"""Functions to convert an image XObject to an image"""

import sys
from io import BytesIO
from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union, cast

from .._utils import check_if_whitespace_only, logger_warning
from ..constants import ColorSpaces, ImageAttributes, StreamAttributes
from ..constants import FilterTypes as FT
from ..errors import EmptyImageDataError, LimitReachedError, PdfReadError
from ..generic import (
    ArrayObject,
    DecodedStreamObject,
    EncodedStreamObject,
    NullObject,
    TextStringObject,
    is_null_or_none,
)

if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
    from typing import TypeAlias
else:
    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias


try:
    from PIL import Image, UnidentifiedImageError
except ImportError:
    raise ImportError(
        "pillow is required to do image extraction. "
        "It can be installed via 'pip install pypdf[image]'"
    )

mode_str_type: TypeAlias = Literal[
    "", "1", "RGB", "2bits", "4bits", "P", "L", "RGBA", "CMYK"
]

MAX_IMAGE_MODE_NESTING_DEPTH: int = 10


def _get_image_mode(
    color_space: Union[str, list[Any], Any],
    color_components: int,
    prev_mode: mode_str_type,
    depth: int = 0,
) -> tuple[mode_str_type, bool]:
    """
    Returns:
        Image mode, not taking into account mask (transparency).
        ColorInversion is required (like for some DeviceCMYK).

    """
    if depth > MAX_IMAGE_MODE_NESTING_DEPTH:
        raise PdfReadError(
            "Color spaces nested too deeply. If required, consider increasing MAX_IMAGE_MODE_NESTING_DEPTH."
        )
    if is_null_or_none(color_space):
        return "", False
    color_space_str: str = ""
    if isinstance(color_space, str):
        color_space_str = color_space
    elif not isinstance(color_space, list):
        raise PdfReadError(
            "Cannot interpret color space", color_space
        )  # pragma: no cover
    elif not color_space:
        return "", False
    elif color_space[0].startswith("/Cal"):  # /CalRGB or /CalGray
        color_space_str = "/Device" + color_space[0][4:]
    elif color_space[0] == "/ICCBased":
        icc_profile = color_space[1].get_object()
        color_components = cast(int, icc_profile["/N"])
        color_space_str = icc_profile.get("/Alternate", "")
    elif color_space[0] == "/Indexed":
        color_space_str = color_space[1].get_object()
        mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(
            color_space_str, color_components, prev_mode, depth + 1
        )
        if mode in ("RGB", "CMYK"):
            mode = "P"
        return mode, invert_color
    elif color_space[0] == "/Separation":
        color_space_str = color_space[2].get_object()
        mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(
            color_space_str, color_components, prev_mode, depth + 1
        )
        return mode, True
    elif color_space[0] == "/DeviceN":
        original_color_space = color_space
        color_components = len(color_space[1])
        color_space_str = color_space[2].get_object()
        if color_space_str == "/DeviceCMYK" and color_components == 1:
            if original_color_space[1][0] != "/Black":
                logger_warning(
                    "Color %(color)s converted to Gray. Please share PDF with pypdf dev team",
                    source=__name__,
                    color=original_color_space[1][0],
                )
            return "L", True
        mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(
            color_space_str, color_components, prev_mode, depth + 1
        )
        return mode, invert_color

    mode_map: dict[str, mode_str_type] = {
        "1bit": "1",  # must be zeroth position: color_components may index the values
        "/DeviceGray": "L",  # must be first position: color_components may index the values
        "palette": "P",  # must be second position: color_components may index the values
        "/DeviceRGB": "RGB",  # must be third position: color_components may index the values
        "/DeviceCMYK": "CMYK",  # must be fourth position: color_components may index the values
        "2bit": "2bits",
        "4bit": "4bits",
    }

    mode_values = list(mode_map.values())
    mode = (
        mode_map.get(color_space_str)
        or (
            mode_values[color_components]
            if 0 <= color_components < len(mode_values)
            else None
        )
        or prev_mode
    )

    return mode, mode == "CMYK"


def bits2byte(
    data: bytes,
    size: tuple[int, int],
    bits: int,
    colors: int = 1,
    scale: bool = False,
) -> bytes:
    from pypdf.filters import FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE  # noqa: PLC0415

