<sect1 id="tool-scriptbuilder">
<title>The Script Builder Tool</title>
<indexterm><primary>Tools</primary>
<secondary>Script Builder</secondary>
</indexterm>

<para>
KDE applications can be controlled externally from another program,
from a console prompt, or from a shell script using the Desktop
COmmunication Protocol (<abbrev>DCOP</abbrev>).  KStars takes
advantage of this feature to allow rather complex behaviors to be
scripted and played back at any time.  This can be used, for example,
to create a classroom demo to illustrate an astronomical concept.
</para>
<para>
The problem with DCOP scripts is, writing them is a bit like
programming, and can seem a daunting task to those who do not have
programming experience.  The Script Builder Tool provides a
<abbrev>GUI</abbrev> point-and-click interface for constructing
KStars DCOP scripts, making it very easy to create complex scripts.
</para>

<sect2 id="sb-intro">
<title>Introduction to the Script Builder</title>

<para>
Before explaining how to use the Script Builder, I provide a very
brief introduction to all of the <abbrev>GUI</abbrev> components;
for more infomation, use the "What's This?" function.
</para>

<screenshot>
<screeninfo>
The Script Builder Tool
</screeninfo>
<mediaobject>
  <imageobject>
    <imagedata fileref="scriptbuilder.png" format="PNG"/>
  </imageobject>
  <textobject>
    <phrase>Script Builder Tool</phrase>
  </textobject>
</mediaobject>
</screenshot>

