Qt 4.3: Implicitly Shared Classes

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# Implicitly Shared Classes

Many C++ classes in Qt use implicit data sharing to maximize resource usage and minimize copying of data. The only important effect is that the classes listed here can be passed around as arguments efficiently, even though they may seem heavyweight.

- Overview
- Implicit Sharing in Detail
- List of Classes

### Overview

A shared class consists of a pointer to a shared data block that contains a reference count and the data.

When a shared object is created, it sets the reference count to 1. The reference count is incremented whenever a new object references the shared data, and decremented when the object dereferences the shared data. The shared data is deleted when the reference count becomes zero.

When dealing with shared objects, there are two ways of copying an object. We usually speak about deep and shallow copies. A deep copy implies duplicating an object. A shallow copy is a reference copy, i.e. just a pointer to a shared data block. Making a deep copy can be expensive in terms of memory and CPU. Making a shallow copy is very fast, because it only involves setting a pointer and incrementing the reference count.

Object assignment (with operator=()) for implicitly shared objects is implemented using shallow copies.

The benefit of sharing is that a program does not need to duplicate data unnecessarily, which results in lower memory use and less copying of data. Objects can easily be assigned, sent as function arguments, and returned from functions.

Implicit sharing takes place behind the scenes; the programmer does not need to worry about it. Even in multithreaded applications, implicit sharing takes place, as explained in Threads and Implicit Sharing.

### Implicit Sharing in Detail

Implicit sharing automatically detaches the object from a shared block if the object is about to change and the reference count is greater than one. (This is often called "copy-on-write" or "value semantics".)

An implicitly shared class has total control of its internal data. In any member functions that modify its data, it automatically detaches before modifying the data.

The QPen class, which uses implicit sharing, detaches from the shared data in all member functions that change the internal data.

Code fragment:

     void QPen::setStyle(Qt::PenStyle style)
     {
         detach();           // detach from common data
         d->style = style;   // set the style member
     }

     void QPen::detach()
     {
         if (d->ref != 1) {
             ...             // perform a deep copy
         }
     }

### List of Classes

The classes listed below automatically detach from common data if an object is about to be changed. The programmer will not even notice that the objects are shared. Thus you should treat separate instances of them as separate objects. They will always behave as separate objects but with the added benefit of sharing data whenever possible. For this reason, you can pass instances of these classes as arguments to functions by value without concern for the copying overhead.

Example:

     QPixmap p1, p2;
     p1.load("image.bmp");
     p2 = p1;                        // p1 and p2 share data

     QPainter paint;
     paint.begin(&p2);               // cuts p2 loose from p1
     paint.drawText(0,50, "Hi");
     paint.end();

In this example, `p1` and `p2` share data until QPainter::begin() is called for `p2`, because painting a pixmap will modify it.

Warning: Do not copy an implicitly shared container (QMap, QVector, etc.) while you are iterating over it using an non-const STL-style iterator.

QBitArray | Array of bits
QBitmap | Monochrome (1-bit depth) pixmaps
QBrush | Defines the fill pattern of shapes drawn by QPainter
QByteArray | Array of bytes
QCache | Template class that provides a cache
QCursor | Mouse cursor with an arbitrary shape
QDir | Access to directory structures and their contents
QFileInfo | System-independent file information
QFont | Font used for drawing text
QFontInfo | General information about fonts
QFontMetrics | Font metrics information
QFontMetricsF | Font metrics information
QGLColormap | Used for installing custom colormaps into QGLWidgets
QGradient | Used in combination with QBrush to specify gradient fills
QHash | Template class that provides a hash-table-based dictionary
QIcon | Scalable icons in different modes and states
QImage | Hardware-independent image representation that allows direct access to the pixel data, and can be used as a paint device
QKeySequence | Encapsulates a key sequence as used by shortcuts
QLinkedList | Template class that provides linked lists
QList | Template class that provides lists
QLocale | Converts between numbers and their string representations in various languages
QMap | Template class that provides a skip-list-based dictionary
QMultiHash | Convenience QHash subclass that provides multi-valued hashes
QMultiMap | Convenience QMap subclass that provides multi-valued maps
QPalette | Color groups for each widget state
QPen | Defines how a QPainter should draw lines and outlines of shapes
QPicture | Paint device that records and replays QPainter commands
QPixmap | Off-screen image representation that can be used as a paint device
QPolygon | Vector of points using integer precision
QPolygonF | Vector of points using floating point precision
QQueue | Generic container that provides a queue
QRegExp | Pattern matching using regular expressions
QRegion | Clip region for a painter
QSet | Template class that provides a hash-table-based set
QSqlField | Manipulates the fields in SQL database tables and views
QSqlQuery | Means of executing and manipulating SQL statements
QSqlRecord | Encapsulates a database record
QStack | Template class that provides a stack
QString | Unicode character string
QStringList | List of strings
QTextCursor | Offers an API to access and modify QTextDocuments
QTextDocumentFragment | Represents a piece of formatted text from a QTextDocument
QTextFormat | Formatting information for a QTextDocument
QUrl | Convenient interface for working with URLs
QVariant | Acts like a union for the most common Qt data types
QVector | Template class that provides a dynamic array
QX11Info | Information about the X display configuration