="Introduction">
<title>Introduction</title>

<para>Welcome to my <emphasis remap="bf">System V Init Editor</emphasis>,
commonly known (and hereafter referenced) as <emphasis
remap="bf">ksysv</emphasis>. This section introduces a few concepts and explains
what you can do with ksysv.</para>

<para>The following explanation is "borrowed" from <literal
remap="tt">tksysv</literal> (an inspiration for ksysv):</para>

<sect1 id="a-brief-description-of-system-v-init">
<title>A Brief Description of System V Init</title>
<para>System V init is fast becoming the standard in the Linux world to control
the startup of software at boot time. This is because it is easier to use and
more powerful and flexible than the traditional BSD init.</para>
<para>I won't go into the history here (mainly because I don't know it :-).</para>
<para>The init binary is located in <literal remap="tt">/sbin</literal> and not <literal remap="tt">/etc</literal>. This is important as
one might try and upgrade a machine to System V init without re-installing
and reformatting. The Linux kernel looks in <literal remap="tt">/etc</literal> for its init first, so you
must make sure and delete your old init from there if any.</para>
<para>SysV init also differs from BSD init in that the config files are in a
subdirectory of <literal remap="tt">/etc</literal> instead of residing directly in <literal remap="tt">/etc</literal>. This directory is
called <literal remap="tt">rc.d</literal>. In there you will find <literal remap="tt">rc.sysinit</literal> and the following directories:</para>
<para><screen>init.d/
rc0.d/
rc1.d/
rc2.d/
rc3.d/
rc4.d/
rc5.d/
rc6.d/
</screen>
</para>
<para><literal remap="tt">init.d</literal> contains a bunch of scripts. Basically, you need one script for
each service you may need to start at boot time or when entering another runlevel.
Services include things like networking, NFS, sendmail, httpd, etc. Services
do not include things like setserial that must only be run once and then exited.
Things like that should go in <literal remap="tt">rc.local</literal>.</para>
<para><literal remap="tt">rc.local</literal> should be in <literal remap="tt">/etc/rc.d</literal> if you want one. Most systems include one
even though it doesn't do much. You can also include an <literal remap="tt">rc.serial</literal> in <literal remap="tt">/etc/rc.d</literal>
if you need to do serial port specific things at boot time.</para>
<para>The chain of events is as follows: </para>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the kernel looks in several places for init and runs the first one it finds</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>init runs <literal remap="tt">/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit</literal></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><literal remap="tt">rc.sysinit</literal> does a bunch of necessary things and then runs <literal remap="tt">rc.serial</literal> (if
it exists)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>init runs <literal remap="tt">rc.local</literal></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>init runs all the scripts for the default runlevel</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>The default runlevel is decided in <literal remap="tt">/etc/inittab</literal>. You should have a line
close to the top like: </para>
<para><screen>id:3:initdefault:
</screen>
</para>
<para>From this, you'd look in the second column and see that the default runlevel
is 3, as should be the case for most systems. If you want to change it, you
can edit <literal remap="tt">/etc/inittab</literal> by hand and change the 3. Be very careful when you are
messing with the inittab. If you do mess up, you can get in to fix it by rebooting
and doing:</para>
<para><screen>LILO boot: linux single
</screen>
</para>
<para>This *should* allow you to boot into single user mode so you can fix it.</para>
<para>Now, how does it run all the right scripts? If you do an '<literal remap="tt">ls -l</literal>' on <literal remap="tt">rc3.d</literal>,
you might see something like:</para>
<para><screen>lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 13:11 S10network -&gt; ../init.d/network 
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 16 13:11 S30syslog -&gt; ../init.d/syslog 
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 13:32 S40cron -&gt; ../init.d/cron
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 13:11 S50inet -&gt; ../init.d/inet
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 13:11 S60nfs -&gt; ../init.d/nfs
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 13:11 S70nfsfs -&gt; ../init.d/nfsfs
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 13:11 S75keytable -&gt; ../init.d/keytable
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 23 13:11 S80sendmail -&gt; ../init.d/sendmail.init
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 18 13:11 S90lpd -&gt; ../init.d/lpd.init
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 13:11 S99local -&gt; ../rc.local
</screen>
</para>
<para>What you'll notice is that there are no real "files" in the directory.
Everything there is a link to one of the scripts in the init.d directory. The
links also have an "S" and a number at the beginning. The "S" means to start
this particular script and a "K" would mean to stop it. The number is just
there for ordering purposes. Init will start all the services based on the
order they appear. You can duplicate numbers, but it will only confuse you
somewhat. You just need to use a two digit number only, along with an upper
case "S" or "K" to start or stop the services you need to. </para>
<para>How does it start and stop services? Simple. Each of the scripts is written
to accept an argument which can be "start" and "stop". You can execute those
scripts by hand in fact with a command like:</para>
<para><screen>/etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd.init stop
</screen>
</para>
<para>to stop the httpd server. Init just reads the name and if it has a "K",
it calls the script with the "stop" argument. If it has an "S" it calls the
script with a "start" argument.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Why All These Runlevels ?</title>
<para>Some people want an easy way to setup machines to be multi-purpose. I could
have a "server" runlevel that just runs httpd, sendmail, networking, etc. Then
I could have a "user" runlevel that runs xdm, networking, etc. </para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="OnscreenFundamentals">
<title>Onscreen Fundamentals</title>
<para>Here you learn how to use ksysv, which shouldn't be hard since it was designed
to be as user-friendly as possible.</para>
<sect1 id="mouse">
<title>Mouse</title>
<para>Using ksysv with a mouse or other pointing device is easy:
just drag an entry from the <emphasis remap="bf">"Available Services"</emphasis> area onto
one of the six runlevels to start (or resp. stop) it in that runlevel.</para>
<para>You can also move scripts between runlevels, or change the position in
a given runlevel, by dragging it around. Doing so removes the entry from its
original runlevel (or position). This doesn't happen when you drag an entry
from the "Available Services" area.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Note:</emphasis> Entries are moved when you drag them to a new area. To copy