    # Number of samples per row = pixels per row * components per pixel.
    samples_per_row = size[0] * colors
    buffer_size = samples_per_row * size[1]
    if buffer_size > FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE:
        raise LimitReachedError(f"Requested buffer size {buffer_size} exceeds limit of {FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE}.")

    byte_buffer = bytearray(buffer_size)
    mask = (1 << bits) - 1
    # Scale a b-bit sample up to the full 0-255 range (e.g. 4-bit 15 -> 255)
    # when the output is consumed directly as color (RGB) rather than as a
    # palette index.
    factor = 255 // mask if scale and mask else 1

    required = size[1] * ((samples_per_row * bits + 7) // 8)
    if (length := len(data)) < required:
        logger_warning("Image data is not rectangular. Adding padding.", source=__name__)
        data += b"\x00" * (required - length)

    data_index = 0
    bit = 8 - bits
    for y in range(size[1]):
        if bit != 8 - bits:
            data_index += 1
            bit = 8 - bits
        for x in range(samples_per_row):
            byte_buffer[x + y * samples_per_row] = (
                ((data[data_index] >> bit) & mask) * factor
            )
            bit -= bits
            if bit < 0:
                data_index += 1
                bit = 8 - bits
    return bytes(byte_buffer)


def _expand_low_bit_samples(
    mode: mode_str_type,
    size: tuple[int, int],
    data: bytes,
    color_space: Union[str, ArrayObject],
) -> tuple[mode_str_type, bytes]:
    """
    Expand 2- or 4-bit-per-component samples to one byte per component.

    Pillow has no mode for sub-byte samples, so the packed data has to be
    unpacked before an image can be built from it. For a single-component
    color space the samples are palette/grayscale indices ("P"). For a
    multi-component space such as /DeviceRGB they are interleaved color
    components, so they are also scaled to the full 0-255 range and become
    an "RGB" image.

    Returns the resulting mode and data, unchanged when the mode is not a
    low-bit one.
    """
    if mode not in ("2bits", "4bits"):
        return mode, data
    bits = int(mode[0])
    if color_space == "/DeviceRGB":
        return "RGB", bits2byte(data, size, bits, colors=3, scale=True)
    return "P", bits2byte(data, size, bits)


def _image_from_bytes(
    mode: str, size: tuple[int, int], data: bytes
) -> Image.Image:
    pixel_count = size[0] * size[1]
    bytes_per_pixel = len(mode)
    required_byte_count = pixel_count * bytes_per_pixel

    from pypdf.filters import FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE  # noqa: PLC0415
    if required_byte_count > FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE:
        raise LimitReachedError(
            f"Requested image buffer size {required_byte_count} exceeds limit {FLATE_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE}."
        )

    try:
        img = Image.frombytes(mode, size, data)
    except ValueError as exc:
        data_length = len(data)
        if data_length == 0:
            raise EmptyImageDataError(
                "Data is 0 bytes, cannot process an image from empty data."
            ) from exc
        if data_length % pixel_count != 0:
            raise
        k = required_byte_count / data_length
        data = b"".join(bytes((x,) * int(k)) for x in data)
        img = Image.frombytes(mode, size, data)
    return img


def __handle_flate__indexed(color_space: ArrayObject) -> tuple[Any, Any, Any, Any]:
    count = len(color_space)
    if count == 4:
        color_space, base, hival, lookup = (value.get_object() for value in color_space)
        return color_space, base, hival, lookup

    # Deal with strange AutoDesk files where `base` and `hival` look like this:
    #   /DeviceRGB\x00255
    element1 = color_space[1]
    element1 = element1 if isinstance(element1, str) else element1.get_object()
    if count == 3 and "\x00" in element1:
        color_space, lookup = color_space[0].get_object(), color_space[2].get_object()
        base, hival = element1.split("\x00")
        hival = int(hival)
        return color_space, base, hival, lookup
    raise PdfReadError(f"Expected color space with 4 values, got {count}: {color_space}")