<para>
The Script Builder is shown in the above screenshot.  The box on the
left is the <firstterm>Current Script box</firstterm>; it shows the
list of commands that comprise the current working script.  The box
on the right is the <firstterm>Function Browser</firstterm>; it
displays the list of all available script functions.  Below the
Function Browser, there is a small panel which will display short
documentation about the script function highlighted in the Function
Browser.  The panel below the Current Script box is the
<firstterm>Function Arguments panel</firstterm>; when a function is
highlighted in the Current Script box, this panel will contain items
for specifying values for any arguments that the highlighted function
requires.
</para><para>
Along the top of the window, there is a row of buttons which operate
on the script as a whole.  From left to right, they are:
<guibutton>New Script</guibutton>, <guibutton>Open Script</guibutton>,
<guibutton>Save Script</guibutton>, <guibutton>Save Script
As...</guibutton>, and <guibutton>Test Script</guibutton>.  The
function of these buttons should be obvious, except perhaps the last
button.  Pressing <guibutton>Test Script</guibutton> will attempt to
run the current script in the main KStars window.  You should move
the Script Builder window out of the way before pressing this, so you
can see the results.
</para><para>
In the center of the window, there is a column of buttons which operate
on individual script functions.  From top to bottom, they are:
<guibutton>Add Function</guibutton>, <guibutton>Remove
Function</guibutton>, <guibutton>Copy Function</guibutton>,
<guibutton>Move Up</guibutton>, and <guibutton>Move Down</guibutton>.
<guibutton>Add Function</guibutton> adds the currently-highlighted
function in the Function Browser to the Current Script box (you can
also add a function by double-clicking on it).  The rest of the
buttons operate on the function highlighted in the Current Script box,
either removing it, duplicating it, or changing its position in the
current script.
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="sb-using">
<title>Using the Script Builder</title>
<para>
In order to illustrate using the Script Builder, we present a small
tutorial example where we make a script that tracks the Moon while
the clock runs at an accelerated rate.
</para><para>
If we are going to track the Moon, we will need to point the display
at it first.  The <firstterm>lookToward</firstterm> function
is used to do this.  Highlight this function in the Function Browser,
and note the documentation displayed in the panel below the Browser.
Press the <guibutton>Add Function</guibutton> button to add this
function to the Current Script box.  The Function Arguments panel
will now contain a combobox labeled <quote>dir</quote>, short for
direction.  This is the direction in which the display should
be pointed.  The combobox contains only the cardinal compass points,
not the Moon or any other objects.  You can either enter
<quote>Moon</quote> in the box manually, or press the
<guibutton>Object</guibutton> button to use the <guilabel>Find
Object</guilabel> window to select the Moon from the list of named
objects.  Note that, as usual, centering on an object automatically
engages object-tracking mode, so there is no need to add the
<firstterm>setTracking</firstterm> function after lookToward.
</para><para>
Now that we have taken care of pointing at the Moon, we next want to
make time pass at an accelerated rate.  Use the
<firstterm>setClockScale</firstterm> function for this.  Add it to
the script by double-clicking on it in the Function Browser.  The
Function Arguments panel contains a timestep spinbox for setting the
desired time step for the simulation clock.  Change the timestep to
3 hours.
</para><para>
OK, we have pointed at the Moon and accelerated the clock.  Now we just
want the script to wait for several seconds while the display tracks
on the Moon.  Add the <firstterm>waitFor</firstterm> function to the
script, and use the Function Arguments panel to specify that it should
wait for 20 seconds before continuing.
</para><para>
To finish up, let us reset the clock's timestep to the normal value
of 1 second.  Add another instance of setClockScale, and set its value
to 1 sec.
</para><para>
Actually, we are not quite done yet.  We should probably make sure that
the display is using Equatorial coordinates before the script tracks
the Moon with an accelerated time step.  Otherwise, if the display is
using Horizontal coordinates, it will rotate very quickly through
large angles as the Moon rises and sets.  This can be very confusing,
and is avoided by setting the View Option
<firstterm>UseAltAz</firstterm> to <quote>false</quote>.  To change
any View Option, use the <firstterm>changeViewOption</firstterm>
function.  Add this function to the script, and examine the Function
Arguments panel.  There is a combobox which contains the list of all
options which can be adjusted by changeViewOption.  Since we know
we want the UseAltAz option, we could simply select it from the
combobox.  However, the list is quite long, and there is no
explanation of what each item is for.  It therefore may be easier to
press the <guibutton>Browse Tree</guibutton> button, which will open
a window containing a tree view of the available options, organized by
topic.  In addition, each item has a short explanation of what the
option does, and the data type of the option's value.  We find
UseAltAz under the <guilabel>Skymap options</guilabel> category.
Just highlight this item and press <guibutton>OK</guibutton>, and it
will be selected in the combobox of the Function Arguments panel.
Finally, make its value <quote>false</quote> or <quote>0</quote>.
</para><para>
One more step:  changing UseAltAz at the end of the script does us no
good; we need this to be changed before anything else happens.  So,
make sure this function is highlighted in the Current Script box,
and press the <guibutton>Move Up</guibutton> button until it is the
first function.
</para><para>
Now that we have finished the script, we should save it to disk.
Press the <guibutton>Save Script</guibutton> button.  This will first
open a window in which you can provide a name for the script, and fill
in your name as the author.  Enter <quote>Tracking the Moon</quote>
for a name, and your name as the author, and press
<guibutton>OK</guibutton>.  Next, you will see the standard &kde; Save
File dialog.  Specify a filename for the script and press
<guibutton>OK</guibutton> to save the script.  Note that if your
filename does not end with <quote>.kstars</quote>, this suffix
will be automatically attached.  If you are curious, you can examine the
script file with any text editor.
</para><para>
Now that we have a completed script, we can run it in a couple of ways.
From a console prompt, you can simply execute the script as long as an
instance of KStars is currently running.  Alternatively, you can execute
the script from within KStars using the <guimenuitem>Run
Script</guimenuitem> item in the <guimenu>File</guimenu> menu.
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="sb-indi">
  <title>Device Automation with INDI</title>
  <para>
    Device scheduling and automation is supported for all <link linkend="what-is-indi">INDI</link>-compliant devices. You can coordinate any number of devices to perform complex operations using &kstars; <link linkend="sb-intro">Script Builder</link>. This can be accomplished by using &kstars; INDI DCOP interface, which provides different classes of functions to suit your tasks. The INDI DCOP functions can be decomposed into four different classes. The following is a review of the functions and their arguments as supported in KStars. It it highly recommened to read the <link linkend="indi-concepts">INDI Concepts</link> section as we will employ key INDI concepts throughout this tutorial.</para>
  <orderedlist>
    <listitem><para>Generic Device Functions: Functions to establish/shutdown devices..etc.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para><function>startINDI (QString deviceName, bool useLocal)</function> : Establish an INDI service either as local or server.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>shutdownINDI (QString deviceName)</function> : Shutdown the INDI service.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>switchINDI(QString deviceName, bool turnOn)</function> : Connect or Disconnect an INDI device.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIPort(QString deviceName, QString port)</function> : Set the device's connection port.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIAction(QString deviceName, QString action)</function> : Activate an INDI action. The action can be any <emphasis>element</emphasis> of a <emphasis>switch property</emphasis></para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>waitForINDIAction(QString deviceName, QString action)</function> : Pause script execution until the specefied action <emphasis>property</emphasis> returns with OK status.</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>Telescope Functions: Functions to control the telescope motion and status.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIScopeAction(QString deviceName, QString action)</function> : Set the telescope mode or action. Available options are SLEW, TRACK, SYNC, PARK, and ABORT.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDITargetCoord(QString deviceName, double RA, double DEC)</function> : Set the telescope JNow target coordinates to <emphasis>RA</emphasis> and <emphasis>DEC</emphasis>.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDITargetName(QString deviceName, QString objectName)</function> : Set the telescope JNow target coordinates to the coordinates of <emphasis>objectName</emphasis>. KStars will lookup the object name in its database and will fetch RA and Dec once found.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIGeoLocation(QString deviceName, double longitude, double latitude)</function> : Set the telescope geographical location to the longitude and latitude as specified. The longitude is calculated E of N. For example, Calgary, Canada coordinates in KStars are longitude: -114 04 58 - latitude: 51 02 58. <emphasis>Only</emphasis> negative longitudes need to be converted. To convert the longitude to E of N notation, we consider the longitude positive and add 180 degrees to it. So in our example, INDI's longitude = 114 04 08 + 180 00 00 = 294 04 08 E of N.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIUTC(QString ddeviceName, QString UTCDateTime)</function> : Set the telescope UTC Date and Time in ISO 8601 format. The format is YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS (e.g. 2004-07-12T22:05:32).</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>Focouser Functions: Functions to control the focuser motion and status.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
      <listitem><para><function>setINDIFocusSpeed(QString deviceName, QString action)</function> : Set the focuser speed. Available options are FOCUS_HALT, FOCUS_SLOW, FOCUS_MEDIUM, and FOCUS_FAST.</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para><function>setINDIFocusTimeout(QString deviceName, int timeout)</function> : Set the duration in seconds for any subsequent startINDIFocus operations.</para></listitem>
      <listitem><para><function>startINDIFocus(QString deviceName, int focusDir)</function> : Move the focuser either inward (focusDir = 0) or outward (focusDir = 1). The speed and duration of this operation is set by the <function>setINDIFocusSpeed()</function> and <function>setINDIFocusTimeout()</function> functions.</para></listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
    <listitem><para>Camera/CCD Functions: Functions to control the camera/CCD properties and status.</para>
      <itemizedlist>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDICCDTemp(QString deviceName, int temp)</function> : Set the CCD chip target temperature in degrees celsius.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>setINDIFrameType(QString deviceName, QString type)</function> : Set the CCD frame type. Available options are FRAME_LIGHT, FRAME_BIAS, FRAME_DARK, and FRAME_FLAT.</para></listitem>
	<listitem><para><function>startINDIExposure(QString deviceName, int timeout)</function> : Start the CCD/Camera exposure for the duration specified by <emphasis>timeout</emphasis> in seconds.</para></listitem>
      </itemizedlist>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>
  