a service to a different runlevel, you have to select "Copy" from the "Edit" or
context menu and "Paste" it in the target runlevel.</para>
<para>The <emphasis remap="bf">sorting number</emphasis> of an entry sometimes cannot be calculated.
In such a case you have to edit the sorting numbers of surrounding entries before
re-trying to insert the service.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Note:</emphasis> Sorting numbers can range from 00 to 99, but no higher.</para>
<para>You can delete entries by dragging them onto the "Trash Can" area (symbolized by
an icon depicting a garbage bin).</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Note:</emphasis> Currently there is <emphasis remap="bf">no</emphasis> way to recover items dragged onto the
"Trash Can", so be careful!</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="keyboard">
<title>Keyboard</title>
<para>You can use the &lt;TAB&gt; key to switch focus between different panels ("Available
Services", "Runlevel 1 Start", "Runlevel 1 Stop", etc.) and the cursor keys to move
the selection up and down.</para>
<para>To move an entry to a different runlevel, "Cut" it to the clipboard (using &lt;Ctrl-X&gt;,
or the key you specified in <emphasis remap="bf">Settings/Keys/Standard Keys</emphasis>) and "Paste" it in the
target runlevel (default shortcut: &lt;Ctrl-V&gt;).</para>
<para>To manually change an entries sorting number or name, press &lt;ENTER&gt; to open the
properties dialog. Use the &lt;TAB&gt; key to switch between different fields. Close the
dialog by pressing &lt;ENTER&gt; to accept the modifications, or press &lt;Esc&gt; to cancel
any changes.</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="the-menu-entries">
<title>The Menu Entries</title>
<para>A one by one description of KSysV´s menu.</para>
<sect2>
<title>File</title>
<para>Because of the danger of data loss, all menu entries under "File" ask for
confirmation before doing their work.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">New Configuration</emphasis>: clears all changes made and re-reads the runlevels
from disk.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Save Configuration</emphasis>: makes your changes permanent. Saving does not generate
backup files, so use with care!</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Exit</emphasis>: quits the program.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Edit</title>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Cut</emphasis>: cuts the currently selected service to the clipboard.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Copy</emphasis>: same as above, but the entry is copied and not removed from its
original position.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Paste</emphasis>: pastes content of the clipboard at the current cursor position.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Options</title>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Show Tool Bar</emphasis>: allows to switch the toolbar on and off.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Show Status Bar</emphasis>: same as above, but for status bar.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Show Log</emphasis>: enables or disables the logfile window (all operations, error
messages etc. are stored in the logfile).</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Configure...</emphasis>: opens the configuration dialog. There you can set the paths to
the runlevels, as well as the colors used for new and modified entries.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Save Options</emphasis>: all of the above-mentioned settings are only valid until the next startup, unless you choose to Save Options (will also save the window geometry).</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Help</title>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Contents</emphasis>: opens the helpbrowser with this document.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">About ksysv...</emphasis>: displays a dialog with KSysV´s copyright information.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">About KDE...</emphasis>: some information about the KDE project.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Configuration">
<title>Configuration</title>
<para>All options are saved in <literal remap="tt">ksysvrc</literal>. Defaults are taken from the global file, if available, or else generated within KSysV. Changes to the defaults are stored in a local ksysvrc, normally <literal remap="tt">$HOME/.kde/share/config/ksysvrc</literal>.</para>
<sect1 id="recognized-sections">
<title>Recognized Sections</title>
<para>Recognized sections and keys plus their default values.</para>
<sect2>
<title><literal remap="tt">&lsqb;Path Settings&rsqb;</literal> </title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">ScriptPath</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">/etc/rc.d/init.d</literal>):</emphasis> path to the scripts used for starting and stopping services</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">RunlevelPath</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">/etc/rc.d</literal>):</emphasis> path to the runlevel sub-directories</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><literal remap="tt">&lsqb;Colors&rsqb;</literal></title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">Changed</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">red</literal>):</emphasis> color used for changed entries</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">New</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">blue</literal>):</emphasis> color used for new entries</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><literal remap="tt">&lsqb;Geometry&rsqb;</literal></title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">Width</literal> (default: none):</emphasis> width of KSysV´s window</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">Height</literal> (default: none):</emphasis> height of KSysV´s window</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title><literal remap="tt">&lsqb;Other Settings&rsqb;</literal></title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">ToolBar</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">true</literal>):</emphasis> whether the toolbar is enabled</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">StatusBar</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">true</literal>):</emphasis> whether the status bar is enabled</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">ShowLog</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">true</literal>):</emphasis> whether the logfile is shown</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf"><literal remap="tt">PanningFactor</literal> (default: <literal remap="tt">80</literal>):</emphasis> 100 - PanningFactor = percentage of window reserved for the logfile display</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Appendix">
<title>Appendix</title>
<sect1 id="questions-and-answers">
<title>Questions and Answers</title>
<sect2 id="q1">
<title>Q1: "I played around with the default runlevel and now my machine reboots all the time"</title>
<para>Enter <literal remap="tt">linux single</literal> at the LILO prompt
<screen>LILO: linux single
</screen>