def _handle_flate(
    size: tuple[int, int],
    data: bytes,
    mode: mode_str_type,
    color_space: Union[str, ArrayObject],
    colors: int,
    obj_as_text: str,
) -> tuple[Image.Image, str, str, bool]:
    """
    Process image encoded using the zlib/deflate compression method, corresponds to the FlateDecode filter
    Returns img, image_format, extension, color inversion
    """
    base: Any
    hival: Any
    lookup: Any
    if isinstance(color_space, ArrayObject) and color_space[0] == "/Indexed":
        color_space, base, hival, lookup = __handle_flate__indexed(color_space)
    mode, data = _expand_low_bit_samples(mode, size, data, color_space)
    img = _image_from_bytes(mode, size, data)
    if color_space == "/Indexed":
        if isinstance(lookup, (EncodedStreamObject, DecodedStreamObject)):
            lookup = lookup.get_data()
        if isinstance(lookup, TextStringObject):
            lookup = lookup.original_bytes
        if isinstance(lookup, str):
            lookup = lookup.encode()
        try:
            nb, conv, mode = {  # type: ignore[assignment]
                "1": (0, "", ""),
                "L": (1, "P", "L"),
                "P": (0, "", ""),
                "RGB": (3, "P", "RGB"),
                "CMYK": (4, "P", "CMYK"),
            }[_get_image_mode(base, 0, "")[0]]
        except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
            logger_warning(
                "Base %(base)s not coded. Please share PDF with pypdf dev team",
                source=__name__,
                base=base,
            )
            lookup = None
        else:
            if img.mode == "1" and nb == 0:
                # A two-color lookup needs at least one byte per color, but the
                # base color space resolves to a 1-bit or palette image.
                logger_warning(
                    "Cannot apply lookup for base %(base)s to image with mode 1. "
                    "Please share PDF with pypdf dev team",
                    source=__name__,
                    base=base,
                )
            elif img.mode == "1":
                # Two values ("high" and "low").
                expected_count = 2 * nb
                actual_count = len(lookup)
                if actual_count != expected_count:
                    if actual_count < expected_count:
                        logger_warning(
                            "Not enough lookup values: Expected %(expected_count)d, got %(actual_count)d.",
                            source=__name__,
                            expected_count=expected_count,
                            actual_count=actual_count,
                        )
                        lookup += bytes([0] * (expected_count - actual_count))
                    elif not check_if_whitespace_only(lookup[expected_count:]):
                        logger_warning(
                            "Too many lookup values: Expected %(expected_count)d, got %(actual_count)d.",
                            source=__name__,
                            expected_count=expected_count,
                            actual_count=actual_count,
                        )
                    lookup = lookup[:expected_count]
                colors_arr = [lookup[:nb], lookup[nb:]]
                source = img.convert("L")
                bands = [
                    source.point(
                        [low_value] * 128 + [high_value] * 128
                    )
                    for low_value, high_value in zip(colors_arr[0], colors_arr[1])
                ]
                img = bands[0] if nb == 1 else Image.merge(mode, bands)
            else:
                img = img.convert(conv)
                if len(lookup) != (hival + 1) * nb:
                    logger_warning("Invalid Lookup Table in %(obj_as_text)s", source=__name__, obj_as_text=obj_as_text)
                    lookup = None
                elif mode == "L":
                    # gray lookup does not work: it is converted to a similar RGB lookup
                    lookup = b"".join([bytes([b, b, b]) for b in lookup])
                    mode = "RGB"
                # TODO: https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/2039
                # this is a work around until PIL is able to process CMYK images
                elif mode == "CMYK":
                    _rgb = []
                    for _c, _m, _y, _k in (
                        lookup[n : n + 4] for n in range(0, 4 * (len(lookup) // 4), 4)
                    ):
                        _r = int(255 * (1 - _c / 255) * (1 - _k / 255))
                        _g = int(255 * (1 - _m / 255) * (1 - _k / 255))
                        _b = int(255 * (1 - _y / 255) * (1 - _k / 255))
                        _rgb.append(bytes((_r, _g, _b)))
                    lookup = b"".join(_rgb)
                    mode = "RGB"
                if lookup is not None:
                    img.putpalette(lookup, rawmode=mode)
            img = img.convert("L" if base == ColorSpaces.DEVICE_GRAY else "RGB")
    elif not is_null_or_none(color_space) and color_space[0] == "/ICCBased":
        # Exclude pure black-and-white images.
        # TODO: The remaining code still does not look correct. Shouldn't the proper way be
        #       to use the original image and apply the ICC transformation on it?
        #       For now, this just loads the original image with a different color space.
        if mode != "1":
            # Table 65 - Additional Entries Specific to an ICC Profile Stream Dictionary
            mode2 = _get_image_mode(color_space, colors, mode)[0]
            if mode != mode2:
                img = Image.frombytes(mode, size, data)  # reloaded as mode may have changed
    if mode == "CMYK":
        image_format = "TIFF"
        extension = ".tif"
    else:
        image_format = "PNG"
        extension = ".png"  # mime_type: "image/png"
    return img, image_format, extension, False