<para>
Note that the device name is the first argument of all INDI functions. This permits different commands that are sent to different INDI devices to be intermixed togeather in one script. The Script Builder tool provides two options to facilitate the creation and editing of INDI scripts:</para>
<itemizedlist>
  <listitem><para><option>Append waitForINDIAction after any INDI action</option> : When checked, the Script Builder tool will automatically add <function>waitForINDIAction()</function> after any action it recognizes. For example, If you add <function>switchINDI()</function> function to the script and this option was checked, the Script Builder will add "waitForINDIAction CONNECTION" in the script file just after <function>switchINDI()</function>. This will cause the script to pause after it issues <function>switchINDI()</function> until <function>switchINDI()</function> returns with OK status (&ie; device connection was successful). It is critically important to know that the Script Builder cannot automatically add <function>waitForINDIAction()</function> for generic actions added using the <function>setINDIAction()</function> function. This is because KStars cannot determine the parent property of generic actions. Therefore, you must manually add <function>waitForINDIAction()</function> after generic actions when desired.</para>
  </listitem>
  <listitem><para><option>Reuse INDI device name</option> : When checked, the device name field of all subsequent functions is automatically filled with the last device name. The last device name is set every time <function>startINDI()</function> function is added to the current script. When working with multiple devices, it is recommened to have this option off.</para>
  </listitem>
</itemizedlist>

