Ada Reference Manual (Ada 2022) — Legal Information

# 10.2 Program Execution

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An Ada program consists of a set of partitions, which can execute in parallel with one another, possibly in a separate address space, and possibly on a separate computer.

#### Post-Compilation Rules

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A partition is a program or part of a program that can be invoked from outside the Ada implementation. For example, on many systems, a partition can be an executable file generated by the system linker. The user can explicitly assign library units to a partition. The assignment is done in an implementation-defined manner. The compilation units included in a partition are those of the explicitly assigned library units, as well as other compilation units needed by those library units. The compilation units needed by a given compilation unit (the needed compilation units) are determined as follows (unless specified otherwise via an implementation-defined pragma, or by some other implementation-defined means):
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A compilation unit is a needed compilation unit of itself;
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If a compilation unit is among the needed compilation units, then so are any compilation units upon which it depends semantically;
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If a library_unit_declaration is among the needed compilation units, then so is any corresponding library_unit_body;
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If a compilation unit with stubs is among the needed compilation units, then so are any corresponding subunits;
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If the (implicit) declaration of the limited view of a library package is among the needed compilation units, then so is the explicit declaration of the library package.
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The user can optionally designate (in an implementation-defined manner) one subprogram as the main subprogram for the partition. A main subprogram, if specified, shall be a subprogram.
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Each partition has an anonymous environment task, which is an implicit outermost task whose execution elaborates the library_items of the environment declarative_part, and then calls the main subprogram, if there is one. A partition's execution is that of its tasks.
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The order of elaboration of library units is determined primarily by the elaboration dependences. There is an elaboration dependence of a given library_item upon another if the given library_item or any of its subunits depends semantically on the other library_item. In addition, if a given library_item or any of its subunits has a pragma Elaborate or Elaborate_All that names another library unit, then there is an elaboration dependence of the given library_item upon the body of the other library unit, and, for Elaborate_All only, upon each library_item that is a needed compilation unit of the declaration of the other library unit.
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The environment task for a partition has the following structure:
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task Environment_Task;
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task body Environment_Task is
... (1) -- The environment declarative_part
-- (that is, the sequence of library_item s) goes here.
begin
... (2) -- Call the main subprogram, if there is one.
end Environment_Task;
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The environment declarative_part at (1) is a sequence of declarative_items consisting of copies of the library_items included in the partition. The order of elaboration of library_items is the order in which they appear in the environment declarative_part:
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The order of all included library_items is such that there are no forward elaboration dependences.
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Any included library_unit_declaration for which aspect Elaborate_Body is True is immediately followed by its library_unit_body, if included.
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All library_items declared pure occur before any that are not declared pure.
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All preelaborated library_items occur before any that are not preelaborated.
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There shall be a total order of the library_items that obeys the above rules. The order is otherwise implementation defined.
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The full expanded names of the library units and subunits included in a given partition shall be distinct.
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The sequence_of_statements of the environment task (see (2) above) consists of either:
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A call to the main subprogram, if the partition has one. If the main subprogram has parameters, they are passed; where the actuals come from is implementation defined. What happens to the result of a main function is also implementation defined.
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or:
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A null_statement, if there is no main subprogram.
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The mechanisms for building and running partitions are implementation defined. These can be combined into one operation, as, for example, in dynamic linking, or “load-and-go” systems.

#### Dynamic Semantics

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The execution of a program consists of the execution of a set of partitions. Further details are implementation defined. The execution of a partition starts with the execution of its environment task, ends when the environment task terminates, and includes the executions of all tasks of the partition. The execution of the (implicit) task_body of the environment task acts as a master for all other tasks created as part of the execution of the partition. When the environment task completes (normally or abnormally), it waits for the termination of all such tasks, and then finalizes any remaining objects of the partition.

#### Bounded (Run-Time) Errors

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Once the environment task has awaited the termination of all other tasks of the partition, any further attempt to create a task (during finalization) is a bounded error, and may result in the raising of Program_Error either upon creation or activation of the task. If such a task is activated, it is not specified whether the task is awaited prior to termination of the environment task.

#### Implementation Requirements

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The implementation shall ensure that all compilation units included in a partition are consistent with one another, and are legal according to the rules of the language.

#### Implementation Permissions

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The kind of partition described in this subclause is known as an active partition. An implementation is allowed to support other kinds of partitions, with implementation-defined semantics.
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An implementation may restrict the kinds of subprograms it supports as main subprograms. However, an implementation is required to support all main subprograms that are public parameterless library procedures.
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If the environment task completes abnormally, the implementation may abort any dependent tasks.
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NOTE 1 An implementation can provide inter-partition communication mechanism(s) via special packages and pragmas. Standard pragmas for distribution and methods for specifying inter-partition communication are defined in Annex E, “Distributed Systems”. If no such mechanisms are provided, then each partition is isolated from all others, and behaves as a program in and of itself.
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NOTE 2 Partitions are not required to run in separate address spaces. For example, an implementation can support dynamic linking via the partition concept.
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NOTE 3 An order of elaboration of library_items that is consistent with the partial ordering defined above does not always ensure that each library_unit_body is elaborated before any other compilation unit whose elaboration necessitates that the library_unit_body be already elaborated. (In particular, there is no requirement that the body of a library unit be elaborated as soon as possible after the library_unit_declaration is elaborated, unless the pragmas or aspects in 10.2.1 are used.)
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NOTE 4 A partition (active or otherwise) does not necessarily have a main subprogram. In such a case, all the work done by the partition would be done by elaboration of various library_items, and by tasks created by that elaboration. Passive partitions, which cannot have main subprograms, are defined in Annex E, “Distributed Systems”.

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