def _handle_jpx(
    size: tuple[int, int],
    data: bytes,
    mode: mode_str_type,
    color_space: str,
    colors: int,
) -> tuple[Image.Image, str, str, bool]:
    """
    Process image encoded as JPX/JPEG2000
    Returns img, image_format, extension, inversion
    """
    img1: Image.Image = Image.open(BytesIO(data), formats=("JPEG2000",))
    mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(color_space, colors, mode)
    if mode == "":
        mode = cast(mode_str_type, img1.mode)
        invert_color = mode == "CMYK"
    if img1.mode == "RGBA" and mode == "RGB":
        mode = "RGBA"
    # we need to convert to the good mode
    if img1.mode == mode or {img1.mode, mode} == {"L", "P"}:  # compare (unordered) sets
        # L and P are indexed modes which should not be changed.
        img = img1
    elif {img1.mode, mode} == {"RGBA", "CMYK"}:
        # RGBA / CMYK are 4bytes encoding where
        # the encoding should be corrected
        img = Image.frombytes(mode, img1.size, img1.tobytes())
    else:  # pragma: no cover
        img = img1.convert(mode)
    # CMYK conversion
    # https://stackverflow.com/questions/38855022/
    if img.mode == "CMYK" and color_space == "/ICCBased":
        img = img.convert("RGB")
    return img, "JPEG2000", ".jp2", invert_color


def _apply_decode(
    img: Image.Image,
    x_object: dict[str, Any],
    lfilters: FT,
    color_space: Union[str, list[Any], Any],
    invert_color: bool,
) -> Image.Image:
    # CMYK image and other color spaces without decode
    # requires reverting scale (cf p243,2§ last sentence)
    if ImageAttributes.DECODE in x_object:
        decode = x_object[ImageAttributes.DECODE]
        if img.mode == "CMYK" and lfilters == FT.DCT_DECODE:
            # Adobe writes CMYK JPEGs with inverted component values, which is
            # what the [min max] -> [1 0] remap in the branches below
            # compensates for. An explicit /Decode array is expressed in terms
            # of the true values, so it has to be combined with that inversion
            # rather than replacing it - otherwise an identity /Decode leaves
            # the image inverted (#2931).
            #
            # Substituting s -> 1-s into dmin + s*(dmax-dmin) gives
            # dmax + s*(dmin-dmax), which is the same pair swapped. A malformed
            # odd-length array is left untouched here and dropped with a
            # warning further down.
            decode = [
                value
                for index in range(0, len(decode) - 1, 2)
                for value in (decode[index + 1], decode[index])
            ]
    elif img.mode == "CMYK" and lfilters == FT.JPX_DECODE:
        decode = [1.0, 0.0] if not invert_color else [0.0, 1.0]
        decode = decode * len(img.getbands())
    elif (img.mode == "CMYK" and lfilters == FT.DCT_DECODE) or (invert_color and img.mode == "L"):
        decode = [1.0, 0.0] * len(img.getbands())
    else:
        decode = None

    if (
        isinstance(color_space, ArrayObject)
        and color_space[0].get_object() == "/Indexed"
    ):
        decode = None  # decode is meaningless if Indexed
    if (
        isinstance(color_space, ArrayObject)
        and color_space[0].get_object() == "/Separation"
    ):
        decode = [1.0, 0.0] * len(img.getbands())
    if decode is not None and (
        not isinstance(decode, list) or len(decode) % 2 != 0
    ):
        # /Decode is read straight from the image dictionary and must hold an
        # even number of values (a [min max] pair per component). A malformed
        # array would otherwise read past its end at decode[i + 1]; drop it and
        # render the image without the remap.
        logger_warning(
            "Ignoring malformed /Decode array %(decode)s; expected an even number of values.",
            source=__name__,
            decode=decode,
        )
        decode = None
    if decode is not None and not all(decode[i] == i % 2 for i in range(len(decode))):
        lut: list[int] = []
        for i in range(0, len(decode), 2):
            dmin = decode[i]
            dmax = decode[i + 1]
            lut.extend(
                round(255.0 * (j / 255.0 * (dmax - dmin) + dmin)) for j in range(256)
            )
        img = img.point(lut)
    return img


