PEP: 256
Title: Docstring Processing System Framework
Version: $Revision: 4564 $
Last-Modified: $Date: 2006-05-21 22:44:42 +0200 (So, 21 Mai 2006) $
Author: David Goodger <goodger@python.org>
Discussions-To: <doc-sig@python.org>
Status: Draft
Type: Standards Track
Content-Type: text/x-rst
Created: 01-Jun-2001
Post-History: 13-Jun-2001


Abstract
========

Python lends itself to inline documentation.  With its built-in
docstring syntax, a limited form of `Literate Programming`_ is easy to
do in Python.  However, there are no satisfactory standard tools for
extracting and processing Python docstrings.  The lack of a standard
toolset is a significant gap in Python's infrastructure; this PEP aims
to fill the gap.

The issues surrounding docstring processing have been contentious and
difficult to resolve.  This PEP proposes a generic Docstring
Processing System (DPS) framework, which separates out the components
(program and conceptual), enabling the resolution of individual issues
either through consensus (one solution) or through divergence (many).
It promotes standard interfaces which will allow a variety of plug-in
components (input context readers, markup parsers, and output format
writers) to be used.

The concepts of a DPS framework are presented independently of
implementation details.


Road Map to the Docstring PEPs
==============================

There are many aspects to docstring processing.  The "Docstring PEPs"
have broken up the issues in order to deal with each of them in
isolation, or as close as possible.  The individual aspects and
associated PEPs are as follows:

* Docstring syntax.  PEP 287, "reStructuredText Docstring Format"
  [#PEP-287]_, proposes a syntax for Python docstrings, PEPs, and
  other uses.

* Docstring semantics consist of at least two aspects:

  - Conventions: the high-level structure of docstrings.  Dealt with
    in PEP 257, "Docstring Conventions" [#PEP-257]_.

  - Methodology: rules for the informational content of docstrings.
    Not addressed.

* Processing mechanisms.  This PEP (PEP 256) outlines the high-level
  issues and specification of an abstract docstring processing system
  (DPS).  PEP 258, "Docutils Design Specification" [#PEP-258]_, is an
  overview of the design and implementation of one DPS under
  development.

* Output styles: developers want the documentation generated from
  their source code to look good, and there are many different ideas
  about what that means.  PEP 258 touches on "Stylist Transforms".
  This aspect of docstring processing has yet to be fully explored.

By separating out the issues, we can form consensus more easily
(smaller fights ;-), and accept divergence more readily.


Rationale
=========

There are standard inline documentation systems for some other
languages.  For example, Perl has POD_ ("Plain Old Documentation") and
Java has Javadoc_, but neither of these mesh with the Pythonic way.
POD syntax is very explicit, but takes after Perl in terms of
readability.  Javadoc is HTML-centric; except for "``@field``" tags,
raw HTML is used for markup.  There are also general tools such as
Autoduck_ and Web_ (Tangle & Weave), useful for multiple languages.

There have been many attempts to write auto-documentation systems
for Python (not an exhaustive list):

- Marc-Andre Lemburg's doc.py_

- Daniel Larsson's pythondoc_ & gendoc_

- Doug Hellmann's HappyDoc_

- Laurence Tratt's Crystal (no longer available on the web)

- Ka-Ping Yee's pydoc_ (pydoc.py is now part of the Python standard
  library; see below)

- Tony Ibbs' docutils_ (Tony has donated this name to the `Docutils
  project`_)

- Edward Loper's STminus_ formalization and related efforts

These systems, each with different goals, have had varying degrees of
success.  A problem with many of the above systems was over-ambition
combined with inflexibility.  They provided a self-contained set of
components: a docstring extraction system, a markup parser, an
internal processing system and one or more output format writers with
a fixed style.  Inevitably, one or more aspects of each system had
serious shortcomings, and they were not easily extended or modified,
preventing them from being adopted as standard tools.

It has become clear (to this author, at least) that the "all or
nothing" approach cannot succeed, since no monolithic self-contained
system could possibly be agreed upon by all interested parties.  A
modular component approach designed for extension, where components
may be multiply implemented, may be the only chance for success.
Standard inter-component APIs will make the DPS components
comprehensible without requiring detailed knowledge of the whole,
lowering the barrier for contributions, and ultimately resulting in a
rich and varied system.

Each of the components of a docstring processing system should be
developed independently.  A "best of breed" system should be chosen,
either merged from existing systems, and/or developed anew.  This
system should be included in Python's standard library.