<para>Now we are ready to create a demo script that controls LX200 GPS telescope, in addition to Finger Lakes CCD camera. Our task is simple. We will ask the telescope to slew and track Mars, then we will ask the camera to take three shots 10 seconds each seperated by 20 seconds.</para>
<important><para>Since there is no direct feedback from the INDI DCOP interface about the progress, value, or status of the device operations and parameters (except for <function>waitForINDIAction()</function>), device automation in KStars is similar to an open-loop control system. In such a system, there is usually no direct feedback to measure the progress of the system and to correct for errors. Consequently, you must design your device automation scripts with careful consideration. All automation scripts must be subjected to rigorous testing before deployment.</para></important>

<screenshot>
  <screeninfo>
    The Script Builder Tool
  </screeninfo>
  <mediaobject>
    <imageobject>
      <imagedata fileref="indiscript.png" format="PNG"/>
    </imageobject>
    <textobject>
      <phrase>Script Builder Tool</phrase>
    </textobject>
  </mediaobject>
</screenshot>

<para>The demo script is shown in the above screenshot. Note that we checked <option>"Append waitForINDIAction after any INDI action"</option> and unchecked <option>"Reuse INDI device name"</option>. The first function to add is <function>startINDI()</function> as shown above. We want to run our devices as local, so we will not change the service mode provided in the function arguments window. We type in our device name, starting with the telescope "LX200 GPS". We repeat the same operation again for "FLI CCD". There is a <function>waitFor()</function> function after that. It is generally recommended to use <function>waitFor()</function> function immediately after <function>startINDI()</function> to pause the script for 1-5 seconds. This will ensure that all properties are built and are ready to receive command. It is also useful for controlling remote devices because retrieving and building properties might take some time. In the next function, <function>switchINDI()</function>, we connect to each device.</para>

<para>Since <option>"Append waitForINDIAction after any INDI action"</option> is checked, we don't need to add <function>waitForINDIAction()</function> after <function>switchINDI()</function> to insure that we only continue executing the script after we successfully connect. This is because the Script Builder tool will do this automatically for us when we save the script. Now let's set the telescope mode to tracking, click on the <function>setINDIScopeAction()</function> function and select TRACK. Note that we need to set the telescope to tracking <emphasis>before</emphasis> issuing the coordinates it needs to track. The <function>setINDIScopeAction()</function> function is provided for convinience; since in this example, it simply issues a generic <function>setINDIAction()</function> function followed by the keyword TRACK. However, the benefit of using <function>setINDIScopeAction()</function> is that KStars can automatically append <function>waitForINDIAction()</function> after it when required. This facility is not automatically available to generic actions as we discussed before.</para>

<para>Next we use the <function>setINDITargetName()</function> function and set it to Mars. Finally, the last few steps involve capturing an image for 10 seconds which can be done by using <function>startINDIExposure()</function> function, and waiting for 20 seconds in between which can be done by using <function>waitFor()</function> function with a value of 20.</para>

<para>We can now save our script and execute it at any time. The saved script will be similar to this:</para>
<blockquote><programlisting>
    #!/bin/bash
    #KStars DCOP script: Demo Script
    #by Jasem Mutlaq
    #last modified: Thu Jan 6 2005 09:58:26
    #
    KSTARS=`dcopfind -a 'kstars*'`
    MAIN=KStarsInterface
    CLOCK=clock#1
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  startINDI "LX200 GPS" true
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  startINDI "FLI CCD" true
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitFor 3
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  switchINDI "LX200 GPS" true
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "LX200 GPS" CONNECTION
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  switchINDI "FLI CCD" true
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "FLI CCD" CONNECTION
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  setINDIScopeAction "LX200 GPS" TRACK
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "LX200 GPS" ON_COORD_SET
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  setINDITargetName "LX200 GPS" Mars
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "LX200 GPS" EQUATORIAL_EOD_COORD
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  startINDIExposure "FLI CCD" 10
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "FLI CCD" EXPOSE_DURATION
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitFor 20
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  startINDIExposure "FLI CCD" 10
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "FLI CCD" EXPOSE_DURATION
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitFor 20
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  startINDIExposure "FLI CCD" 10
    dcop $KSTARS $MAIN  waitForINDIAction "FLI CCD" EXPOSE_DURATION
</programlisting>
</blockquote>
</sect2>
</sect1>