def _get_mode_and_invert_color(
    x_object: dict[str, Any], colors: int, color_space: Union[str, list[Any], Any]
) -> tuple[mode_str_type, bool]:
    if (
        ImageAttributes.COLOR_SPACE in x_object
        and x_object[ImageAttributes.COLOR_SPACE] == ColorSpaces.DEVICE_RGB
    ):
        # https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/handbook/concepts.html#modes
        mode: mode_str_type = "RGB"
    if x_object.get("/BitsPerComponent", 8) < 8:
        mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(
            f"{x_object.get('/BitsPerComponent', 8)}bit", 0, ""
        )
    else:
        mode, invert_color = _get_image_mode(
            color_space,
            2
            if (
                colors == 1
                and (
                    not is_null_or_none(color_space)
                    and "Gray" not in color_space
                )
            )
            else colors,
            "",
        )
    return mode, invert_color


def _xobj_to_image(
        x_object: dict[str, Any],
        pillow_parameters: Union[dict[str, Any], None] = None,
        visited: Optional[set[int]] = None,
) -> tuple[Optional[str], bytes, Any]:
    """
    Users need to have the pillow package installed.

    It's unclear if pypdf will keep this function here, hence it's private.
    It might get removed at any point.

    Args:
        x_object:
        pillow_parameters: parameters provided to Pillow Image.save() method,
            cf. <https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/Image.html#PIL.Image.Image.save>
        visited: Set of id() values of XObjects already being converted higher
            up the /SMask chain, used to detect cyclic soft masks.

    Returns:
        Tuple[file extension, bytes, PIL.Image.Image]

    """
    if visited is None:
        visited = set()
    visited.add(id(x_object))

    def _apply_alpha(
        img: Image.Image,
        x_object: dict[str, Any],
        obj_as_text: str,
        image_format: str,
        extension: str,
    ) -> tuple[Image.Image, str, str]:
        if ImageAttributes.S_MASK in x_object:  # add alpha channel
            s_mask = x_object[ImageAttributes.S_MASK]
            if id(s_mask) in visited:
                # A soft mask that refers back to an image already being
                # converted would recurse until the interpreter runs out of
                # stack. Such a chain cannot describe a real alpha channel, so
                # drop the mask and keep the image we have.
                logger_warning(
                    "Ignoring cyclic /SMask reference in %(obj_as_text)s",
                    source=__name__,
                    obj_as_text=obj_as_text,
                )
                return img, extension, image_format
            alpha = _xobj_to_image(s_mask, visited=visited)[2]
            if img.size != alpha.size:
                logger_warning(
                    "image and mask size not matching: %(obj_as_text)s",
                    source=__name__,
                    obj_as_text=obj_as_text,
                )
            else:
                # TODO: implement mask
                if alpha.mode != "L":
                    alpha = alpha.convert("L")
                if img.mode == "P":
                    img = img.convert("RGB")
                elif img.mode == "1":
                    img = img.convert("L")
                img.putalpha(alpha)
            if "JPEG" in image_format:
                image_format = "JPEG2000"
                extension = ".jp2"
            else:
                image_format = "PNG"
                extension = ".png"
        return img, extension, image_format

    # For error reporting
    obj_as_text = (
        x_object.indirect_reference.__repr__()
        if x_object is None  # pragma: no cover
        else x_object.__repr__()
    )

    # Get size and data
    size = (cast(int, x_object[ImageAttributes.WIDTH]), cast(int, x_object[ImageAttributes.HEIGHT]))
    data = x_object.get_data()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    if isinstance(data, str):  # pragma: no cover
        data = data.encode()
    if len(data) % (size[0] * size[1]) == 1 and data[-1] == 0x0A:  # i.e. '\n'
        data = data[:-1]

    # Get color properties
    colors = x_object.get("/Colors", 1)
    color_space: Any = x_object.get("/ColorSpace", NullObject()).get_object()
    if isinstance(color_space, list) and len(color_space) == 1:
        color_space = color_space[0].get_object()

    mode, invert_color = _get_mode_and_invert_color(x_object, colors, color_space)

