# TwoLAME: MPEG Audio Layer II VBR

version 0.3.13

## Contents

- Introduction

- Usage

- Bitrate Ranges for various Sampling frequencies

- Why can’t the bitrate vary from 32kbps to 384kbps for every file?

- Short Answer

- Long Answer

- Tech Stuff

## Introduction

VBR mode works by selecting a different bitrate for each frame. Frames which are harder to encode will be allocated more bits i.e. a higher bitrate.

LayerII VBR is a complete hack - the ISO standard actually says that decoders are not required to support it. As a hack, its implementation is a pain to try and understand. If you’re mega-keen to get full range VBR working, either (a) send me money (b) grab the ISO standard and a C compiler and email me.

## Usage

    twolame -v [level] inputfile outputfile.

A level of 5 works very well for me.

The level value can is a measurement of quality - the higher the level the higher the average bitrate of the resultant file. See TECH STUFF for a better explanation of what the value does.

The confusing part of my implementation of LayerII VBR is that it’s different from MP3 VBR.

- The range of bitrates used is controlled by the input sampling frequency. (See below "Bitrate ranges")

- The tendency to use higher bitrates is governed by the <level>.

E.g. Say you have a 44.1kHz Stereo file. In VBR mode, the bitrate can range from 192 to 384 kbps.

Using "-v -5" will force the encoder to favour the lower bitrate.

Using "-v 5" will force the encoder to favour the upper bitrate.

The value can actually be any int. -27, 233, 47. The larger the number, the greater the bitrate bias.

## Bitrate Ranges

When making a VBR stream, the bitrate is only allowed to vary within set limits

    48kHz
    Stereo: 112-384kbps  Mono: 56-192kbps

    44.1kHz & 32kHz
    Stereo: 192-384kbps  Mono: 96-192kbps

    24kHz, 22.05kHz & 16kHz
    Stereo/Mono: 8-160kbps

## Why doesn’t the VBR mode work the same as MP3VBR? The Short Answer

Why can’t the bitrate vary from 32kbps to 384kbps for every file?

According to the standard (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993) Section 2.4.2.3

    "In order to provide the smallest possible delay and complexity, the
     decoder is not required to support a continuously variable bitrate when
     in layer I or II.  Layer III supports variable bitrate by switching the
     bitrate index."

    and

    "For Layer II, not all combinations of total bitrate and mode are allowed."

Hence, most LayerII coders would not have been written with VBR in mind, and LayerII VBR is a hack. It works for limited cases. Getting it to work to the same extent as MP3-style VBR will be a major hack.

(If you really want better bitrate ranges, read "The Long Answer" and submit your mega-patch.)

## Why doesn’t the VBR mode work the same as MP3VBR? The Long Answer

Why can’t the bitrate vary from 32kbps to 384kbps for every file?

### Reason 1: The standard limits the range

As quoted above from the standard for 48/44.1/32kHz:

    "For Layer II, not all combinations of total bitrate and mode are allowed. See
     the following table."

    Bitrate         Allowed Modes
    (kbps)
    32              mono only
    48              mono only
    56              mono only
    64              all modes
    80              mono only
    96              all modes
    112             all modes
    128             all modes
    160             all modes
    192             all modes
    224             stereo only
    256             stereo only
    320             stereo only
    384             stereo only

So based upon this table alone, you could have VBR stereo encoding which varies smoothly from 96 to 384kbps. Or you could have have VBR mono encoding which varies from 32 to 192kbps. But since the top and bottom bitrates don’t apply to all modes, it would be impossible to have a stereo file encoded from 32 to 384 kbps.

But this isn’t what is really limiting the allowable bitrate range - the bit allocation tables are the major hurdle.

### Reason 2: The bit allocation tables don’t allow it

From the standard, Section 2.4.3.3.1 "Bit allocation decoding"

    "For different combinations of bitrate and sampling frequency, different bit
     allocation tables exist.

These bit allocation tables are pre-determined tables (in Annex B of the standard) which indicate

- how many bits to read for the initial data (2,3 or 4)

- these bits are then used as an index back into the table to find the number of quantize levels for the samples in this subband

But the table used (and hence the number of bits and the calculated index) are different for different combinations of bitrate and sampling frequency.

I will use TableB.2a as an example.

Table B.2a Applies for the following combinations.

    Sampling Freq           Bitrates in (kbps/channel) [emphasis: this is a PER CHANNEL bitrate]
    48                      56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192
    44.1                    56, 64, 80
    32                      56, 64, 80

If we have a STEREO 48kHz input file, and we use this table, then the bitrates we could calculate from this would be 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbps.

This table contains no information on how to encode stuff at bitrates less than 112kbps (for a stereo file). You would have to load allocation table B.2c to encode stereo at 64kbps and 128kbps.

Since it would be a MAJOR piece of hacking to get the different tables shifted in and out during the encoding process, once an allocation table is loaded IT IS NOT CHANGED.

Hence, the best table is picked at the start of the encoding process, and the encoder is stuck with it for the rest of the encode.

For twolame-02j, I have picked the table it loads for different sampling frequencies in order to optimize the range of bitrates possible.

    48 kHz - Table B.2a
             Stereo Bitrate Range: 112 - 384
             Mono Bitrate Range : 56 - 192

    44.1/32 kHz - Table B.2b
            Stereo Bitrate Range: 192 - 384
            Mono Bitrate Range: 96 - 192

    24/22.05/16 kHz - LSF Table (Standard ISO/IEC 13818.3:1995 Annex B, Table B.1)
            There is only 1 table for the Lower Sampling Frequencies
            All modes (mono and stereo) are allowable at all bitrates
            So at the Lower Sampling Frequencies you *can* have a completely variable
            bitrate over the entire range.

## Tech Stuff

The VBR mode is mainly centered around the main_bit_allocation() and a_bit_allocation() routines in encode.c.

The limited range of VBR is due to my particular implementation which restricts ranges to within one alloc table (see tables B.2a, B.2b, B.2c and B.2d in ISO 11172). The VBR range for 32/44.1khz lies within B.2b, and the 48khz VBR lies within table B.2a.

I’m not sure whether it is worth extending these ranges down to lower bitrates. The work required to switch alloc tables during the encoding is major.

In the case of silence, it might be worth doing a quick check for very low signals and writing a pre-calculated blank 32kpbs frame. [probably also a lot of work].

## How CBR works

- Use the psycho model to determine the MNRs for each subband [MNR = the ratio of "masking" to "noise"] (From an encoding perspective, a bigger MNR in a subband means that it sounds better since the noise is more masked))

- calculate the available data bits (adb) for this bitrate.

- Based upon the MNR (Masking:Noise Ratio) values, allocate bits to each subband

- Keep increasing the bits to whichever subband currently has the min MNR value until we have no bits left.

- This mode does not guarentee that all the subbands are without noise ie there may still be subbands with MNR less than 0.0 (noisy!)

## How VBR works

- pretend we have lots of bits to spare, and work out the bits which would raise the MNR in each subband to the level given by the argument on the command line "-v [int]"

- Pick the bitrate which has more bits than the required_bits we just calculated

- calculate a_bit_allocation()

- VBR "guarantees" that all subbands have MNR > VBRLEVEL or that we have reached the maximum bitrate.

## FUTURE

- with this VBR mode, we know the bits aren’t going to run out, so we can just assign them "greedily".

- VBR_a_bit_allocation() is yet to be written :)