and press &lt;ENTER&gt; to boot up in single user mode. Then edit the file
<literal remap="tt">/etc/inittab</literal> and change the default runlevel to something sane
(<emphasis remap="bf">3</emphasis> should usually be OK).</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="q2">
<title>Q2: "My machine "halts" just after booting"</title>
<para>See <link linkend="q1">question Q1</link> above.</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="q3">
<title>Q3: "I scheduled some services to be run in runlevel X using KSysV, but they aren´t"</title>
<para>If you´re using <emphasis remap="bf">SuSE</emphasis> or <emphasis remap="bf">Delix</emphasis> (DLD) distributions:
you also have to edit a distribution-specific file in <literal remap="tt">/etc</literal>. Please
have a look at the manual of your distribution for details.</para>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Note:</emphasis>The approach to starting services used by the above-mentioned
distributions makes configuration of services easy for the proprietary config-tools
of these distributions, but unfortunately is non-standard. I´m planning to write a generic
extension for this approach some time in the future, but as I´m currently rather short
on time, don´t hold your breath for this.</para>
<para>If you are using a different distribution:
Please check whether you´ve got all config files needed by the service (and whether they
are in the right directory, too). Some daemons (for example <emphasis remap="bf">Apache</emphasis>, aka <literal remap="tt">httpd</literal>) just die silently if their configuration files are not present or misconfigured.</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="standard-semantics-of-runlevels">
<title>Standard Semantics of Runlevels</title>
<para>These vary by distribution, so I´ll just list them all (note that
this list is by no means comprehensive, so please send me a mail, if
you know what the different runlevels do for a distribution not included
in this list.</para>
<sect2>
<title>Red Hat</title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 0:</emphasis> halt (shuts down the machine)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 1:</emphasis> Single user mode (can be entered by typing ´<literal remap="tt">linux single</literal>´ at the <literal remap="tt">LILO: </literal> prompt)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 2:</emphasis> Multi user text-only, without NFS</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 3:</emphasis> Multi user text-only, with full networking (this is the default runlevel)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 4:</emphasis> Not used</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 5:</emphasis> Multi user X11, with full networking</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis remap="bf">Runlevel 6:</emphasis> reboot</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
<chapter id="License">
<title>License</title>
<para><screen>
                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
                       Version 2, June 1991

 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

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  6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
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  7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
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  8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
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may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
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  9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
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  10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
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                            NO WARRANTY

  11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
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WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
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TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
</screen>
</para>
</chapter>
<chapter id="Credits">
<title>Credits</title>
<para>KSysV Copyright &copy; 1997-1998 Peter Putzer</para>
<sect1 id="developers">
<title>Developers</title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Peter Putzer, <literal remap="tt"><ulink url="mailto:putzer@kde.org">putzer@kde.org</ulink></literal> - Developer
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="authors">
<title>Authors</title>
<para><itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Peter Putzer, <literal remap="tt"><ulink url="mailto:putzer@kde.org">putzer@kde.org</ulink></literal> - Content
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Eric Bischoff, <literal remap="tt"><ulink url="mailto:ebisch@cybercable.tm.fr">ebisch@cybercable.tm.fr</ulink></literal> - Editor
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
 
&underFDL;
&underGPL;

</sect1>
</chapter>
</book>
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