    # Get filters
    filters = x_object.get(StreamAttributes.FILTER, NullObject()).get_object()
    lfilters = filters[-1] if isinstance(filters, list) else filters
    decode_parms = x_object.get(StreamAttributes.DECODE_PARMS)
    if decode_parms and isinstance(decode_parms, (tuple, list)):
        decode_parms = decode_parms[0]
    else:
        decode_parms = {}
    if not isinstance(decode_parms, dict):
        decode_parms = {}

    extension = None
    if lfilters in (FT.FLATE_DECODE, FT.RUN_LENGTH_DECODE):
        img, image_format, extension, _ = _handle_flate(
            size,
            data,
            mode,
            color_space,
            colors,
            obj_as_text,
        )
    elif lfilters in (FT.LZW_DECODE, FT.ASCII_85_DECODE):
        # I'm not sure if the following logic is correct.
        # There might not be any relationship between the filters and the
        # extension
        if lfilters == FT.LZW_DECODE:
            image_format = "TIFF"
            extension = ".tiff"  # mime_type = "image/tiff"
        else:
            image_format = "PNG"
            extension = ".png"  # mime_type = "image/png"
        try:
            img = Image.open(BytesIO(data), formats=("TIFF", "PNG"))
        except UnidentifiedImageError:
            fallback_mode, fallback_data = _expand_low_bit_samples(
                mode, size, data, color_space
            )
            img = _image_from_bytes(fallback_mode, size, fallback_data)
    elif lfilters == FT.DCT_DECODE:
        img, image_format, extension = Image.open(BytesIO(data)), "JPEG", ".jpg"
        # invert_color kept unchanged
    elif lfilters == FT.JPX_DECODE:
        img, image_format, extension, invert_color = _handle_jpx(
            size, data, mode, color_space, colors
        )
    elif lfilters == FT.CCITT_FAX_DECODE:
        img, image_format, extension, invert_color = (
            Image.open(BytesIO(data), formats=("TIFF",)),
            "TIFF",
            ".tiff",
            False,
        )
    elif lfilters == FT.JBIG2_DECODE:
        img, image_format, extension, invert_color = (
            Image.open(BytesIO(data), formats=("PNG", "PPM")),
            "PNG",
            ".png",
            False,
        )
    elif mode == "CMYK":
        img, image_format, extension, invert_color = (
            _image_from_bytes(mode, size, data),
            "TIFF",
            ".tif",
            False,
        )
    elif mode == "":
        raise PdfReadError(f"ColorSpace field not found in {x_object}")
    else:
        # Images without a filter (for example inline images) reach Pillow
        # directly, so low-bit samples have to be expanded here as well.
        mode, data = _expand_low_bit_samples(mode, size, data, color_space)
        img, image_format, extension, invert_color = (
            _image_from_bytes(mode, size, data),
            "PNG",
            ".png",
            False,
        )

    img = _apply_decode(img, x_object, lfilters, color_space, invert_color)
    img, extension, image_format = _apply_alpha(
        img, x_object, obj_as_text, image_format, extension
    )

    if pillow_parameters is None:
        pillow_parameters = {}
    # Preserve JPEG image quality - see issue #3515.
    if image_format == "JPEG":
        # This prevents: Cannot use 'keep' when original image is not a JPEG:
        # "JPEG" is the value of PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile.format
        img.format = "JPEG"
        if "quality" not in pillow_parameters:
            pillow_parameters["quality"] = "keep"

    # Save image to bytes
    img_byte_arr = BytesIO()
    try:
        img.save(img_byte_arr, format=image_format, **pillow_parameters)
    except OSError:  # pragma: no cover  # covered with pillow 10.3
        # in case of we convert to RGBA and then to PNG
        img1 = img.convert("RGBA")
        image_format = "PNG"
        extension = ".png"
        img_byte_arr = BytesIO()
        img1.save(img_byte_arr, format=image_format)
    data = img_byte_arr.getvalue()

    try:  # temporary try/except until other fixes of images
        img = Image.open(BytesIO(data))
    except Exception as exception:
        logger_warning("Failed loading image: %(exception)s", source=__name__, exception=exception)
        img = None  # type: ignore[assignment,unused-ignore]  # TODO: Remove unused-ignore on Python 3.10
    return extension, data, img
