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# Udev on Fedora

## by Harald Hoyer

This document tries to reveal the secrets of udev and how it works on Fedora.

udev was developed by Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com> with much help from Dan Stekloff <dsteklof@us.ibm.com>, Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>, and many others.

The udev homepage and the Linux-hotplug-devel mailing list https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/linux-hotplug-devel are the main development sources.

## What Does Udev Do?

udev provides a dynamic device directory containing only the files for actually present devices. It creates or removes device node files usually located in the `/dev/` directory, or it renames network interfaces.

As part of the hotplug subsystem, udev is executed if a kernel device is added or removed from the system. On device creation, udev reads the sysfs directory of the given device to collect device attributes like label, serial number or bus device number. These attributes may be used as keys to determine a unique name for the device. udev maintains a database for devices present on the system. On device removal, udev queries its database for the name of the device file to be deleted.

udev gets called by hotplug, if a module is loaded, and a device is added or removed. udev looks in `/sys/`, if the driver provides a "dev" file, which contains the major and minor number for a device node to communicate with the driver. After looking in the udev rules (in the `/etc/udev/rules.d/` directory), which specify the device node filename and symlinks, a device node is created in `/dev/` with the permissions, which are specified in `/etc/udev/permissions.d/`.

After device node creation, removal, or network device renaming, udev executes the programs in the directory tree under `/etc/dev.d/`. The name of a program must end with the `.dev` suffix, to be recognized. In addition to the hotplug environment variables, DEVNAME is exported to make the name of the created node or the name the network device is renamed to, available to the executed program. The programs in every directory are sorted in lexical order, while the directories are searched in the following order:

- `/etc/dev.d/$(DEVNAME)/*.dev`
- `/etc/dev.d/$(SUBSYSTEM)/*.dev`
- `/etc/dev.d/default/*.dev`

## How is Udev Integrated on Fedora?

### `initrd` / `initfs`

`mkinitrd` copies `/sbin/udev.static` to the `initrd` `/sbin/udev` and symlinks it to `/sbin/udevstart`.

After the kernel boots, it executes the nash script of the `initrd`. This mounts a tmpfs filesystem on `/dev/`. Instead of hotplug `/sbin/udev` is called in the `initrd` phase. udevstart creates all device nodes for the devices, which are compiled in the kernel and for the modules, which are loaded by nash.

#### Problems

The whole udev and hotplug infrastructure is not available in `initrd`. Thus no hotplug scripts, udev rules, and permissions and no `/etc/dev.d/` scripts are executed for any hotplug event, which is sent from the kernel.

### `rc.sysinit`

First, if SELinux is loaded and enabled, the context of `/dev/` is set. `rc.sysinit` calls `/sbin/start_udev`. `start_udev` mounts a tmpfs filesystem on `/dev/`, if there is none already mounted. Then it creates some device nodes, which need module autoloading, or where there is no kernel module. After that `/sbin/udevstart` is called again, which simulates the hotplug events in the `initrd` phase, to apply the whole udev rules and permissions. After that `rc.sysinit` parses the ouput of `/sbin/kmodule` and loads every module. This should provide device nodes for all hardware found on your computer.

### Console User Permissions

`/etc/dev.d/default/pam_console.dev` is called whenever a device node is created and calls `/sbin/pam_console_setowner` with the filename (and an optional symlink) of the device node. This sets the permissions for console users like specified in `/etc/security/console.perms`.

## Customizing Udev on Fedora

Read the manpage of udev and udevinfo. Please try not to modify the files of RPM packages.

### New Rules

New rules should be placed in a file, which ends in `.rules` in `/etc/udev/rules.d/`. Please do not use `50-udev.rules`. The supported and preferred way is to create rules without the "NAME" tag and only create "SYMLINK"s.

A nice document describing how to write rules can be found on http://www.reactivated.net/udevrules.php.

### Permissions

New permissions should be placed in a file, which ends in `.permissions` in `/etc/udev/permissions.d/`. Please do not use `50-udev.permissions`.

### But I Really Want My Device Node!

Put them in `/etc/udev/devices/`, and they will get copied to `/dev/`. File a bugzilla entry, if you think that should be done per default.

## Updating to udev Without `/dev/`

The steps to upgrade without Anaconda or a rescue CD are (NOT recommended):

- start from a kernel-2.6
- Make sure `/sys/` is mounted
- Install the latest `initscripts` package
- Install the latest `udev` package
- Execute `/sbin/start_udev`
- Install the latest `mkinitrd` package
- Install the latest `kernel` package
- Or execute `mkinitrd` for your existing kernel(s)

## Udev without `initrd`

Install Fedore Core as usual and reboot. Execute the following commands

    mkdir /tmp/dev
    mount --move /dev /tmp/dev
    sbin/MAKEDEV null console zero
    mount --move /tmp/dev /dev

Install your kernel without an `initrd`. Reboot.

You will get some SELinux errors, and syslogd will not work as expected.

## Current Problems on Fedora

All open bugs for `udev`

### Nvidia

Quick solution: If you do not need rhgb, just load the nvidia module in `/etc/rc.local`

If you have udev >= 032-5, load the nvidia module:

    cp -a /dev/nvidia* /etc/udev/devices
    chown root.root /etc/udev/devices/nvidia*

The Bugzilla for this problem is 133900.

### Palm Pilot

If you have udev >= 032-5, execute the command:

    ln -s ttyUSB1 /etc/udev/devices/pilot

### ISDN

If you have udev >= 032-5:

    /sbin/MAKEDEV -d /etc/udev/devices isdn