PyDoc & Other Existing Systems
------------------------------

PyDoc became part of the Python standard library as of release 2.1.
It extracts and displays docstrings from within the Python interactive
interpreter, from the shell command line, and from a GUI window into a
web browser (HTML).  Although a very useful tool, PyDoc has several
deficiencies, including:

- In the case of the GUI/HTML, except for some heuristic hyperlinking
  of identifier names, no formatting of the docstrings is done.  They
  are presented within ``<p><small><tt>`` tags to avoid unwanted line
  wrapping.  Unfortunately, the result is not attractive.

- PyDoc extracts docstrings and structural information (class
  identifiers, method signatures, etc.) from imported module objects.
  There are security issues involved with importing untrusted code.
  Also, information from the source is lost when importing, such as
  comments, "additional docstrings" (string literals in non-docstring
  contexts; see PEP 258 [#PEP-258]_), and the order of definitions.

The functionality proposed in this PEP could be added to or used by
PyDoc when serving HTML pages.  The proposed docstring processing
system's functionality is much more than PyDoc needs in its current
form.  Either an independent tool will be developed (which PyDoc may
or may not use), or PyDoc could be expanded to encompass this
functionality and *become* the docstring processing system (or one
such system).  That decision is beyond the scope of this PEP.

Similarly for other existing docstring processing systems, their
authors may or may not choose compatibility with this framework.
However, if this framework is accepted and adopted as the Python
standard, compatibility will become an important consideration in
these systems' future.


Specification
=============

The docstring processing system framework is broken up as follows:

1. Docstring conventions.  Documents issues such as:

   - What should be documented where.

   - First line is a one-line synopsis.

   PEP 257 [#PEP-257]_ documents some of these issues.

2. Docstring processing system design specification.  Documents
   issues such as:

   - High-level spec: what a DPS does.

   - Command-line interface for executable script.

   - System Python API.

   - Docstring extraction rules.

   - Readers, which encapsulate the input context.

   - Parsers.

   - Document tree: the intermediate internal data structure.  The
     output of the Parser and Reader, and the input to the Writer all
     share the same data structure.

   - Transforms, which modify the document tree.

   - Writers for output formats.

   - Distributors, which handle output management (one file, many
     files, or objects in memory).

   These issues are applicable to any docstring processing system
   implementation.  PEP 258 [#PEP-258]_ documents these issues.

3. Docstring processing system implementation.

4. Input markup specifications: docstring syntax.  PEP 287 [#PEP-287]_
   proposes a standard syntax.

5. Input parser implementations.

6. Input context readers ("modes": Python source code, PEP, standalone
   text file, email, etc.) and implementations.

7. Stylists: certain input context readers may have associated
   stylists which allow for a variety of output document styles.

8. Output formats (HTML, XML, TeX, DocBook, info, etc.) and writer
   implementations.

Components 1, 2/3/5, and 4 are the subject of individual companion
PEPs.  If there is another implementation of the framework or
syntax/parser, additional PEPs may be required.  Multiple
implementations of each of components 6 and 7 will be required; the
PEP mechanism may be overkill for these components.


Project Web Site
================

A SourceForge project has been set up for this work at
http://docutils.sourceforge.net/.


References and Footnotes
========================

.. [#PEP-287] PEP 287, reStructuredText Docstring Format, Goodger
   (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0287.html)

.. [#PEP-257] PEP 257, Docstring Conventions, Goodger, Van Rossum
   (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0257.html)

.. [#PEP-258] PEP 258, Docutils Design Specification, Goodger
   (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0258.html)

.. _Literate Programming: http://www.literateprogramming.com/

.. _POD: http://perldoc.perl.org/perlpod.html

.. _Javadoc: http://java.sun.com/j2se/javadoc/

.. _Autoduck:
   http://www.helpmaster.com/hlp-developmentaids-autoduck.htm

.. _Web: http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/cweb.html

.. _doc.py:
   http://www.egenix.com/files/python/SoftwareDescriptions.html#doc.py

.. _pythondoc:
.. _gendoc: http://starship.python.net/crew/danilo/pythondoc/

.. _HappyDoc: http://happydoc.sourceforge.net/

.. _pydoc: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pydoc.html

.. _docutils: http://www.tibsnjoan.co.uk/docutils.html

.. _Docutils project: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/

.. _STMinus: http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~edloper/pydoc/

.. _Python Doc-SIG: http://www.python.org/sigs/doc-sig/


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.


Acknowledgements
================

This document borrows ideas from the archives of the `Python
Doc-SIG`_.  Thanks to all members past & present.



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