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X.509 certificate (public key) files and hash files (binary/certificate hash files) can be signed with a Linux kernel module-style appended signature.
The signer.key is a private key used for signing and signer.der is the corresponding public key (certificate) used for appended signature verification. Note that the signer.der (certificate) should exist in the db (see Using appended signatures in GRUB).
sign-file SHA256 signer.key signer.der kernel.der \ kernel.der.signed
sign-file SHA256 signer.key signer.der binary_hash.bin \ binary_hash.signed