Qt Toolkit - Shared Classes

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# Shared Classes

Many C++ classes in Qt use data sharing mechanisms to maximize resource usage and minimize copying of data. We use two mechanisms: explicit and implicit sharing.

## Overview

A shared class consists of a pointer to a shared data block that contains

- A reference count.
- The data.

When a shared object is created, it sets the reference count to 1. The reference count is incremented whenever a new object references the shared data, and decremented when the object dereferences the shared data. The shared data is deleted when the reference count becomes zero.

When dealing with shared objects, there are two ways of copying an object. We usually speak about deep and shallow copies. A deep copy implies duplicating an object. A shallow copy is a reference copy, we only copy a pointer to a shared data block. Making a deep copy can be expensive in terms of memory and CPU. Making a shallow copy is very fast, because it only involves setting a pointer and incrementing the reference count.

Object assignment (operator=) for all shared objects is implemented as shallow copies. A deep copy can be made by calling a copy() function.

The benefit of sharing is that a program does not need to duplicate data when it is not required, which results in less memory usage and less copying of data. Objects can easily be assigned, sent as function arguments and returned from functions.

Qt implements two types of sharing: explicit and implicit sharing. Explicit sharing means that the programmer must be aware of the fact that objects share common data. Implicit sharing means that the sharing mechanism takes place behind the scenes and the programmer does not need to worry about it.

## A QByteArray Example

QByteArray is an example of an shared class that uses explicit sharing. Example:

                            //         a=         b=         c=
      QByteArray a(3),b(2)  // 1)     {?,?,?}    {?,?}
      b[0] = 12; b[1] = 34; // 2)     {?,?,?}    {12,34}
      a = b;                // 3)     {12,34}    {12,34}
      a[1] = 56;            // 4)     {12,56}    {12,56}
      QByteArray c = a;     // 5)     {12,56}    {12,56}    {12,56}
      a.detach();           // 6)     {12,56}    {12,56}    {12,56}
      a[1] = 78;            // 7)     {12,78}    {12,56}    {12,56}
      b = a.copy();         // 8)     {12,78}    {12,78}    {12,56}
      a[1] = 90;            // 9)     {12,90}    {12,78}    {12,56}

The assignment `a = b` on line 3 throws away `a`'s original shared block (the reference count becomes zero), sets `a`'s shared block to point to `b`'s shared block and increments the reference count.

On line 4, the contents of `a` is modified. `b` is also modified, because `a` and `b` refer the same data block. This is the difference between explicit and implicit sharing (explained below).

The `a` object detaches from the common data on line 6. Detaching means to copy the shared data to make sure that an object has its own private data. Therefore, modifying `a` on line 7 will not affect `b` or `c.`

Finally, on line 8 we make a deep copy of `a` and assign it to `b,` so that when `a` is modified on line 9, `b` remains unchanged.

## Explicit vs. Implicit Sharing

The difference between explicit and implicit sharing is that implicit sharing automatically detaches the object from a shared block if the object is about to change and the reference count is greater than one. Explicit sharing leaves this job to the programmer. If an explicitly shared object is not detached, changing this object will change all other objects that refer the same data.

Implicit sharing optimizes memory usage and copying of data without this side-effect. Then, why didn't we implement implicit sharing for all shared classes? The answer is that a class that allows direct access to its internal data (for efficiency reasons), like QByteArray, cannot be implicitly shared, because it can be changed without letting QByteArray know.

An implicitly shared class has total control of its internal data. In any member function that modify its data, it automatically detaches before modifying the data.

The QPen class, which uses implicit sharing, detaches from the shared data in all member functions that change the internal data.

Code fragment:

      void QPen::setStyle( PenStyle s )
      {
          detach();                         // detach from common data
          data->style = s;                  // set the style member
      }

      void QPen::detach()
      {
          if ( data->count != 1 )           // only if >1 reference
              *this = copy();
      }

This is clearly not possible for QByteArray, because the programmer can do the following:

      QByteArray array( 10 );
      array.fill( 'a' );
      array[0] = 'f';                       // will modify array
      *( array.data() + 1 ) = 'i';          // will modify array

If we should have monitored changes in a QByteArray, the QByteArray class would be unacceptably slow.

## Explicitly Shared Classes

All classes that are instances of the QArray template class are explicitly shared:

- QBitArray
- QPointArray
- QByteArray
- Any other instantiation of QArray<type>

These classes have a detach() function that can be called if you want your object to get a private copy of the shared data. They also have a copy() function that returns a deep copy with reference count 1 of an object.

The same is true for QImage, which does not inherit QArray. QMovie is also explicitly shared, but it does not support detach() and copy().

## Implicitly Shared Classes

The Qt classes that are implicitly shared are:

- QBitmap
- QBrush
- QCursor
- QFont
- QFontInfo
- QFontMetrics
- QIconSet
- QMap
- QPalette
- QPen
- QPixmap
- QRegion
- QString
- QStringList
- QValueList
- QValueStack

These classes automatically detach from common data if an object is about to be changed. The programmer will not even notice that the objects are shared. Thus you should treat separate instances of them as separate objects. They will always behave as separate objects but with the added bonus of sharing data whenever possible. For this reason, you can pass these classes as arguments to functions without having to think about the copying overhead.

Example:

      QPixmap p1, p2;
      p1.load( "image.bmp" );
      p2 = p1;                      // p1 and p2 share data
      QPainter paint;
      paint.begin( &p2 );           // cuts p2 loose from p1
      paint.drawText( 0,50, "Hi" );
      paint.end();

In this example, `p1` and `p2` share data until QPainter::begin() is called for `p2,` because painting a pixmap will modify it. The same happens also if anything is bitBlt()'ed into `p2.`

## QCString - implicit or explicit?

QCString is a mixture of implicit and explicit sharing - functions inherited from QByteArray, such as data(), employ explicit sharing, while those only in QCString detach automatically. Thus, QCString is somewhat an "expert only" class, provided mainly to ease porting from Qt 1.x to Qt 2.0. We recommend that you use QString, a purely implicitly shared class.