Keywords: ALTER TABLE statement, Compressing tables, Tables, altering, compressing, Columns, adding, Constraints, dropping, Defaults, Adding Columns, Adding Constraints, Dropping Constraints, setting, changing lock granularity for, Data types, modifying

# ALTER TABLE statement

The ALTER TABLE statement allows you to:

- add a column to a table
- add a constraint to a table
- drop a column from a table
- drop an existing constraint from a table
- increase the width of a VARCHAR, CHAR VARYING, and CHARACTER VARYING column
- override row-level locking for the table (or drop the override)
- change the increment value and start value of the identity column
- change the nullability constraint for a column
- change the default value for a column

#### Syntax

    ALTER TABLE table-Name
    {
        ADD COLUMN column-definition |
        ADD CONSTRAINT clause |
        DROP [ COLUMN ] column-name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
        DROP { PRIMARY KEY | FOREIGN KEY constraint-name | UNIQUE
    	 constraint-name | CHECK constraint-name | CONSTRAINT constraint-name }
        ALTER [ COLUMN ] column-alteration |
        LOCKSIZE { ROW | TABLE }
    }

#### column-definition

    Simple-column-Name DataType
    [ Column-level-constraint ]*
    [ [ WITH ] DEFAULT DefaultConstantExpression ]

For details on DefaultConstantExpression, see Column default.

#### column-alteration

    column-Name SET DATA TYPE VARCHAR(integer) |
    column-name SET INCREMENT BY integer-constant |
    column-name RESTART WITH integer-constant |
    column-name [ NOT ] NULL |
    column-name [ WITH ] DEFAULT default-value

In the column-alteration, SET INCREMENT BY integer-constant, specifies the interval between consecutive values of the identity column. The next value to be generated for the identity column will be determined from the last assigned value with the increment applied. The column must already be defined with the IDENTITY attribute.

RESTART WITH integer-constant specifies the next value to be generated for the identity column. RESTART WITH is useful for a table that has an identity column that was defined as GENERATED BY DEFAULT and that has a unique key defined on that identity column. Because GENERATED BY DEFAULT allows both manual inserts and system generated values, it is possible that manually inserted values can conflict with system generated values. To work around such conflicts, use the RESTART WITH syntax to specify the next value that will be generated for the identity column. Consider the following example, which involves a combination of automatically generated data and manually inserted data:

    CREATE TABLE tauto(i INT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY, k INT)
    CREATE UNIQUE INDEX tautoInd ON tauto(i)
    INSERT INTO tauto(k) values 1,2

The system will automatically generate values for the identity column. But now you need to manually insert some data into the identity column:

    INSERT INTO tauto VALUES (3,3)
    INSERT INTO tauto VALUES (4,4)
    INSERT INTO tauto VALUES (5,5)

The identity column has used values 1 through 5 at this point. If you now want the system to generate a value, the system will generate a 3, which will result in a unique key exception because the value 3 has already been manually inserted. To compensate for the manual inserts, issue an ALTER TABLE statement for the identity column with RESTART WITH 6:

    ALTER TABLE tauto ALTER COLUMN i RESTART WITH 6

ALTER TABLE does not affect any view that references the table being altered. This includes views that have an "*" in their SELECT list. You must drop and re-create those views if you wish them to return the new columns.

#### Adding columns

The syntax for the column-definition for a new column is the same as for a column in a CREATE TABLE statement. This means that a column constraint can be placed on the new column within the ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN statement. However, a column with a NOT NULL constraint can be added to an existing table if you give a default value; otherwise, an exception is thrown when the ALTER TABLE statement is executed.

Just as in CREATE TABLE, if the column definition includes a primary key constraint, the column cannot contain null values, so the NOT NULL attribute must also be specified (SQLSTATE 42831).

Note: If a table has an UPDATE trigger without an explicit column list, adding a column to that table in effect adds that column to the implicit update column list upon which the trigger is defined, and all references to transition variables are invalidated so that they pick up the new column.

#### Adding constraints

ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT adds a table-level constraint to an existing table. Any supported table-level constraint type can be added via ALTER TABLE. The following limitations exist on adding a constraint to an existing table:

- When adding a foreign key or check constraint to an existing table, Derby checks the table to make sure existing rows satisfy the constraint. If any row is invalid, Derby throws a statement exception and the constraint is not added.
- All columns included in a primary key must contain non null data and be unique.

  ALTER TABLE ADD UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY provide a shorthand method of defining a primary key composed of a single column. If PRIMARY KEY is specified in the definition of column C, the effect is the same as if the PRIMARY KEY(C) clause were specified as a separate clause. The column cannot contain null values, so the NOT NULL attribute must also be specified.

For information on the syntax of constraints, see CONSTRAINT clause. Use the syntax for table-level constraint when adding a constraint with the ADD TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT syntax.

#### Dropping columns

ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN allows you to drop a column from a table.

The keyword COLUMN is optional.

The keywords CASCADE and RESTRICT are also optional. If you specify neither CASCADE nor RESTRICT, the default is CASCADE.

If you specify RESTRICT, then the column drop will be rejected if it would cause a dependent schema object to become invalid.

If you specify CASCADE, then the column drop should additionally drop other schema objects which have become invalid.

The schema objects which can cause a DROP COLUMN RESTRICT to be rejected include: views, triggers, primary key constraints, foreign key constraints, unique key constraints, check constraints, and column privileges. If one of these types of objects depends on the column being dropped, DROP COLUMN RESTRICT will reject the statement.

You may not drop the last (only) column in a table.

DROP COLUMN is not allowed if sqlAuthorization is true (see DERBY-1909).

CASCADE/RESTRICT doesn't consider whether the column being dropped is used in any indexes. When a column is dropped, it is removed from any indexes which contain it. If that column was the only column in the index, the entire index is dropped.

#### Dropping constraints

ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT drops a constraint on an existing table. To drop an unnamed constraint, you must specify the generated constraint name stored in SYS.SYSCONSTRAINTS as a delimited identifier.

Dropping a primary key, unique, or foreign key constraint drops the physical index that enforces the constraint (also known as a backing index).

#### Modifying columns

The column-alteration allows you to alter the named column in the following ways:

- Increasing the length of an existing VARCHAR column. CHARACTER VARYING or CHAR VARYING can be used as synonyms for the VARCHAR keyword.

  To increase the width of a column of these types, specify the data type and new size after the column name.

  You are not allowed to decrease the width or to change the data type. You are not allowed to increase the width of a column that is part of a primary or unique key referenced by a foreign key constraint or that is part of a foreign key constraint.

- Specifying the interval between consecutive values of the identity column.

  To set an interval between consecutive values of the identity column, specify the integer-constant. You must previously define the column with the IDENTITY attribute (SQLSTATE 42837). If there are existing rows in the table, the values in the column for which the SET INCREMENT default was added do not change.

- Modifying the nullability constraint of a column.

  You can add the NOT NULL constraint to an existing column. To do so there must not be existing NULL values for the column in the table.

  You can remove the NOT NULL constraint from an existing column. To do so the column must not be used in a PRIMARY KEY constraint.

- Changing the default value for a column.

#### Setting defaults

You can specify a default value for a new column. A default value is the value that is inserted into a column if no other value is specified. If not explicitly specified, the default value of a column is NULL. If you add a default to a new column, existing rows in the table gain the default value in the new column.

For more information about defaults, see CREATE TABLE statement.

#### Changing the lock granularity for the table

The LOCKSIZE clause allows you to override row-level locking for the specific table, if your system uses the default setting of row-level locking. (If your system is set for table-level locking, you cannot change the locking granularity to row-level locking, although Derby allows you to use the LOCKSIZE clause in such a situation without throwing an exception.) To override row-level locking for the specific table, set locking for the table to TABLE. If you created the table with table-level locking granularity, you can change locking back to ROW with the LOCKSIZE clause in the ALTER TABLE STATEMENT. For information about why this is sometimes useful, see Tuning Java DB.

#### Examples

    -- Add a new column with a column-level constraint
    -- to an existing table
    -- An exception will be thrown if the table
    -- contains any rows
    -- since the newcol will be initialized to NULL
    -- in all existing rows in the table
    ALTER TABLE CITIES ADD COLUMN REGION VARCHAR(26)
    CONSTRAINT NEW_CONSTRAINT CHECK (REGION IS NOT NULL);

    -- Add a new unique constraint to an existing table
    -- An exception will be thrown if duplicate keys are found
    ALTER TABLE SAMP.DEPARTMENT
    ADD CONSTRAINT NEW_UNIQUE UNIQUE (DEPTNO);

    -- add a new foreign key constraint to the
    -- Cities table. Each row in Cities is checked
    -- to make sure it satisfied the constraints.
    -- if any rows don't satisfy the constraint, the
    -- constraint is not added
    ALTER TABLE CITIES ADD CONSTRAINT COUNTRY_FK
    Foreign Key (COUNTRY) REFERENCES COUNTRIES (COUNTRY);

    -- Add a primary key constraint to a table
    -- First, create a new table
    CREATE TABLE ACTIVITIES (CITY_ID INT NOT NULL,
    SEASON CHAR(2), ACTIVITY VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL);
    -- You will not be able to add this constraint if the
    -- columns you are including in the primary key have
    -- null data or duplicate values.
    ALTER TABLE Activities ADD PRIMARY KEY (city_id, activity);

    -- Drop the city_id column if there are no dependent objects:
    ALTER TABLE Cities DROP COLUMN city_id RESTRICT;
    -- Drop the city_id column, also dropping all dependent objects:
    ALTER TABLE Cities DROP COLUMN city_id CASCADE;

    -- Drop a primary key constraint from the CITIES table

    ALTER TABLE Cities DROP CONSTRAINT Cities_PK;
    -- Drop a foreign key constraint from the CITIES table
    ALTER TABLE Cities DROP CONSTRAINT COUNTRIES_FK;
    -- add a DEPTNO column with a default value of 1
    ALTER TABLE SAMP.EMP_ACT ADD COLUMN DEPTNO INT DEFAULT 1;
    -- increase the width of a VARCHAR column
    ALTER TABLE SAMP.EMP_PHOTO ALTER PHOTO_FORMAT SET DATA TYPE VARCHAR(30);
    -- change the lock granularity of a table
    ALTER TABLE SAMP.SALES LOCKSIZE TABLE;

    -- Remove the NOT NULL constraint from the MANAGER column
    ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN Manager NULL;
    -- Add the NOT NULL constraint to the SSN column
    ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN ssn NOT NULL;

    -- Change the default value for the SALARY column
    ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN Salary DEFAULT 1000.0

#### Results

An ALTER TABLE statement causes all statements that are dependent on the table being altered to be recompiled before their next execution. ALTER TABLE is not allowed if there are any open cursors that reference the table being altered.

Parent topic: Statements